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本打算一天10篇，无奈非牛人，看不下去啊，还是一天两篇吧~ 希望这样坚持下去，能有个成果，阅读啊，一定要攻下~ Passage 1 (1/63)
小企业没单接，当地机构要求公司和中小企业合作，有三个risk:
P2: 中小企业没钱，摊子铺大了，容易金融危机
P3：中小企业容易被大企业利用，傀儡
P4：竞争不过大企业
Word:
Unprecedented 空前的，史无前例的 principal 首要的，重要的，委托人 complacency 自满，沾沾自喜
(This passage was written in 1978.)
Recentyears have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedentedopportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long arguedthat one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minoritygroups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizableorders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress,in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federalcontracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractorsand record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeedworks, some federal andlocal agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals forapportioning parts of public contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According tofigures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from$77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total ofcorporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimatedto be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage posesdangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast andoverextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, theyoften need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, andthe like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, theirsubcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can befrustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formalestimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a smallcompany’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and thefinancial health of the business will suffer.
Asecond risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasingapportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-ownedconcerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for jointventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can teamup (team up: v.(使)结成一队, 合作, 协作) to acquire business that neither couldacquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners havecomplained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person,group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of theactual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than beingaccepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
Third, a minority enterprise thatsecures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger ofbecoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances,fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficultfor small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearlyguaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have tostruggle against complacencyarising from their current success.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present acommonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(B) describe a situation and itspotential drawbacks
(C) propose atemporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze afrequent source of disagreement（B）
(E) explore theimplications of a finding
2. The passage supplies information that wouldanswer which of the following questions?
(A) What federal agencies haveset percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public workscontracts?
(B) To which governmentagencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to findminority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use ofminority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to obtainsubcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesseswere there in 1977 than in 1972?（E）
(E) What is one set of conditionsunder which a small business might find itself financially overextended?
3. According to the passage, civil rightsactivists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesseshave traditionally had to labor (to suffer from some disadvantage or distress “labor under adelusion”) is that they have
(A) been especiallyvulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
(B) been denied bankloans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors
(C) not had sufficient opportunityto secure business created by large corporations
(D) not been able toadvertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers（C）
(E) not had adequaterepresentation in the centers of government power
4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to haveits bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to 取非
(A) experience frustration but notserious financial harm
(B) face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses
(C) have to recordits efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase itsspending with minority subcontractors（A）
(E) revise itsprocedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5. The author implies that a minority-ownedconcern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporatecustomer should
(A) avoidcompetition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
(B) concentrate onsecuring even more business from that corporation
(C) try to expand its customerbase to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation
(D) pass on some ofthe work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns（C）
(E) use itsinfluence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minorityconcerns
6. It can be inferred from the passage that,compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “somefederal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are
(A) more popularwith large corporations
(B) more specific
(C) lesscontroversial
(D) less expensiveto enforce（B）
(E) easier to comply with
7. Which of the following, if true, would mostweaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response tofederal requirements (lines 18-19)was substantial
(A) Corporatecontracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporatecontracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.
(C) The figurescollected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts withminority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate ofcorporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10million too high.（E）
(E) The $1.1 billionrepresented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77million in 1972.
8. The author would most likely agree withwhich of the following statements about corporate response to working withminority subcontractors?
(A) Annoyed by theproliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce theirefforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.
(B) Althoughcorporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businessesin the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant topursue many government contracts.
(C) The significantresponse of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained andconceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.
(D) Although corporations are eagerto cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the1970’s made substantial response impossible.（C）
(E) The enormouscorporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion thatused to plague small minority-owned businesses.
