- UID
- 7150
- 在线时间
- 小时
- 注册时间
- 2003-7-21
- 最后登录
- 1970-1-1
- 主题
- 帖子
- 性别
- 保密
|
7#
楼主 |
发表于 2003-8-14 09:55:00
|
只看该作者
贴出来的是与ＧＭＡＴ相关的部分：：
1. College professor: College students do not write nearly
as well as they used to. Almost all of the papers that
my students have done for me this year have been
poorly written and ungrammatical.
Which one of the following is the most serious
weakness in the argument made by the professor'?
(A) It requires confirmation that the change in the
professor's students is representative of a change
among college students in general.
(B) It offers no proof to the effect that the professor is
an accurate judge of writing ability.
(C) It does not take into account the possibility that the
professor is a poor teacher.
(D) It fails to present contrary evidence.
(E) It fails to define its terms sufficiently.
2. Handwriting analysis--also known as graphology--Is
a poor way to predict personality types, even though it
is used by 3,000 United States firms and by a majority,
of European companies. In a recent study, five
graphologists scored no better than chance in
predicting the occupations of forty professionals.
Which one of the following is an assumption necessary
to the argument?
(A) People in the same occupation usually do not have
the same personality type.
(B) Graphology is an effective means of predicting
personality types in non-business contexts.
(C) There are more United States firms that do not use
graphology than all the United States and European
firms that do use it.
(D) There are several other techniques for predicting
personality types that are more accurate than
graphology.
(E) There is a correspondence between type of
personality and choice of occupation.
3. Scientific research that involves international
collaboration has produced papers of greater influence.
as measured by the number of times a paper is cited m
subsequent papers, than has research without any
collaboration. Papers that result from international
collaboration are cited an average of seven times.
whereas papers with single authors are cited only three
times on average. This difference shows that research
projects conducted by international research teams are
of greater importance than those conducted by single
researchers.
Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the argument depends?
(A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations
they receive by-citing themselves in subsequent
papers.
(B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is
the product of international collaboration by
determining the number of citations it has
received.
(C) The number of citations a paper receives is a
measure of the importance of the research it
reports.
(D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are
citizens of the same country do not produce papers
that are as important as papers that are produced by
international collaboration.
(E) International research teams tend to be more
generously funded than are single researchers.
4. Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the
death rate from this disease has doubled during the past
decade from its previous rate. Two possible
explanations for this increase have been offered. First,
the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more
widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had
been previously. Second, there has been an increase in
urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due
to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with
long-standing, comprehensive medical records and
with little or no urban pollution, one must instead
conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of
bronchia inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their
symptoms.
Each of the following, if true, provides support to
the argument EXCEPT:
(A) Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.
(B) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the
past twenty years as for the past ten years
(C) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the
lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen
(D) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma,
inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more
beneficial measures.
(E)Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were no; available
as an asthma treatment.
5. The brains of identical twins are genetically identical,
when only one of a pair of identical twins is a
schizophrenic; certain areas of the affected twin's brain
are smaller than 'corresponding areas in the brain of the
unaffected twin, No such differences are found when
neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery
provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is
caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain.
Which one of the following is an assumption required
by the argument?
(A) The brain of a person suffering from schizophrenia
is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering
from schizophrenia.
(B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains
of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia
or of medications used in its treatment.
(C)The brain of a person with an identical twin is no
smaller, on average, than the brain of a person who
is not a twin.
(D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from
schizophrenia, their brains are the same size.
(E) People who have an identical twin are no more
likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who
do not.
6. Sedimentary rock hardens within the earth's crust as
layers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the
layers above converts the layers below into rock. One
particular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an
unusual amount of the element iridium has been
presented as support for a theory that a meteorite
collided with the earth some sixty million years ago.
Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earth's
crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorite's
collision with the earth raised a huge, cloud of
iridium-laden dust.
The dust, they say, eventually settled to earth where it
combined with other matter, and as new layers
accumulated above it, it formed a layer of iridium-rich
rock.
Which one of the following, if true would counter
the claim that the indium-rich layer described in the
passage is evidence for the meteorite collision theory?
(A) The huge dust cloud described in the passage
would have blocked the transmission of sunlight
and lowered the earth's temperature.
