个人对JJ出现的AFL那篇阅读的详解

！看到网上TX说关于AFL这篇阅读在考试中出现的频率非常高，特此专为此篇文章做了详细的解读，希望能对大家有帮助！

In 1938, at the government-convened
        National Health Conference, organized labor
        emerged as a major proponent of legislation
        to guarantee universal health care in the
        United States. The American Medical
                Association, representing physicians’
        interests, argued for preserving physicians’
            free-market prerogatives (AMA的观点：free-market).  Labor activists
                countered these arguments by insisting that
        health care was a fundamental right that
        should be guaranteed by government
            programs (labor activist的观点).

The labor activists’ position represented
                a departure from the voluntarist view held
        until 1935 by leaders of the American
        Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affiliation of labor unions; the voluntarist
            view
        stressed workers’ right to freedom from
            government intrusions into their lives and represented national health insurance as a
            threat to workers’ privacy
            （voluntarist的观点）. AFL president
        Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for
        all workers, had positioned the AFL as
        a
                    leading opponent of the proposals for
        national health insurance that were advocated beginning in 1915 by the American
        Association for Labor Legislation (AALL),
        an organization dedicated to the study and
        reform of labor laws.  Gompers’
            opposition
        to national health insurance was partly
                principled (+), arising from the premise that
        governments under capitalism invariably
            served employers’, not workers’, interests (G反对全民保险的理由).
        Gompers feared the probing of government
        bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as
        the possibility that government-mandated
        health insurance, financed in part by
        employers, could permit companies to
        require employee medical examinations
        that might be used to discharge disabled
        workers.

 Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions:  the AFL had
        supported government intervention on behalf
        of injured workers and child laborers.  AFL
        officials drew the line at national health
        insurance,
            however,
        partly out of concern
        for their own power. The fact that AFL
        outsiders such as the AALL had taken the
        most prominent advocacy roles antagonized
        Gompers.  That this reform threatened union-sponsored benefit programs championed by
        Gompers made national health insurance
        even more objectionable.

Indeed, the AFL leadership did face
        serious organizational divisions.  Many
        unionists, recognizing that union-run health
        programs covered only a small fraction of
        union members and that unions represented
        only a fraction of the nation’s workforce,
        worked to enact compulsory health
        insurance in their state legislatures.  This
                activism and the views underlying it came to
                prevail (+) in the United States labor movement
        and in 1935 the AFL
            unequivocally reversed
        its position on health legislation
        （最终的结果）
        .

AMA, labor activist和AFL, AALL的观点：

-          AMA:
        考虑到医生的立场，不同意National Insurance;

-          Labor activist:
        认为医疗是公民最基本的权利，所以倡导National Insurance;

-          AFL (Voluntarist) :
        开始考虑员工的利益，不同意National Insurance. 但有exceptionà对于受伤员工和童工；后来Activism的流行，使得AFL在1935年转换了观点。

-          AALL: 1915年提出National Insurance

逻辑简图：

1P: AMA和Labor activist的观点及对比。 In 1938, government-convened,… AMA + 观点（free-market）; Labor activist + 观点（government-guarantied）

2P: AFL GS的观点。Labor activist departure from the voluntarist; AFL + voluntarist的观点（oppose national insurance program）àGS leading opponent AALL; oppositionàpartly principled (+) + 反对原因及fear;

3P: AFL观点的exceptionà injured workers and child laborers.

4P: AFL组织分歧导致最终转换观点。Indeed…organizational division; union-run的局限；à activism came to prevail à AFL unequivocally reversed position.

以下是对各个题目的详解：

24. Q24:

The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?

2. It was shared by most unionists until 1935.

3. It antagonized the American Medical Association
                   (AMA的观点是考虑到医生的利益，不同意, voluntarist考虑员工的利益，不同意.
               但不能得出两者冲突的结论)

4. It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to(无关比较)
                   union-run health programs.

5. It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers
               （原文：injured workers有可能是成人）.

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25. Q25:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. account for a labor organization’s success
               （与success无关）
               in achieving a particular goal

discuss how a labor organization came to reverse its position on a particular issue
                    （原文：提出AMA和labor activist对全民保险的观点à引出AFL的观点àAFL观点的特例à内部分歧导致转换观点  ）

3. explain how disagreement over a particular issue eroded the power of a labor organization

4. outline the arguments used by a labor organization’s leadership (只是第二段的内容) in a particular debate

5. question the extent
               （作者对转变的程度只说了unequivocally, 没做任何质疑） to which a labor organization changed its position on a particular issue

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26. Q26:

Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?

1. It elaborates a point about why（与原因无关） the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.

2. It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL
               （这个exception与AALL的观点无关）.

It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.
                    （从Yet转折词可以看出，肯定与前面的内容有出入，目的就是提出这种出入）

4. It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence
               （从accommodate…exception可以看出不是反对以前的观点）.

5. It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.

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27. Q27:

According to the passage, Gompers’ objection to national health insurance was based in part on his belief that

1. union-sponsored health programs were less expensive
               （与是否expensive无关） than government-sponsored programs

2. most unionists were covered by and satisfied
               （原文没说是否satisfy，according to题一定是全文说过的） with union-sponsored health programs

3. it would lead some employers to reduce company-sponsored benefits

it could result in certain workers unfairly losing their jobs
                    （原文：GS站在员工的立场à G feared…could permit companies to
                    require employee medical examinations
                    that might be used to discharge disabled
                    workers）

5. the AFL should distance itself from the views of the American Medical Association
                   (G从没提过要反对AMA的观点)

由于从word转换过来，有些地方显示不对，望海涵！