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When A. Philip Randolph(人名) assumed the leadership of the Brotherhood（新名词，是R建立的工会） of Sleeping Car Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition from the Pullman（R所在的公司名） Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United (5) States and the company that controlled the railroad industry’s sleeping car and parlor service. In 1935（时间结点，可以推测1935年以前对工会的态度是以下描述的取非） the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions and (10) toward themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism toward Black workers.（TS,说明R的两大efforts和最终的成果） In the Pullman contest Randolph faced formidable obstacles.（第二段的TS） The first was Black workers’ understandable（作者态度词，对black worker对union的skepticism的理解） ( 15) skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity.（另外一个阻碍：Pullman自己的union，这个union弱化了在black worker中的支持） (20) The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, however, including Randolph’s own tactical abilities.（第三段的TS, 说明R对以上两对障碍的工作）
In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black (25)worker as servant with the image of the Black worker as wage earner. In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’s internal (30) communications from interception（Porter对B工会的作用）. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encour- aged racial identity and solidarity as well. But
it was only (35) in the early 1930’s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative.（转折说明在法律上对B工会的承认比But前面的晚，但是从该句文字意思上并没有直接说明B工会是否是没拿公司的钱组建，所以不知道该句在全文的意义是？） Not content with this triumph（递进）, Randolph brought the (40)Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.（R对B工会的最终的贡献） 107. According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was
从时间状语中可以看出该题是要考R对B工会努力后的结果 (A) unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries.文中没有说明在black worker以外的工人对union的skepticism的态度，无关 (B) reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union与文中意思相反 (C) mitigated by the efforts of Randolph (D) weakened by the opening up of many unions to Black workers. (C)无关 (E) largely alleviated because of the policies of the American Federation of Labor.因果关系混淆 定位该句The first was Black workers’ understandable worker对union ( 15) skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. 108. In using the word “understandable” (line 14), the author most clearly conveys (A) sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent union. (B) concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable (C) ambivalence about the significance of unions to most Black workers in the 1920’s. (D) appreciation of the attitude of many Black workers in the 1920’s toward unions. (D) (E) regret at the historical attitude of unions toward Black workers. 定位该句The first was Black workers’ understandable worker对union ( 15) skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership.
说明understanding的原因是因为历史上union一直阻碍black workers成为member。 109. The passage suggests which of the following about the response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own union? (A) Few porters ever joined this union. (B) Some porters supported this union before 1935. (C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees, enthusiastically supported this union（这里的union不是B工会，所以错）. (D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935. porter对B工会的态度是positive的，以为这对P工会的态度是negative的，所以错
(B) (E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.
无关 该题比较狡猾，但是可以排除法来做，先排除CDE后，可以从对1935年以后PORTER对B工会的态度的取非获得。如果选A的话，按照逻辑B也不可能正确，因为如果很少有porter加入union，那怎么可能support呢。 Lines 16-19 of the passage state that the existence of a Pullman-owned union “weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity” such as Randolp’s Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Thus, the passage suggests that some porters did support the Pullman Company union. Lines 16-19 directly contradict A, which implies virtually no support of the Pullman company union. Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not suggest anything about Pullman employees other than porters. Choice D is incorrect: in fact, the passage suggests that the porters’ attitude was less positive after Randolph’s union achieved recognition in 1935.Choice E is incorrect because the passage nowhere suggests that the general skepticism of Black workers had no effect on their response to the Pullman Company’s union. OG是通过标色的这句话的取非来直接获得答案的。 也就是说，P工会的存在消弱了在black worker当中的对B工会的支持，即P工会中是有老黑支持者，但是没说是不是porter 110. The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in one part of the United States had been different from those of porters in another part of the country, which of the following would have been the case? (A) It would have been more difficult for the Pullman Company to have had a single labor policy.无关 (B) It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to control its channels of communication. 该意思是在第一句阐述的，该题定位在第二句更好，sharing different grievance不阻碍沟通 (C) It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to uild its membership，
文中加强了B工会，意思说就是扩充了member (D) It would have been easier for the Pullman Company’s union to attract membership. 无关
(C) (E) It would have been easier for the Brotherhood to threaten strikes.无关 In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’s internal (30) communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encour- aged racial identity and solidarity as well 第一句说明porters的特殊的分散、隔离性帮助了B工会，porters分散在各个不同的地方，睡在老黑的宿舍内，他们与其他union隔离的装提保护了B工会的内部沟通，以防被中断。可以理解两层意思，一，P分散方便B工会在全国范围内沟通；二，P与black worker“同睡”，以防其他思想的冲击，打断沟通。第二句，说了porter的特性是统一的组织，为一个雇主服务，而且劳动条例比较简单，这个也同时加强了B工会和鼓励种族一致和团结。不知道分析的对不对？ 该题主要定位在That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encour- aged racial identity and solidarity as well The passage indicated that it was an advantage to Randolph in building the Brotherhood’s membership that Black workers shared “the same grievances from city to city” (lines 32-33), suggesting that it would have been more difficult to build the membership of the Brotherhood if Black workers in different parts of the country had had different grievances. There is no information in the passage to support A, B, D, and E. 111. The passage suggests that in the 1920’s a company in the United States was able to (A) use its own funds to set up a union (B) require its employees to join the company’s own union (C) develop a single labor policy for all its employees with little employee dissent. (D) pressure its employees to contribute money to maintain the company’s own union (A) (E) use its resources to prevent the passage of federal legislation that would have facilitated the formation of independent unions. . But
it was only (35) in the early 1930’s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative。答案应该是该句的取非，该句说在1930’s的早期，也就大约在1930－1934左右吧，立法禁止….。所以在1920还没立法 112. The passage supplies information concerning which of the following matters related to Randolph? (A) The steps he took to initiate the founding of the Brotherhood无关 (B) His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor定位最后一段 (C) The influence he had on the passage of legislation overturning race restrictions in 1944没有提到有这个legislation (D) The influence he had on the passage of legislation to bar companies from financing their own unions (B)
无关 (E) The success he and the Brotherhood had in influencing the policies of the other unions in the American Federation of Labor 无关 | 
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发表于 2006-7-9 11:52:00