(B) A layer of sedimentary rock takes millions of
years to harden.
(C) Layers of sedimentary rock are used to determine
the dates of prehistoric events whether or not they
contain iridium.
(D) Sixty million years ago there was a surge in
volcanic activity in which the matter spewed
from the volcanoes formed huge iridium-rich dust
clouds,
(E) The iridium deposit occurred at about the same
time that many animal species became extinct and
some scientists have theorized that mass dinosaur
extinctions were caused by a meteorite collision.
7. A. famous singer recently won a lawsuit against an
advertising firm for using another singer in a
commercial to evoke the famous singer's welt-known
rendition of a certain song. As a result of the lawsuit.
advertising firms will stop using imitators in
commercials. Therefore, advertising costs will rise,
since famous singers' services cost more than those of
their imitators.
The conclusion above is based on which of the
following assumptions?
(A) Most people are unable to distinguish a famous
singer's rendition of a song from a good imitator's
rendition of the same song.
(B) Commercials using famous singers are usually
more effective than commercials using
imitators of famous singers.
(C) The original versions of some well-known songs
are unavailable for use in commercials.
(D) Advertising firms will continue to use imitators
to mimic the physical mannerisms of famous
singers.
(E) The advertising industry, will use well-known.
renditions of songs in commercials.
8. The ice on the front windshield of the car had formed
when moisture condensed during the night The ice
melted quickly after the car was warmed up the new
morning because the defrosting vent, which blows only
on the front windshield, was turned on fall force.
Which of the following, if true. most seriously
jeopardizes the validity of the explanation for the speed
with which the ice melted?
(A) The side windows had no ice condensation on
them.
(B) Even though no attempt was made to defrost the
back window, the ice there melted at the same rate
as did the ice on the front windshield.
(C) The speed at which ice on a window melts
increases as the temperature of the air blown
on the window increases.
(D) The warm air from the defrosting vent for the
front windshield cools rapidly as it dissipates
throughout the rest of the car.
(E) The defrosting vent operates efficiently even when
the heater, which blows warm air toward
the feet or faces of the driver and passengers,
is on.
9. Two decades after the Emerald River Dam was built,
none of the eight fish species native to the Emerald
River was still reproducing adequately in the river
below the dam. Since the dam reduced the annual
range of water temperature in the river below the
dam from 50 degrees to 6 degrees, scientists have
hypothesized that sharply rising water temperatures
must be involved in signaling the native species to
begin the reproductive cycle.
Which of the following statements, if true, would
most strengthen the scientists' hypothesis?
(A) The native fish species were still able to reproduce
only in side streams of the river below
the dam where the annual temperature range
remains approximately 50 degrees.
(B) Before the dam was built, the Emerald River
annually overflowed its banks, creating back-
waters that were critical breeding areas for
the native species of fish.
(C) The lowest recorded temperature of the Emerald
River before the dam was built was 34 degrees,
whereas the lowest recorded temperature of
the river after the dam was built has been 43
degrees.
(D)Nonnative species of fish, introduced into the
Emerald River after the dam was built, have
begun competing with the declining native
fish species for food and space.
(E) Five of the fish species native to the Emerald River
are not native to any other river in North America.
10. Since the routine use of antibiotics can give rise to
resistant bacteria capable of surviving antibiotic:
environments, the presence of resistant bacteria in
people could be due to the human use of prescription
antibiotics. Some scientists, however, believe that
most resistant bacteria in people derive from human
consumption of bacterially infected meat.
Which of the following statements, if true. would
most significantly strengthen the hypothesis of the
scientists?
(A) Antibiotics are routinely included in livestock feed
so that livestock feed , producers can increase the rate
of growth of their animals.
(B) Most people who develop food poisoning from
bacterially infected meat are treated with
prescription antibiotics.
(C) The incidence of resistant bacteria in people has
tended to be much higher in urban areas than
in rural areas where meat is of comparable quality.
(D) People who have never taken prescription anti-
biotic are those least likely to develop
resistant bacteria.
(E) Livestock producers claim that resistant bacteria in
animals cannot be transmitted to people through
infected meat.
11. The only purpose for which a particular type of tape is
needed is to hold certain surgical wounds closed for
ten days--the maximum time such wounds need tape.
New tape is a new brand of this type of tape.
