1. Anders: The physical structure of the brain plays an
important role in thinking. So researchers
developing “thinking machines”—computers
that can make decisions based on both common
sense and factual knowledge—should closely
model those machines on the structure of the
brain.
Yang: Important does not mean essential. After all,
no flying machine closely modeled on birds
has worked; workable aircraft are structurally
very different from birds. So thinking machines
closely modeled on the brain are also likely to
fail. In developing a workable thinking
machine, researchers would therefore increase
their chances of success if they focus on the
brain’s function and simply ignore its physical
structure.
In evaluating Yang’s argument it would be most
helpful to know whether
(A) studies of the physical structure of birds
provided information crucial to the
development of workable aircraft
(B) researchers currently working on thinking
machines take all thinking to involve both
common sense and factual knowledge
(C) as much time has been spent trying to develop
a workable thinking machine as had been
spent in developing the first workable aircraft
(D) researchers who specialize in the structure of
the brain are among those who are trying to
develop thinking machines
(E) some flying machines that were not closely
modeled on birds failed to work
2. Scientists propose placing seismic stations on thefloor of the Pacific Ocean to warn threatened coastalcommunities on the northwestern coast of the UnitedStates of approaching tidal waves caused byearthquakes. Since forewarned communities couldtake steps to evacuate, many of the injuries anddeaths that would otherwise occur could be avoidedif the government would implement this proposal.
The answer to which of the following questionswould be most important in determining whetherimplementing the proposal would be likely to achievethe desired result?
(A) When was the last time that the coastalcommunities were threatened by an approachingtidal wave?
(B) How far below sea level would the stations belocated?
(C) Would there be enough time after receivingwarning of an approaching tidal wave for
communities to evacuate safely?
(D) How soon after a tidal wave hits land is it safefor evacuees to return to their communities?
(E) Can the stations be equipped to collect andrelay information about phenomena other thantidal waves caused by earthquakes?
3.Traverton’s city council wants to minimize the city’saverage yearly expenditures on its traffic signal lightsand so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbscurrently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes(LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared
to incandescent bulbs, LED arrays consumesignificantly less energy and cost no more topurchase. Moreover, the costs associated with theconversion of existing fixtures so as to accept LEDarrays would be minimal.
Which of the following would it be most useful toknow in determining whether switching to LED arrayswould be likely to help minimize Traverton’s yearlymaintenance costs?
(A) Whether the expected service life of LED arraysis at least as long as that of the currently usedincandescent bulbs
(B) Whether any cities have switched fromincandescent lights in their traffic signals to
lighting elements other than LED arrays
(C) Whether the company from which Travertoncurrently buys incandescent bulbs for trafficsignals also sells LED arrays
(D) Whether Traverton’s city council plans toincrease the number of traffic signal lights in
Traverton
(E) Whether the crews that currently replaceincandescent bulbs in Traverton’s traffic signalsknow how to convert the existing fixtures so asto accept LED arrays
4. A certain automaker aims to increase its market shareby deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the nextseveral months. The discounts will cut into profits,but because they will be heavily advertised themanufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers awayfrom rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, theautomaker envisions that customers initially attractedby the discounts may become loyal customers.
In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, itwould be most useful to know which of the following?
(A) Whether the automaker’s competitors are likelyto respond by offering deep discounts on theirown products
(B) Whether the advertisements will be created bythe manufacturer’s current advertising agency
(C) Whether some of the automaker’s models will bemore deeply discounted than others
(D) Whether the automaker will be able to cut costssufficiently to maintain profit margins even whenthe discounts are in effect
(E) Whether an alternative strategy might enable theautomaker to enhance its profitability whileholding a constant or diminishing share of themarket
5. For similar cars and comparable drivers, automobileinsurance for collision damage has always cost morein Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however,show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, onaverage, slightly less likely to be involved in a collisionthan cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurancecompanies are making a greater profit on collision damageinsurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful tocompare
(A) the level of traffic congestion in Greatport withthe level of traffic congestion in Fairmont
(B) the cost of repairing collision damage inGreatport with the cost of repairing collision
damage in Fairmont
(C) the rates Greatport residents pay for otherforms of insurance with the rates paid for similarinsurance by residents of Fairmont
(D) the condition of Greatport’s roads and streetswith the condition of Fairmont’s roads andstreets
(E) the cost of collision-damage insurance inGreatport and Fairmont with that in other cities
6.The growing popularity of computer-based activitieswas widely expected to result in a decline in televisionviewing, since it had been assumed that people lacksufficient free time to maintain current televisionviewinglevels while spending increasing amounts of
free time on the computer. That assumption, however,is evidently false: In a recent mail survey concerningmedia use, a very large majority of respondentswho report increasing time spent per week usingcomputers report no change in time spent watchingtelevision.
Which of the following would it be most useful todetermine in order to evaluate the argument?
(A) Whether a large majority of the surveyrespondents reported watching television
regularly
(B) Whether the amount of time spent watchingtelevision is declining among people who reportthat they rarely or never use computers
(C) Whether the type of television programs aperson watches tends to change as the amountof time spent per week using computersincreases
(D) Whether a large majority of the computerowners in the survey reported spending
increasing amounts of time per week usingcomputers
(E) Whether the survey respondents’ reports of timespent using computers included time spentusing computers at work | 
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发表于 2012-3-21 22:58:28
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