【3月9日作业答案】
Paragraph 1:
Homeostasis, an animal’s maintenance of certain internal variables within an acceptable range, particularly in extreme physical environments, has long interested biologists. The desert rat and the camel in the most water-deprived environments, and marine vertebrates in an all-water environment, encounter the same regulatory problem: maintaining adequate internal fluid balance.
词汇：vertebrate 脊椎动物
语法：同位语，并列，
翻译：动态平衡在长期以来一直令科学家们饶有兴趣，这是一项动物（尤其是在严峻的物理环境下）将体内特定的变量维持在可接受范围内的平衡。极度缺水的沙漠里的老鼠和骆驼以及水域环境里的海洋脊椎动物都面临着同样的调整性问题：保持身体内足够的体液平衡。
Point: Homostasis has interested biologists; The desert rat and camel in the most water-deprived enviroment and marine vertebrates encounter the regulatory problem: maintaing adequate internal fluid balance.
Paragraph 2：
For desert rats and camels, the problem is conservation of water in an environment where standing water is nonexistent, temperature is high, and humidity is low. Despite these handicaps, desert rats are able to maintain the osmotic pressure of their blood, as well as their total body water content, at approximately the same levels as other rats. One countermeasure is behavioral: these rats stay in burrows during the hot part of the day,thus avoiding loss of fluid through panting or sweating, which are regulatory mechanisms for maintaining internal body temperature by evaporative cooling. Also, desert rats’ kidneys can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as seawater.
词汇：osmotic 渗透的 osmotic pressure 渗透压； approximately 近乎的，大约的；burrows 地洞；panting 喘气；evaporative 称为蒸汽；excrete 排泄
语法：多重修饰和并列，定从和 WB省略
翻译：对于沙漠里的老鼠和骆驼来说，他们面临的问题是在气温高、湿度低、也没有积水的环境下保存水分。尽管存在这些障碍，沙漠里的老鼠依然能够维持他们血液的渗透压平衡并保持他们体内水分含量的水平与正常老鼠一致。他们的对策之一具有行为特点：这些老鼠在一天最热的时候呆在地洞里以避免在喘息和出汗的过程中流失身体里的水分，喘息和出汗是通过蒸发性冷却来恒定体内温度的调整性机能。另外，沙漠鼠的肾脏可以排泄含盐量高于海水两倍的小便。
P: desert rats are able to maintain .
I: Stay in burrows, excrete a uring having twice as high a salt content as seawater
Paragraph3：
Camels, on the other hand, rely more on simple endurance. They cannot store water, and their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats. As a result, camels must tolerate losses in body water of up to 30 percent of their body weight. Nevertheless, camels do rely on a special mechanism to keep water loss within a tolerable range: by sweating and panting only when their body temperature exceeds that which would kill a human, they conserve internal water.
词汇：reliance 依靠，unexceptional 普通的 renal 肾脏
语法：parallelism：Their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats
翻译：另一方面，骆驼更加依赖于单纯地忍耐。他们不能储存水，并且他们对普通的肾脏依赖导致他们通过肾脏功能丧失的水分远远高于老鼠通过肾脏功能丧失的水分。于是，骆驼必须忍受约合他们体重30%水量的丧失。然而，骆驼确实也依赖一项特殊的机能来将体内失水量维持在一个可以忍受的范围内：只有当骆驼的体温达到能热死人类的程度时他们才喘息和出汗，以此来维持体内水分。
P:Camels rely more on simple endurance
I: They cannot store water， a rate of water loss through renal function higher than that of desert rats
I2:Camels do rely on a special mechanism,by sweating and panting only when their body temperature exceeds that which would kill a human.
P4：
Marine vertebrates experience difficulty with their water balance because though there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance. But the excess salts from the seawater must be discharged somehow, and the kidneys of most marine vertebrates are unable to excrete a urine in which the salts are more concentrated than in seawater. Most of these animals have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt.
词汇：discharged 排泄 secreting 分泌的
语法：并列，定从多重修饰。 because though 待解
海洋脊椎动物则难于维持体内水量的平衡，因为虽说他们不缺喝的海水，他们必须喝很多水来维持体液平衡。但是海水里过量的盐分必须通过某种方式排出，而多数海洋脊椎动物的肾脏无法排泄出含盐量高于海水的小便。很多这样的动物在肾脏之外有特殊的分泌盐分的器官来确保他们排出过量的盐分。
P:Marine vertebrates experience difficulty with water balance.
I1: there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance
I2:the excess salts from the seawater must be discharged ,the kidneys of most marine vertebrates are unable to excrete a urine in which the salts are more concentrated than in seawater
I3:Most of these animals have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt.
Summary PIE structure：
P1：
P:沙漠动物和海洋动物都面临着维持体液平衡的问题
P2：
P:沙漠老鼠能在恶劣的环境下保存体内水分
I1:他们通过白天呆在地洞里来避免喘息和出汗导致的水分蒸发
I2：他们的肾脏很特殊，可以排泄含盐量高的小便
P3：
P:骆驼单纯地忍耐
I1：骆驼肾脏普通，容易让他们失水，且失水量很高
I2：但是骆驼也有一项特殊机能，那就是在“体温爆表”实在热得受不了的时候才喘气出汗
P4：
P:海洋脊椎动物虽然成天被水包围但是他们想维持体液均衡很困难
I1:他们需要喝很多水来维持体液平衡，但是海水盐分高
I2：他们肾脏不能帮助他们把这些盐分排除出来，他们不能嘘嘘呢~但是他们也有特殊的器官来帮他们排出这些盐分哦
长难句四
1) Because though there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance
2)Their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats
3）as she put it in the common reader , “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”
抽象词、抽象词组、比喻
就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”
这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。
4）with the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词
译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。
本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，gre和gmat文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。
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发表于 2014-3-9 18:00:56
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