New tape's salespeople claim that New tape will
improve healing because New tape adheres twice as
long as the currently used tape does.
Which of the following statements, if true, would
most seriously call into question the claim made by
New tape's salespeople?
(A) Most surgical wounds take about ten days to heal.
(B) Most surgical tape is purchased by hospitals and
clinics rather than by individual surgeons.
(C) The currently used tape's adhesiveness is more
than sufficient to hold wounds closed for ten
days.
(D) Neither New tape nor the currently used tape
adheres well to skin that has not been cleaned
(El New tape's adhesion to skin that has been coated
with a special chemical preparation is only half as
good as the currently used tape's adhesion to such
coated skin.
12. One method of dating the emergence of species is to
compare the genetic material of related species.
Scientists theorize that the more genetically similar
two species are to each other, the more recently they
diverged from a common ancestor. After comparing
genetic material from giant pandas, red pandas,
raccoons, coatis, and all seven bear species, scientists
concluded that bears and raccoons diverged 30 to 50
million years ago. They further concluded that red
pandas separated from the ancestor of today's
raccoons
and coatis a few million years later some 10 million
years before giant pandas diverged from the other
bears
Which one of the following can be properly inferred
from the passage?
(A) Giant pandas and red pandas are more closely
related than scientists originally thought they were.
(B) Scientists now count the giant panda as the eighth
species of bear.
(C) It is possible to determine, within a margin of just a
few years, the timing of divergence of various
species
(D) Scientists have furred that giant pandas are more
similar genetically to bears than to raccoons.
(E) There is substantial consensus among scientists
that giant pandas and red pandas are equally related
to raccoons.
13 All intelligent people are nearsighted, I am very
nearsighted. So I must be a genius.
Which one of the following exhibits both of the logical
flaws exhibited in the argument above?
(A) I must be stupid because all intelligent people are
nearsighted and 1 have perfect eyesight.
(B) All chickens have beaks. This bird has a beak. So
this bird must be a chicken.
(C) All pigs have four legs, but this spider has eight
legs. So this spider must be twice as big as any pig
(D) John is extremely happy, so he must be extremely
tall because all tall people are happy.
(E) All geniuses are very nearsighted. I must be very,
nearsighted since I am a genius.
14. Current legislation that requires designated sections
for smokers and nonsmokers on the premises of
privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the
private sector that cannot be justified. The fact that
studies indicate that nonsmokers might be harmed by
inhaling the smoke from others cigarettes is not the
main issue Rather, the main issue concerns the
government s violation of the right of private
businesses to determine their own policies and rules
Which one of the following is a principle that if
accepted, could enable the conclusion to be properly
drawn?
(A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of
private businesses is justified only when individuals
might be harmed.
(B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air
supersedes the right of businesses to be free from
government intrusion.
(C) The right of businesses to self-determination
overrides whatever right or duty the government
may have to protect the individual.
(D) It is the duty of private businesses to protect
employees from harm in the workplace.
(E) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of
government conflict, the main issue is finding a
successful compromise
15 Saunders: Everyone at last week's neighborhood
association meeting agreed that the row of abandoned
and vandalized houses on Carlton Street posed a threat
to the safety of our neighborhood. Moreover, no one
now disputes that getting the houses mm down
eliminated that threat Some people tried to argue that
it was unnecessary to demolish what they claimed were
basically sound buildings. Since the city had
established a fund to help people in need of housing
buy and rehabilitate such buildings The overwhelming
success of the demolition strategy, however, proves
that the majority, who favored demolition. Were right
and that those who claimed that the problem could and
should be solved by rehabilitating the houses were
wrong. Which one of the following principles, if
established, would determine that demolishing the
houses was the right decision or instead would
determine that the proposal advocated by the
opponents of demolition should have been adopted'?
(A) When what to do about an abandoned
neighborhood building is in dispute, the course of
action that would result in the most housing for
people who need it should be the one adopted
unless the building is believed to pose a threat to
neighborhood safety.
(B) When there are two proposals for solving a
neighborhood problem and only one of them would
preclude the possibility of trying the other approach
if the first proves unsatisfactory then the approach
that does not foreclose the other possibility should
be the one adopted.
