小蚂蚁啃OG紫书之阅读篇，NN们有若干问题请教10篇11篇13篇14篇15篇16篇17篇

大家好，小蚂蚁正在啃OG的紫书阅读，问题巨多，贴出来请NN们多多帮忙。尽量能够一天2篇。紫书共17篇，从第17篇开始整理，问题解决后会把我的整理工作再一一贴上来，谢谢大家了。

第十七篇（1楼2楼），17篇有问题7、8、9、10目前还没有得到解答，详见13楼

第十六篇（10楼11楼）16篇有问题3目前还没有得到解决，详见14楼

第十六篇（10楼11楼）16篇有问题3目前还没有得到解决，详见14楼

第十六篇（10楼11楼）16篇有问题3目前还没有得到解决，详见14楼

第十五篇（17楼18楼）15篇现有问题1、3目前还没有得到解决，

第十四篇 （19楼20楼）14篇现有问题1、2目前还没有得到解决

第十三篇 （26楼27楼）13篇现有问题4个

此书第17篇内容我把文章删除了，只保留第一段让大家知道这是哪一篇，因为我刚才编辑阅读进度的时候系统说我的字数已经超过了。

The modern multinational corporation (multinational corporation: 多国（跨国）公司) is described as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organized into hierarchies. Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change. Nineteenth-century inventions like the steamship and the telegraph, by facilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described as key factors. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion:
   the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their day too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.

小蚂蚁第十七篇的问题如下（共10个疑问）：（眼巴巴地等着牛牛们）

对于文章的内容理解上的问题如下

1）  chartered trading companies 中的chartered是什么意思？

2）  第一段最后一句话the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their day too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.这句话中的and后面的我划线的地方在该句中的成份请帮忙分析一下。

3）  38行on the bay 是什么意思？

4）  45行 a substantial minority share    substantial 是多的意思，minority是少的意思，这里该怎么办啊，是少还是多呢？文中看到whereas 后面的高级经理在现代跨国公司的持股数是微不足道的猜出来前面应该是多，但是不太明白为什么用minority?

5）  15行，irrelevant to this discussion 这个讨论指的是什么？

6）  43行acted abroad 是什么意思？

对于OG给出的98-105的选项及解释的我的问题如下

      7）  第98题（A）选项的OG解释不太明白，（A）选项的内容见上面所贴文章，（A）选项的OG解释如下：

A的OG解释：   Early trading companies share similarities with modern multinational companies but are not credited with having originated them

8)  第99题（D）选项的意思和（D）选项的解释不太明白。选项见上面所贴文章，解释贴在下面请NN们帮帮忙。

（D）选项OG解释：The author argues that, in contrast to the discussions that usually dismiss their relevance, early trading companies do offer an interesting comparison to the modern multinations. 

9）第100题的OG解释中有一句话不太懂什么意思

The previous paragraph had ended with the prevailing dismissal of these companies as unimportant.  这句话是说前面的一段文章以普遍认为的这些公司不重要的不予理会作为结束。我应该是句子的结构没看明白，自已写下来自已看不懂。

10）101题对选项A、D、E的选项和解释有些迷糊，选项见上面文章，OG的解释贴在下面请牛牛们帮帮忙。

101题OG五个选项如下：

(A)  analyze the various ways in which these activities contributed to changes in management structure in such companies

(B)  demonstrate that the volume of business transactions of such companies exceeded that of earlier firms

(C)  refute the view that the volume of business undertaken by such companies was relatively low

(D)  emphasize the international scope of these companies’ operations

(E)  support the argument that such firms coordinated such activities by using available means of communication and transport 

OG解释如下：

A  Management structures were necessary to oversee the activities，but the passage does not mention specific ways in which the activities contributed to changes．

B  No comparison to earlier firms is made．

C  Correct．The list contradicts the statement in the previous paragraph that the volume of transactions was low．

D  The international scope of the activities is not in question(1ines 13—15)and does not need to be defended．

E  The list is included to argue against a common assumption，not to argue for a position that this passage does not call into question．

   The correct answer is C．

补充一下

这一题第一段是一个比较. 大型的国际公司和特许国贸组织

1) 特许公司 算是一个固定用法 是西方殖民时代做国际贸易和拓展殖民下产生的组织. 通常有欧洲殖民政府特许权和支持
     其实了解的这个背景整个题目会变的简单很多. irrelevant to this discussion 因为是一个比较关系,(clue: despite the international scope of their activities, another clue: 2nd paragraph In reality, however) 这里是说前面对于大型国际公司要请salaried managers 的成长过程不能用在特许公司上, 因为 daily communications & transports too "primitive" (clue: inventions like the steamship and the telegraph) steamship=transportation, telegraph=communication  too primitive= therefore, irrelevant to the discussion

先谢谢再细看。

第三段是一个让步语气开头. 其实如果不了解 chartered company 的历史背景. 这一段可以猜出来. (clue: They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote national interests.)

