feifei-96,FEIFEI-97(95的最后一句似乎有误)

cranberry · 发表于 2003-10-9 20:52:00

96. Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or backroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weaken the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president?
(A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians.
(B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power-sharing than are business executives.
(C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader.
(D) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office.
(E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president.

96解答 B
A）无关选项
B）由于题目中认为商人不象军人、律师和职业政治家成为参选人的主要原因在于可以带来商业成功的个性和技巧并不能带来政治上的成功（此为论点），比如政治要求合作，而商场上是等级分明，因此商人对政治上司空见惯的让步和权力分享感到很不舒服。题目要求削弱，选项举出新的论据来削弱原论点，即商人讨厌分权等等不是导致他们不参选的原因，因为同样是讨厌分权的军人也经常参选。
C）无关选项
D）有一点反驳的暗示，但非常不确定
E）无关选项

97. A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements---earth, air, fire, and water---satisfied the first requirement, but it did not make any definite predictions. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory.
If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT:
(A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory
(B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological theory.
(C) For elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the simplicity criterion of a good theory.
(D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory.
(E) Aristotle’s cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements.

97解答 B
A）和文中表述一致
B）亚里士多德关于四种元素的理论只满足第一个标准，即可以描述很多的观察到的现象，而不满足第二个标准，这个选项和文章意思相反。
C）一致
D）一致
E）一致

95. Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams conducted by single researchers.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers.
(B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received.
(C) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports.
(D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are produced by international collaboration.
(E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers.

bobomomo · 发表于 2004-10-28 01:02:00

觉得96 T 的思路是- 文章把结论- 商人不参选，而LAWYER 什么的参选，归结于这两类的不同 ---- 商人不舒服那些POWERSHARING 什么的（就暗示了，LAWYER 什么的舒服）， WEAKEN 的方式-就把这钟不同说成是相同----- 两类人其实都不COMFORTABLE ，否定了原因，暗示一定是其他原因导致商人不去参选

不知这种思路正确否

honeytt · 发表于 2004-10-28 01:27:00

Answer for Q1, in the article, it says that business man enjoys power-sharing. In fact, militory leader is in a strong sense of power sharing compare to business man. So the argument explains the reason why business man does not become president is not precise. Therefore, choice B with militory leader will be the most choice to weaken the explaination from the author.

joe11 · 发表于 2004-11-11 14:15:00

97. 为什么 A 不对呢？

leeon · 发表于 2004-11-11 14:21:00

根据原文A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

得到推倒：a good scientific theory －>accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements 和 make definite predictions about the results of future observations。

A刚好是a good scientific theory －>predictions about the results of future observations。所以符合原文。

joe11 · 发表于 2004-11-11 14:32:00

原文是 and it must make DEFINITE predictions about the results of future observations.

而 A 是 predictions, 区别在于 definite 不见了！所以对 A 的理解可以是只要是 prediction, 不管却不确定，都必须用科学理论推出，这不是和原文不符么？应该是把原文的概念扩大了，except 题， A 有原文推不出的，就应该选它了。

谢谢 Leeon!

leeon · 发表于 2004-11-11 14:38:00

明确的预言也是预言啊。所以A一定能推出。

joe11 · 发表于 2004-11-12 02:05:00

重贴 97 题，字大一点好读。

97. A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements---earth, air, fire, and water---satisfied the first requirement, but it did not make any definite predictions. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory.
If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT:
(A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory
(B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological theory.
(C) For elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the simplicity criterion of a good theory.
(D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory.
(E) Aristotle’s cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements.

B 太明显了，就是答案。现在讨论 A. A 也像答案。

Let me juxtapose the premises and choice A:

原文：A scientific theory is a good theory if it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

选项(A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory

为了比较方便，将上述两句简化：

原文：A scientific theory is a good theory IF it must make definite predictions 可以理解为

选项(A) Prediction must be made by any good scientific theory

我看见的区别在于， prediction（总集合）包括了 definite prediction （子集）, 所以选项 A 偷换概念，而且延拓太多。Prediction MUST be made ... 既然广义化了，那就不需要 MUST 来强调非要 good scientific theory 来预测，随便在大街上抓个人作个prediction, 也是 prediction 呀。

并且，原文末句专门指出 "but it did not make any definite predictions".

所以， A 是由原文所推不出的。这道题出的不严密。

大家再看看？

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-11-12 2:53:08编辑过]

lawyer_1 · 发表于 2004-11-12 06:35:00

如果有人说上哈佛GMAT必须考800分是对的。那麽上哈佛GMAT必须考高分就一定对了。反过来就不对了。

joe11 · 发表于 2004-11-12 08:38:00

800 分是高分的子集。 A -> B, and C 包含于 B, So, A -> C. OK.

Lawyer, 不要那么抽象么，就事论事，我的推理有道理吧。

好感谢！

feifei-96,FEIFEI-97(95的最后一句似乎有误)

feifei-96,FEIFEI-97(95的最后一句似乎有误)

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