(C) If one of two proposals for renovating vacant
neighborhood buildings requires government
funding whereas the second does not, the second
proposal should be the one adopted unless the
necessary government funds have already been
secured.
(D) No plan for eliminating a neighborhood problem
that requires demolishing basically, sound houses
should be carried out until all other possible
alternatives have been thoroughly investigated
(El No proposal for dealing with a threat to a
neighborhood's safety should be adopted merely
because a majority of the residents of that
neighborhood prefer that proposal to a particular
counterproposal.
16. Certain items--those with that hard-to-define quality
called exclusivity--have the odd property, when they
become available for sale of selling rapidly even
though they are extremely expensive. In fact, trying to
sell such an item fast by asking too low a price is a
serious error, since it calls into question the very thing
---exclusivity--that is supposed to be the item's chief
appeal. Therefore, given that a price that will prove to
be right is virtually impossible for the seller to gauge
in advance, the seller should make sure that any error
in the initial asking price is in the direction of setting
the price too high.
The argument recommends a certain pricing strategy
on the grounds that
(A ) h s strategy lacks a counterproductive feature of
the rejected alternative
(B) this strategy has all of the advantages of the
rejected alternative, but fewer of its disadvantages
(C) experience has proven this strategy to be superior,
even though the reasons for this superiority elude
analysis
(D) this strategy does not rely on prospective buyers
estimates of value
(E) the error associated with this strategy, unlike the
error associated with the rejected alternative, is
likely to go unnoticed
17. Emissions from automobiles that burn gasoline and
automobiles that burn diesel fuel are threatening the
quality of life on our planet, contaminating both urban
air and global atmosphere. Therefore, the only
effective way to reduce such emissions is to replace the
conventional diesel fuel and gasoline used in
automobiles with cleaner-burning fuels, such as
methanol, that create fewer emissions.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which
the argument depends?
(A) Reducing the use of automobiles would not be a
more effective means to reduce automobile
emissions than the use of methanol
(B) There is no fuel other than methanol that is
cleaner-burning than both diesel fuel and gasoline
(C) If given a choice of automobile fuels, automobile
owners would not select gasoline over methanol.
(D) Automobile emissions constitute the most serious
threat to the global environment.
(E) At any given time there is a direct correlation
between the level of urban air pollution and the
level of contamination present in the global
atmosphere.
18. Monroe. despite his generally poor appetite.
thoroughly enjoyed the three meals he ate au the
Tip-Top Restaurant, but, unfortunately, alter each meal
he became ill. The first time he ate an extra-large
sausage pizza with a side order of hot peppers; the
second time he took full advantage of the
all-you-can-eat fried shrimp and hot peppers special:
and the third time he had two of Tip--Top's giant
meatball sandwiches with hot peppers. Since the only
food all three meals had in common was the hot
peppers.
Monroe concludes that it is solely due to Tip-Top's hot
peppers that he became ill...
(1) Monroe's reasoning is most vulnerable to which
one of the following criticisms?
(A) He draws his conclusion on the basis of too few
meals that were consumed at Tip--Top and that
included hot peppers.
(B) He posits a causal relationship without ascertaining
that the presumed cause preceded the presumed
effect.
(C) He allows his desire to continue dining at Tip-Top
to bias his conclusion.
(D) Be fails to establish thru everyone who ate
Tip-Top's hot peppers became ill_
(E) He overlooks the fact that at all three meals he
consumed what was, for him, an unusually large
quantity of food.
(2). If both Monroe's conclusion and the evidence on
which he bases it are correct, they would provide the
strongest support for which one of the following'?
(A) Monroe can eat any of Tip-Top's daily
all-you-can-eat specials without becoming ill as
long as the special does not include the hot peppers
(B} If at his third meal at Tip-Top, Monroe had chosen
to eat the baked chicken with hot peppers, he would
have become ill after that meal.
(C) lf the next time Monroe eats one of Tip-Top's
extra-large sausage pizzas he does not have a side
order of hot peppers, he will not become ill after his
meal.
(D) Before eating Tip-Top's fried shrimp with hot
peppers special. Monroe had eaten fried shrimp
without suffering any ill-effects.
(E) The only place Monroe has eaten hot peppers has
been at Tip-Top.