acted abroad 是在国外. 这个是要记下来的喔. 不过并不是真的需要知道. 你已经知道这题是讲国贸的这样答题应该够. 真的要推也该可以. 照理说这个字摆在 acted 后面应该是指地方.前面题到 "home country" 后面又 'promote national interest" 应该可以推出是国外. 

a substantial minority
   share:　　 楼上其实解释的相当好. 不过因为这个文章最好的地方是有非常多的比较关系存在. 所以这个应该仔细可以推出来的. (clue: whereas senior managers’ holdings in modern multinationals are usually insignificant. )
  

谢谢大家了，再贴上第十六篇的问题，

第十六篇

Most large corporations in the United States were

once run by individual capitalists who owned enough

stock to dominate the board of directors and dictate

company policy. Because putting such large amounts of

(5) stock on the market would only depress its value, they

could not sell out for a quick profit and instead had to

concentrate on improving the long-term productivity of

their companies. Today, with few exceptions, the stock

of large United States corporations is held by large

(10) institutions-pension funds, for example-and because

these institutions are prohibited by antitrust laws from

owning a majority of a company's stock and from

actively influencing a company's decision-making, they

can enhance their wealth only by buying and selling

(15) stock in anticipation of fluctuations in its value. A

minority shareholder is necessarily a short term trader.

As a result, United States productivity is unlikely to

improve unless shareholders and the managers of the

companies in which they invest are encouraged to

(20) enhance long-term productivity (and hence long-term

profitability), rather than simply to maximize short-

term profits.

Since the return of the old-style capitalist is unlikely,

today's short-term traders must be remade into

(25) tomorrow's long-term capitalistic investors. The legal

limits that now prevent financial institutions from

acquiring a dominant shareholding position in a corpora-

tion should be removed, and such institutions encouraged

to take a more active role in the operations of the

(30) companies in which they invest. In addition, any institu-

tion that holds twenty percent or more of a company's

stock should be forced to give the public one day's

notice of the intent to sell those shares. Unless the

announced sale could be explained to the public on

(35) grounds other than anticipated future losses, the value of

the stock would plummet and, like the old-time capital-

ists, major investors could cut their losses only by

helping to restore their companies' productivity. Such

measures would force financial institutions to become

(40) capitalists whose success depends not on trading shares

at the propitious moment, but on increasing the produc-

tivity of the companies in which they invest.

91. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

(A) Comparing two different approaches to a problem

(B) Describing a problem and proposing a solution

(C) Defending an established method

(D) Presenting data and drawing conclusions from the data

(E) Comparing two different analyses of a current situation

92. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true of majority shareholders in a corporation?

(A) They make the corporation's operational management decisions.

(B) They are not allowed to own more than fifty percent of the corporation's stock.

(C) They cannot make quick profits by selling their stock in the corporation.

(D) They are more interested in profits than in productivity.

(E) They cannot sell any of their stock in the corporation without giving the public advance notic.

93. According to the passage, the purpose of the requirement suggested in lines 30-33 would be which of the following?

(A) To encourage institutional stockholders to sell stock that they believe will decrease in value

(B) To discourage institutional stockholders from intervening in the operation of a company whose stock they own

(C) To discourage short-term profit-taking by institutional stockholders

(D) To encourage a company's employees to take an active role in the ownership of stock in the company

(E) To encourage investors to diversify their stock holdings

94. The author suggests that which of the following is a true statement about people who typify the “old style capitalist" referred to in line 23?

(A) They now rely on outdated management techniques.

(B) They seldom engaged in short-term trading of the stock they owned.

(C) They did not influence the investment policies of the corporations in which they invested.

(D) They now play a much smaller role in the stock market as a result of antitrust legislation.

(E) They were primarily concerned with maximizing the short-term profitability of the corporations in which they owned stock.

95. It can be inferred that the author makes which of the following assumptions about the businesses once controlled by individual capitalists?

(A) These businesses were less profitable than are businesses today.

(B) Improving long-term productivity led to increased profits.

(C) Each business had only a few stockholders.

(D) There was no short-term trading in the stock of these businesses.

(E) Institutions owned no stock in these companies.

96. The author suggests that the role of large institutions as stockholders differs from that of the “old-style capitalist” in part because large institutions

(A) invest in the stock of so many companies that they cannot focus attention on the affairs of any single corporation

(B) are prohibited by law from owning a majority of a corporation’s stock

(C) are influenced by brokers who advise against long-term ownership of stocks

(D) are able to put large amounts of stock on the market without depressing the stock’s value

(E) are attracted to the stocks of corporations that demonstrate long-term gains in productivity

97. The primary function of the second paragraph of the passage is to

(A) identify problems

(B) warn of consequence

(C) explain effects

(D) evaluate solutions

(E) recommend actions 

2）  44行 on trading shares at the propitious moment 在某一个吉利的时刻的股票的交易，指的是在某一时刻的股票的买卖吗？

3）  文中出现的几个名词怎么译比较合适，还有哪几个是同义词

（1）       individual capitalists

（2）       old-style capitalists

（3）       old-time capitalists

（4）       majority capitalists

（5）       financial capitalists

（6）       minority capitalist

对于OG给出的91-97的选项及解释的我的问题如下

4)91题OG的解释如下The first paragraph presents a problem：the failure of shareholders and managers to enhance a company’ s long—term productivity．

