小蚂蚁啃OG紫书之阅读篇，NN们有若干问题请教10篇11篇13篇14篇15篇16篇17篇

清清小蚂蚁

自已顶一下，等着NN们来解答。

sen4sun

第十五篇的问题
            

1）19行  not only …..but has also…..

   请问，but also可以用
            has把它分开吗？这个词组可以这样用吗？

其实这里的HAS 在考题中通常是省略的. 参阅我提供的OG 范例. 其实是可以拆的. 而且通常 also 是省略掉. 只是GMAT 中通常不省略. 为了前后对称的话放also 前. not only +v... but also +v

71.  By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options，such as caller identification and voice mail，the new telecommunications company, has not only captured．customers from other phone companies but also forced them to offer competitive prices．

(A)  has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced them

(B)  has not only captured customers from other phone companies，but it also forced them

(C)  has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies

(D)  not only has captured customers from other phone companies but also these companies have been forced

(E)  not only captured customers from other phone companies，but it also has forced them

Parallelism + Pronoun reference

The sentence intends to show the effect of the new telecommunications company on the other phone companies．In the original sentence，the antecedent of the pronoun them is unclear；it may refer to companies or to customers．If it refers to customers，the sentence structure illogically has the new company forcing customers to offer competitive prices．

A  Pronoun reference is unclear．

B  Pronoun reference is unclear；redundant use of if．

C  Correct．The verbs are parallel in this sentence，and these companies is clearly the object of the verb forced．

D  Sentence does not maintain parallelism，unnecessarily changing from active voice(has captured)to passive voice(have been forced)．

E  Pronoun reference is unclear；captured and has forced are not parallel in verb tense；redundant use of it．

The correct answer is C．

 

2）46行they miss Thomas Paine’s point  这里的miss是什么意思呢
        

miss the point 是固定用法要记住. 这里的 miss 是做to not understand 的意思

3）文章最后一句话的意思不明，
            

In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

个人的利益怎么被owners, companies, and countries这么多在一起达到呢，做出买的决定是说这些人自已拿钱出来买吗？

你对这个句子的理解偏了, 建议这段多读个几遍. 其实不是个人利益. 我把它重写一下, 希望有帮助

这句其实是说

in order for owners, companies, countires to beneift from the individual ownership

employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

4）对87题的E选项和E选项的OG解释不太明白，这里的eligibility是能力的意思还是资格的意思，

87题的E选项(E) Eligibility to buy shares was contingent on employees’ agreeing to increased work loads.
                

OG87题解释E  The passage does not show eligibility to be dependent on increased workload．

sen4sun

1）5行 as distinct from ，这里的as作何解释，是什么用法？

as distinct from 这里是固定搭配有 rather than 的意思, 要记喔

2）20行 strain 在这里是什么意思

做名词有a type的意思

3）78题对于A选项和A选项的解释不明

A 选项是说因果关系颠倒, 是英语系民族的社会风气导致Individualist feminist 的壮大而不是 individualist feminist 影响的社会风气转变

4）78题B选项中的Anglo-saxon legal and political tradition的意思按照OG的解释是intellectual traditon，请问这里的intellectual 和legal and political  是一个意思吗？intellectual应该怎么解释才好？很是想不通哩。

intellectual tradtion 范围较广 legal and political tradition 是包涵在intellectual tradition 里

78题B选项中的has often gong unnoticed是说这被忽略的意思吗

5）79题B选项OG的解释说隐含了是可以调和的，making this an overstatement,从哪看出来的啊？

OG79解释B  In lines 46－50，the author implies that a reconciliation might be possible，making this an overstatement．

其实这是作者态度和选项技巧的问题. 作者既然在最后没有肯定说不能调和,并且指出如果能调合会更有影响力 那像B这种过于极端的选项就是overstatment了!不能选

6）83题A选项的intellectual issues是什么意思？

该是比较有知识深度的议题. 这个翻的很差. 有点需要意会

   83题E选项和79题B选项OG的解释是否矛盾，83题E选项说他们不会把两种联合在一起，可是79题B选项的OG的解释说调节器和是可能的，怎么觉得矛盾呢？

83题E选项

(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different

feminist approaches in their thought.

一个是现状, 一个是将来的可能性. 不矛盾

OG79解释B  In lines 46－50，the author implies that a reconciliation might be possible，making this an overstatement．

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-5-27 8:02:22编辑过]

清清小蚂蚁

先谢谢sen4sun，再接着问，
            ：）

关于14篇的问题看了sen4sun的解释如下：3、4、5、6、完全解决，

问题1、2尚未明白

 

1）5行 as distinct from ，这里的as作何解释，是什么用法？

as distinct from 这里是固定搭配有 rather than 的意思, 要记喔

我的问题：回到文中第五行，or equity as distinct from equality ，我觉得意思上是这样理解的：或者是把公平(equity)和同等(equality)区分开，因为前面讲了equality in difference(有区别的平等)，or的前后应该是一个意思，如果按照你所说的是rather than的话，就变成是公平还不是同等了，我在字典里没有找到这个词组，请问这是在什么时候用的词组，举个例子好吗？

2）20行 strain 在这里是什么意思

做名词有a type的意思
            ，

我的问题：还是不太懂，20行which had been the dominant strain 是说占统治地位的一种类型？没想通。

 

关于15篇的问题看了sen4sun的解释如下：问题2、4、5、6、完全解决，

问题1、3还不明白

 

1）19行  not only …..but has also…..