19. If the public library shared by the adjacent towns of
Redville and Glenwood were relocated from the
library's current overcrowded building in central
Redville to a larger, available building in central
Glenwood, the library would then be within walking
distance of a larger number of library users.
That is because there are many more people living in
central Glenwood than in central Redvilte, and people
generally will walk to the library only if it is located
close to their homes.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens
the argument?
(A)The public library was located between Glenwood
and Redville before being moved to its current
location in central Redville.
(B) The area covered by central Glenwood is
approximately the same size as that covered by
central Redville.
(C) The building that is available in Glenwood is
smaller than an alternative building that is
available in Redville.
(B) Many of the people who use the public library do
not live in either Glenwood or Redville.
(E) The distance that people currently walk to get to
the library is farther than what is generally
considered walking distance.
20. Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous
manipulation of people's tastes and wants. There is
evidence, however, that
some advertisers are motivated by moral as
well as financial considerations. A particular
publication decided to change its image from
being a family newspaper to concentrating on
set and violence, thus appealing to a different
readership. Some advertisers withdrew their
advertisements from the publication, and this
must have been because they morally
disapproved of publishing salacious material.
Which one of the following, if true, would
most strengthen the argument?
(A) The advertisers switched their advertise-ments to
other family newspapers.
(B) Some advertisers switched from family
newspapers to advertise in the changed publication.
(C) The advertisers expected their product sales to
increase if they staved with the changed
publication, but to decrease if they withdrew.
(D) People who generally read family newspapers
are not likely to buy newspapers that
concentrate on sex and violence.
(E) It was expected that the changed publication
would appeal principally to those in a
different income group.
21. Defendants who can afford expensive private
defense lawyers have a lower conviction rate
than those who rely on court-appointed public
defenders. This explains why criminals who
commit lucrative crimes like embezzlement or
insider trading are more successful at avoiding
conviction than are street criminals.
The explanation offered above would be more
persuasive if which one of the following were true?
(A) Many street crimes, such as drug dealing, are
extremely lucrative and those committing
them can afford expensive private lawyers.
(B) Most prosecutors are not competent to handle
cases involving highly technical financial
evidence and have more success in prosecuting
cases of robbery or simple assault.
(C) The number of criminals convicted of street crimes
is far greater than the number of criminals
convicted of embezzlement or insider trading.
(D) The percentage of defendants who actually
committed the crimes of which they are accused is
no greater for publicly defended than for privately
defended defendants.
(E) Junes, out of sympathy for the victims of crimes, are
much more likely to convict defendants accused of
violent crimes than they are to convict defendants
accused of "victimless" crimes or crimes against
property.
22. A government agency publishes ratings of airlines,
ranking highest the airlines that have the smallest,
proportion of late flights. The agency's purpose is
to establish an objective measure of the relative
efficiency of different airlines' personnel in
meeting published flight schedules.
Which one of the following, if true, would tend to
invalidate use of the ratings for the agency's purpose?
(A)Travelers sometimes have no choice of airlines
for a given trip at a given time.
(B)Flights are often made late by bad weather
conditions that affect some airlines more than
others.
(C)The flight schedules of all airlines allow extra
time for flights that go into or out of very busy'
airports.
(D)Airline personnel arc aware that the
government agency is monitoring all airline
flights for lateness.
(E) Flights are defined as "late" only if they arrive
more than fifteen minutes past their scheduled
arrival time. and a record is made of how much
later than fifteen minutes they are.
23. No senator spoke at the convention unless he
or she was a Democrat. No Democrat i2oth
spoke at the convention and was a senator.
Which one of the following conclusions can be
correctly drawn from the statements above?
(A) No one but senators spoke at the onvention.
(B ) No Democrat spoke at tile convention.
(C) Only Democrats spoke at the convention.
(D) No senator spoke at the convention.
(El Some Democrat senators spoke at the convention.
24, Any person who drops out of high school will
be unemployed unless he or she finds d
low-paying job or has relatives with good
business connections.
(1) Which one of the following conclusions CANNOT
be validly drawn from the statement above?
(A) Any person who drops out of high school, will be
unemployed, have a low-paying job, or have
relatives with good business connections.
(B) Any high school dropout who has neither a
low-paying job nor relatives with good business
connections will be un-employed.
