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We suggest that three factors in particular shaped the disparate responses of farm daughters in New York and Sweden.
In the richer and more industrialized dairy region of New York, by contrast, economic prosperity already had increased farm daughters' choices and raised their expectations.
Second, Swedish women's greater interest in the dairy trade may be attributed to a stronger female dairy tradition. For centuries in most parts of Sweden, women had been exclusively responsible for milking and dairy work.
Finally, dissimilar industrial strategies shaped farm daughters' different responses. In Sweden, dairy owners concentrated on a specific commercial niche, the English market for high-quality butter, and, as a result, they were eager to make use of women's traditional skiUs and experience. Swedish dairy schools initially recruited only women and emphasized workplace training.
This strategy only hastened the exit of farm daughters from cheesemaking, which rapidly became dominated by men. Dairy education typically was aimed at men and focused on managerial and scientific aspects of the dairy profession.
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