   请问，but also可以用 has把它分开吗？这个词组可以这样用吗？

其实这里的HAS 在考题中通常是省略的. 参阅我提供的OG 范例. 其实是可以拆的. 而且通常 also 是省略掉. 只是GMAT 中通常不省略. 为了前后对称的话放also 前. not only +v... but also +v

我的问题：问了好几个G友，都说从没见过but also可以分开，请问你这里说省略HAS 在考题中通常是省略的 依据是什么？

 

3）文章最后一句话的意思不明，
            

In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

个人的利益怎么被owners, companies, and countries这么多在一起达到呢，做出买的决定是说这些人自已拿钱出来买吗？你对这个句子的理解偏了, 建议这段多读个几遍. 其实不是个人利益. 我把它重写一下, 希望有帮助

这句其实是说
            

in order for owners, companies, countires to beneift from the individual ownership

employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

我的问题：试着译一下看看：为了所有者，公司和国家从个人所有权中获利，员和其它的个人必须做出他们自已的买的决定，并且他们必须提供他们自已的资源用于选择。

这句话我译出来自已看不懂，我不太明白员工和其它个人必须作出买的决定与所有者，公司和国家从个人所有权中获利有什么关系，怎么是为了----，员工和其它个人-----，还有他们提供自已的什么资源，不是花钱来买股吗？

sen4sun

这句话我译出来自已看不懂，我不太明白员工和其它个人必须作出买的决定与所有者，公司和国家从个人所有权中获利有什么关系，怎么是为了----，员工和其它个人-----，还有他们提供自已的什么资源，不是花钱来买股吗？
                

从文章前后文推出: 员工花自己钱买股->开始为公司想, 工作卖力->企业赚钱->国家经济增长

仔细读一下: 文章中提到经济学建议提供免费认股. 作者节录一段话说免费的不会珍惜来做为反论. 自己的资源就是花自己的$啦

从文章前后文推出: 员工花自己钱买股->开始为公司想, 工作卖力->企业赚钱->国家经济增长

仔细读一下: 文章中提到经济学建议提供免费认股. 作者节录一段话说免费的不会珍惜来做为反论. 自己的资源就是花自己的$啦

清清小蚂蚁

第十三篇

Historians of women's labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk，domestic servant, and office secretary．These historians focused instead on factory work，primarily because it seemed so different from traditional，unpaid、、women's work in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipator in effect．Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.

To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women，historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women，even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions．For instance，early textile-mill entrepreneurs，in justifying women's employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores；the mill owners thus imported Into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women．Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men，such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs．And employers，who assumed that women's＂real" aspirations were for  marriage and family lire，declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men．Thus many lower-skilled，lower-paid，less secure jobs came to be perceived as＂female．"

More remarkable than the original has been the persistence of such se．x segregation in twentieth-century industry．Once an occupation came to be perceived as "female＂,employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception，even when higher profits beckoned。And despite the urgent need of the United．States during the Second World War to    mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries．Moreover, once the war ended，employers quickly returned to men most of the＂male＂jobs that women had been permitted to master．

Questions 70—77 refer to the passage above．
70. According to the passage，job segregation by sex in the United States was　

(A)  greatly diminished by labor mobilization during the Second World War

(B)  perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women's employment In wage labor

(C)  one means by which women achieved greater job security

(D)  reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious

(E)  a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile industry

71．  According to the passage，historians of women's labor focused on factory work as a more promising area of research than service．-sector work because factory work

(A)  involved the payment of higher wages

(B)  required skill in detailed tasks

(C)  was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregation

(D)  was more readily accepted by women than by men

(E)  fitted the economic dynamic of industrialism better

72．It can be inferred from the passage that early historians of women's labor in the United States paid little attention to women's employment in the service sector of the economy because

(A)  the extreme variety of these occupations made it very difficult to assemble meaningful statistics about them

(B)  fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory work

(C)  the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much lower than those paid in the industrial sector

(D)  women's employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term than in factory work

(E)  employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with the unpaid work associated with homemaking

73. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph?

(A)  They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive＂female" jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life．

(B)  They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men's wages low．

(C)  They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular，kinds of factory work．

(D)  They thought that factory work bettered the condition of women by emancipating them from dependence on income earned by men．

(E)  They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in the family．

74·  It can be inferred from the passage that the＂unfinished revolution＂the author mentions in line 14 refers to the

(A)  entry of women into the industrial labor market

(B)  recognition that work done by women as homemakers should be compensated at rates comparable to those prevailing in the service sector of the economy

(C)  development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism

(D)  introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professions

(E)  emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation

75. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?