(C)Any employed person who has neither a low-paying
job nor relatives with good business connections ]s
not a high school dropout.
(D) Any high school dropout who has a job that is not
tow-paying must have relatives with good business
connections,
(E) Any person who has relatives with good business
connections and who is not a high school dropout
must be employed at a job that is not low-paying.
(2)Assume that Tom is employed and does not
have a low-paying job. Which one of the
following statements, when added to this
assumption, contradicts the original statement
made in the statement above?
(A)Tom is a high school dropout.
(B)Tom does not have relatives with good business
connections.
(C)Tom is a high school dropout and does not
have any relatives.
(D)Tom completed high school and has relatives with
good business connections.
(E)Tom has relatives with good business connections
25. Ethicist: A society is, just when and only when
first, each person has an equal right to basic
liberties and second, Inequalities in the
distribution of income and wealth are not
tolerated unless these inequalities are to
everyone's advantage and ate attached to jobs
open to everyone.
Which one of the following judgments most
closely conforms to the principle described
above?
(A) Society S guarantees everyone equal right to basic
liberties, while allowing in-equalities in the
distribution of' income and wealth that are to the
advantage of everyone. Further. the jobs to which
these inequalities are attached arc open to most
people, Thus, society S is just
(B) Society S gives everyone an equal right to basic
liberties, but at the expense of creating
inequalities in the distribution of income and
wealth. Thus. society S is not just.
(C) Society S allows inequalities in the distribution of
income and wealth, although everyone benefits
and these inequalities are attached to jobs that are
open to everyone. Thus, society S is, just.
(D) Society S distributes income and wealth to
everyone equally, but at the expense of creating
inequalities m the right to basic liberties. Thus,
society S is not just.
(E) Society S gives everyone an equal right to basic
liberties, and although there is an inequality in the
distribution of income and wealth, the 3ubs to
which these inequalities are attached are open to
all. Thus, society S is just.
26. Some of the world's most beautiful cats are
Persian cats. However, it must be acknowledged that
all Persian cats are pompous, and pompous cats, are
invariably irritating. If the statements above are true,
each of the following must also be true on the basis of
them EXCEPT:
(A} Some of the world's most beautiful cats are
irritating.
(Bi Some irritating cats are among the world's most
beautiful cats.
(C) Any cat that is not irritating is not a Persian cat.
(DJ Some pompous cats are among the world's most
beautiful cats.
(El Some irritating and beautiful cats arc not Persian
cats.
27. Most parents who are generous are good parents.
but some self-centered parents are also good
parents. Yet all good parents share one
characteristic: they are good listeners.
If all of the statements in the passage are true,
which one of the following must also be True?
(A) All parents who are good listeners are good
parents.
(B} Some parents who are good listeners are not good
parents.
(C) Most parents who are good listeners are generous.
(D) Some parents who are good listeners are
self-centered,
(E) Fewer self-centered parents than generous parents
are good listeners.
28. Any announcement authorized by the head of
the department is important, However,
announcements are sometimes issued, without
authorization, by people other than the head of
the department, so some announcements will
inevitably turn out not to be important.
The reasoning is flawed because the argument
(A) does not specify exactly which
communications are to be classified as
announcements
(B) overlooks the possibility that people other than the
head of the department have the authority, to
authorize announcements
(C) leaves open the possibility that the head of the
department never, in fact, authorizes any
announcements
(D) assumes without warrant that just because
satisfying a given condition is enough to ensure an
announcement's importance, satisfying that
condition is necessary for its importance
(E) fails to distinguish between the importance of the
position someone holds and the importance of what
that person may actually be announcing on a
particular occasion
29. Tall children can generally reach high shelves
easily Short children can generally reach
high shelves only with difficulty. It is known
that short children are more likely than are tail
children to become short adults. Therefore, if
short children are taught to reach high shelves
easily, the proportion of them who become
short adults will decrease.
A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument
(A) attributes a characteristic of an individual
member of a group to the group as a whole
(B) presupposes that which is to be proved
(C) refutes a generalization by means of an
exceptional case
(D) assumes a causal relationship where only a
correlation has been indicated
(E) takes lack of evidence for the existence of a state of
affairs as evidence that there can be no such state
of affairs
30. So-called environmentalists have argued that
the proposed Golden Lake Development
would interfere with bird-migration patterns.