Passage 2 (2/63)特别套路
P1：通过对比“新老世界”说明theliberal idea of economic market 是怎样的一回事
P2：说这个美国的这个liberalmarket 的意义， 正面评价
Word: defy 藐视，公然反抗 fascination 魅力，入迷 possessiveness 占有，自制力 unsettling 是人不安的，动乱不安的 retention 保留，滞留，记忆力 seizure 夺取，捕获 referee 调停，裁判员sterile 不育的，贫瘠的 stagger 蹒跚，犹豫 disenfranchise 剥夺。。。的公民权 underscore 强调 amorphousness 无定形态 compassionate 慈悲的，富有同情心的 windmill 风车 treadmill 跑步机gyroscope回转仪，陀螺仪 bellow 风箱 perpetuate 使不朽，保持 proclamation 公告，宣布 deem 视作，相信
WoodrowWilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he saidthat the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximumfreedom means maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to be the measure ofour stability. Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World”categories of settled possessivenessversus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo”defended or attacked. The UnitedStates, it was believed, had no statusquo ante. Our only “station” was the turning of a stationary wheel,spinning faster and faster. Wedid not base our system on property but opportunity—which meant we basedit not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the morerapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. The conventional picture ofclass politics is composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what theyhave, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of (a touch of: 有一点) instability and change in which to scramble for(scramble for: v.争夺, 勉强拼凑) the things they havenot. But Americans imagined a condition in which speculators, self-makers, runnersare always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economicleaders (front-runners) would thus be mainly agents of change.The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strongreferee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand tocalm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, beginthings again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.”
“Reform” in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change exceptthrough the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece ofthe action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised. There is no attempt to call offthe race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor thequiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in ourlegends, no heroism of the office clerk (office clerk: n.职员), no stable industrial work force of thepeople who actually make the system work. There is no pride inbeing an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was anemployer). There has been no boasting about our social workers—they are merelysigns of the system’s failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things tobe eliminated. We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the factthat our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; emptyboasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us tryto forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland(wonderland: n.仙境, 奇境)race we must all run, all trying to win, none winning in the end (forthere is no end).
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to（关于这篇文章的态度我还是没领悟到，到底是赞扬还是批判呀）
(A) criticize the inflexibility ofAmerican economic mythology 没有criticize
(B) contrast “OldWorld” and “New World” economic ideologies 没有对比
(C) challenge theintegrity of traditional political leaders 没有challenge也没有political leaders
(D) champion those Americans whomthe author deems to be neglected（A）
(E) suggest asubstitute for the traditional metaphor of a race 未提到substitute
2. According to the passage, “Old World” valueswere based on
(A) ability
(B) property
(C) familyconnections
(D) guildhierarchies（B）
(E) education
3. In the context of the author’s discussion ofregulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a“strong referee” (line 30) in the United States?
(A) A schoolprincipal
(B) A politicaltheorist
(C) A federal court judge
(D) A social worker（C）
(E) A governmentinspector
4. The author setsoff (set off: to set apart: makedistinct or outstanding) the word “Reform” (line 35)with quotation marks in order to
(A) emphasize itsdeparture from the concept of settled possessiveness
(B) show his supportfor a systematic program of change
(C) underscore theflexibility and even amorphousnessof United States society
(D) indicate thatthe term was one of Wilson’s favorites（E）
(E) assert thatreform in the United States has not been fundamental
5. It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of theaction” (line 38) is
(A) a compassionate, ifmisdirected, legislative measure
(B) an example ofAmericans’ resistance to profound social change
(C) an innovative program forgenuine social reform
(D) a monument tothe efforts of industrial reformers（B）
(E) a surprisingly“Old World” remedy for social ills
6. Which of the following metaphors could theauthor most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the Americaneconomic system (lines 35-60)?
(A) A windmill
(B) A waterfall
(C) A treadmill 跑步机，美国的经济社会高速高集中，不停歇啊不停歇
(D) A gyroscope（C）
(E) A bellows
7. It can be inferred from the passage thatWoodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market
(A) encouraged those who “make thesystem work” (lines 45-46)
(B) perpetuated traditionallegends about America
(C) revealed theprejudices of a man born wealthy
(D) foreshadowed thestock market crash of 1929（B）
(E) began atradition of presidential proclamationson economics
8. The passage contains information that wouldanswer which of the following questions?
I. What techniques have industrialists used tomanipulate a free market?
II. In what ways are “New World” and “Old World”economic policies similar?
III. Has economic policy in the United Statestended to reward independent action?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only（C）
(E) II and III only
9. Which of the following best expresses theauthor’s main point?
(A) Americans’ pride in their jobscontinues to give them stamina today.
(B)The absence of a status quo ante has underminedUnited States economic structure.细节
(C) The freeenterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States.反
(D) The myth of theAmerican free enterprise system is seriously flawed.反（D）
(E) Fascination withthe ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.细节 |
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发表于 2012-3-21 05:27:56
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楼主
文章第二段说到"reform"，作者就不屑啊，代表他老人家1.
Passage 3 (3/63)
3：the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment.错在没理解settling 的意思。