  请问：OG解释说第一段提出了一个问题，股东们和经理们增强公司长期生产率的失败，这个失败在文章中从哪里能够看出来提出来的是这个问题啊。

5）91题（C）选项

(C) Defending an established method

这里的defending是支持已经建立的方法的意思吗，此处对defend这个单词的意思有点不明确，我查了字典有辩解的意思，但又在单词归类中写着支持，所以不明，因为觉得这个词有可能以后会作为作者的态度题中出现，所以想确认。

6）92题（B）选项的OG的解释不明，解释如下

B  The passage does discuss current limitations on minority shareholders，but there is no discussion of limitations on majority shareholders．

请问，B选项解释说：文中确实讨论了minority shareholders的目前的限制，这个限制从哪里能够看出来，我在文中第28行处看到对于financial institutions的限制，指的是不是就是minority shareholders的限制？

7）97题（B）选项的OG解释说

   B The author has warned of the consequences in the previous paragraph.

     请问作者给出的警告是什么？是不是18行的这句话As a result, Unired  States productivity is unlikely to improve

第十六篇的问题（共7个问题）

对于文章的内容理解上的问题如下

1）  第二段26行be remade into这是什么意思，remade在这里作何解比较好，查了字典说是重做的意思，在这里有点不通。

2）  44行 on trading shares at the propitious moment 在某一个吉利的时刻的股票的交易，指的是在某一时刻的股票的买卖吗？

3）  文中出现的几个名词怎么译比较合适，还有哪几个是同义词

（1）       individual capitalists

（2）       old-style capitalists

（3）       old-time capitalists

（4）       majority capitalists

（5）       financial capitalists

（6）       minority capitalist

对于OG给出的91-97的选项及解释的我的问题如下

4)91题OG的解释如下The first paragraph presents a problem：the failure of shareholders and managers to enhance a company’ s long—term productivity．

  请问：OG解释说第一段提出了一个问题，股东们和经理们增强公司长期生产率的失败，这个失败在文章中从哪里能够看出来提出来的是这个问题啊。

5）91题（C）选项

(C) Defending an established method

这里的defending是支持已经建立的方法的意思吗，此处对defend这个单词的意思有点不明确，我查了字典有辩解的意思，但又在单词归类中写着支持，所以不明，因为觉得这个词有可能以后会作为作者的态度题中出现，所以想确认。

6）92题（B）选项的OG的解释不明，解释如下

B  The passage does discuss current limitations on minority shareholders，but there is no discussion of limitations on majority shareholders．

请问，B选项解释说：文中确实讨论了minority shareholders的目前的限制，这个限制从哪里能够看出来，我在文中第28行处看到对于financial institutions的限制，指的是不是就是minority shareholders的限制？

7）97题（B）选项的OG解释说

   B The author has warned of the consequences in the previous paragraph.

     请问作者给出的警告是什么？是不是18行的这句话As a result, Unired  States productivity is unlikely to improve

第十六篇的问题（共7个问题）

对于文章的内容理解上的问题如下

1）  第二段26行be remade into这是什么意思，remade在这里作何解比较好，查了字典说是重做的意思，在这里有点不通。

2）  44行 on trading shares at the propitious moment 在某一个吉利的时刻的股票的交易，指的是在某一时刻的股票的买卖吗？

3）  文中出现的几个名词怎么译比较合适，其中下面的（1）（2）（3）（6）是一个意思吗？（4）（5）是一个意思吗？

（1）       individual capitalists

（2）       old-style capitalists

（3）       old-time capitalists

（4）       majority capitalists

（5）       financial capitalists

（6）       minority capitalist

对于OG给出的91-97的选项及解释的我的问题如下

4)91题OG的解释如下The first paragraph presents a problem：the failure of shareholders and managers to enhance a company’ s long—term productivity．

  请问：OG解释说第一段提出了一个问题，股东们和经理们增强公司长期生产率的失败，这个失败在文章中从哪里能够看出来提出来的是这个问题啊。

5）91题（C）选项

(C) Defending an established method

这里的defending是支持已经建立的方法的意思吗，此处对defend这个单词的意思有点不明确，我查了字典有辩解的意思，但又在单词归类中写着支持，所以不明，因为觉得这个词有可能以后会作为作者的态度题中出现，所以想确认。

6）92题（B）选项的OG的解释不明，解释如下

B  The passage does discuss current limitations on minority shareholders，but there is no discussion of limitations on majority shareholders．

请问，B选项解释说：文中确实讨论了minority shareholders的目前的限制，这个限制从哪里能够看出来，我在文中第28行处看到对于financial institutions的限制，指的是不是就是minority shareholders的限制？

7）97题（B）选项的OG解释说

   B The author has warned of the consequences in the previous paragraph.

     请问作者给出的警告是什么？是不是18行的这句话As a result, Unired  States productivity is unlikely to improve