However the fact that these same people have
raised environmental objections to virtually
every development proposal brought before
the council in recent years indicates that their
expressed concern for bird-migration patterns
is nothing but a mask for their
antidevelopment antiprogress agenda. Their
claim therefore should be dismissed without
further consideration.
Which one of the following questionable
argumentative techniques Js employed in the passage'
(A) taking the failure of a given argument to
establish its conclusion as the basis for claiming
that the view expressed by that conclusion is
false
(B) rejecting the conclusion of an argument on the
basis of a claim about the motives of those
advancing the argument.
(C) using a few exceptional cases as the basis for a
claim about what is true in general
(D) misrepresenting evidence that supports the
position the argument is intended to refute
(E) assuming that what is true of a group as a
whole is necessarily true of each member of that
group
31. Anthony: It has been established that over 80
percent of those who use heroin have a history
of having used marijuana. Such evidence
would seem to prove that smoking marijuana
definitely leads to heroin use.
Judith: Maybe smoking marijuana does lead to
heroin use, but it is absurd to think that citing
those statistics proves that it does. After alt,
100 percent of the people who take up heroin
had a previous history of drinking water.
Judith's reply to Anthony's argument relies on
which one of the following argumentative
strategies?
(A) offering evidence suggesting that the statistics
Anthony cites in support of his conclusion are
inaccurate
(B) undermining the credibility, of his conclusion by
showing that it is a statement from which absurd
consequences can be derived
(C) providing an example to show that not
everything that promotes heroin use is unsafe
(D) demonstrating that Anthony’s line of reasoning is
flawed by showing that such reasoning can lead
to clearly false conclusions
(E) calling into question the possibility of ever
establishing causal connections solely on the
basis of statistical evidence
32 The senator has long held to the general
printable that no true work of art is obscene
and thus that there is no conflict between the
need to encourage free artistic expression and
the need to protect the sensibilities of the
public from obscenity. When well-known
works generally viewed as obscene are rated
as possible counterexamples, the senator
justifies accepting the principle by saying that
if these works really are obscene then they
cannot be works of art.
The senator's reasoning contains which one of the
following errors?
(A) It seeks to persuade by emotional rather than
intellectual means.
(B) It contains an important contradiction.
(C) it relies on an assertion of the senator's authority.
(D) It assumes what it seeks to establish.
(E) It attempts to justify a position by appeal to an
irrelevant consideration.
33. Psychotherapy has been described as a form of
moral coercion. However, when people are
coerced, their ability to make choices is
restricted, and the goat of psychotherapy is to
enhance people's ability to make choices.
Hence, psychotherapy cannot possibly be a
form of coercion.
Which one of the following describes a flaw m
the argument?
IA) The position bong argued against is redefined
unfairly in order to make it an easier target,
(B) Psychotherapy is unfairly criticized for having a
single goal, rather than having many complex goals
(C) no allowance is made for the fact that the practice
or results of psychotherapy might run counter to its
goals.
(D) The goals of psychotherapy are taken to justify any
means that are used to achieve those goals.
(E) It offers no argument to show that moral coercion
is always undesirable.
34. Rumored declines in automobile-industry
revenues are exaggerated. It is true that
automobile manufacturers share of the
industry's revenues fell from 65 percent two
years ago to 50 percent today, but over the
same period suppliers of automobile parts had
their share increase from 15 percent to 20
percent and service companies(for example.
distributors, dealers, and repairer)had their
share increase from 2(} percent to 30 percent.
Which one of the following best indicates why
the statistics given above provide by.
themselves no evidence for the concision they,
are intended to support?
(A) The possibility is left open that the statistics toe
manufacturers' share of revenues come from a
different source than tile other statistics
(B)No matter what changes the automobile industry’s overall revenues undergo, the total of all, shares of these revenues must be 100 percent
(C) No explanation is given for why the revenue
shares of different sectors of the industry changed
(D) Manufacturers and parts companies depend for
their revenue on dealers' success in success cars.
(E) Revenues are an important factor but are not the
only factor in determining profits,
参考答案
1-5 AECAB
DEBAA
CDDCB
AAEBBC
DBDECD
EDDDB
34 DCCB
|
|
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2003-8-11 11:57:00