(A)  After a crisis many formerly＂male＂jobs are reclassified as＂female" jobs．

(B)  Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as    homemakers．

(C)  Post-Second World War hiring policies Caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity．

(D)  Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory  work

(E)  The service sector of the economy has proved more nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than has the manufacturing sector．

76. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out detailed tasks?

（Ａ）＂patient"(1ine 23)

（Ｂ）＂repetitive"(1ine 23)

（Ｃ）＂hoary＂(1ine 25)

（Ｄ）＂ homemaking＂(1ine 26)

（Ｅ）"purview"(1ine 27)

77. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?

(A)  The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn from twentieth-century history

(B)  The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topic for discussion.

(C)  The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear to contradict it．

(D)  A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissed as unimportant．

(E)  Recent history is cited to suggest that the central idea's validity is gradually diminishing

 

清清小蚂蚁

昨天耽搁了，自责得很，今天做四篇把昨天的补上

 

第十三篇的问题共4个问题

1）12行for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace这句话是not even提前的倒装句吗？这句话是什么意思？其中的continued sex是什么意思？在74题E选项的OG解释中出现的sex continues 也同样不知道意思

2）14行-19行这句话的句子的结构不太清楚，对句子的意思很模糊

To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women，historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women，even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions．

我的分析如下：（To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women，目的状语）（historians主语）（
                            have recently begun to emphasize谓语）
                        （the way 宾语）a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women，even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions．这里划线部分不知道在这句中作何成份，是什么意思

3）77题的OG解释不明

Logical structure

Consider the final paragraph in the context of the whole passage to evaluate its relationship to the whole．The first two paragraphs examine job segregation in an unspecified but earlier time．The final paragraph brings the reader into the twentieth century, when, as the example drawn from World War II shows，job segregation persisted．Thus，the final paragraph updates and reinforces the author’s thesis about the persistence of job segregation．

问题：红色划线部分不知道是什么意思？

4）78题E选项的OG解释

D  The last paragraph supports the central idea with a more modern example；no exceptions are either entertained or dismissed．

问题：红色划线部分不知道是什么意思？

 

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-5-28 10:51:11编辑过]

清清小蚂蚁

第十一篇
    A meteor stream is composed of dust particles that have been ejected from a pa rent comet at a variety of velocities．These particles follow the same orbit as the pa rent comet，but due to their differing velocities they slowly gain on or fall behind the disintegrating comet until a shroud of dust surrounds the entire cometary orbit．Astronomers have hypothesized that a meteor stream should broaden with time as the dust particles’ individual orbits are perturbed by planetary gravitational fields．A recent computer—modeling experiment tested this hypothesis by tracking the influence of planetary gravitation over a projected 1000··year period on the positions of a group of hypothetical dust particles．In the model，the particles were randomly distributed throughout a computer simulation of the orbit of an actual meteor stream，the Geminid．The researcher found, as expected, that the computer. model stream broadened with time．Conventional theories，however, predicted that the distribution of particles would be increasingly dense toward the center of a meteor stream．Surprisingly, the computer. model meteor stream gradually came to resemble a thick walled，hollow pipe．

Whenever the Earth passes through a meteor stream，a meteor shower occurs．Moving at a little over 1500，000 miles per day around its orbit，the Ear七h would take，on average，just over a day to cross the hollow，computer-model Geminid stream if the stream were 5，000 years old．Two brief periods of peak meteor activity during the shower would be observed，one as the Earth entered the thick-walled＂pipe＂and one as it exited．There is no reason why the Earl[h should always pass through the stream's exact center, so the time interval between the two bursts of activity would vary from one year to the next．

Has the predicted twin—peaked activity been observed for the actual yearly Geminid meteor shower?　The Geminid data between 1970 and 1979 show just such a bifurcation，a secondary burst of meteor activity being clearly visible at an average of 19 hours(1，200，000 miles)after the first burst．The time intervals between the bursts suggest the actual Geminid stream is about 1000 years old．

Questions 56-63 refer to the passage on page 41．

56．The primary focus of the passage is on which of the following?

(A)  Comparing two scientific theories and contrasting the predictions that each would make concerning a natural phenomenon

(B)  Describing a new theoretical model and noting that it explains the nature of observations made of a particular natural phenomenon

(C)  Evaluating the results of a particular scientific experiment and suggesting further areas for research

(D)　Explaining how two different natural phenomena are related and demonstrating a way to measure them

(E)　Analyzing recent data derived from observations of an actual phenomenon and constructing a model to explain the data

57．  According to the passage，which of the following is an accurate statement concerning meteor streams?

(A)  Meteor streams and comets start out with similar orbits，but only those of meteor streams are perturbed by planetary gravitation．

(B)  Meteor streams grow as dust particles are at traced by the gravitational fields of cornets．

(C)  Meteor streams are composed of dust particles derived from comets．

(D)  Comets may be composed of several kinds of materials，while meteor streams consist only of large dust particles．

(E)  Once formed，meteor streams hasten the further disintegration of comets．

58． The author states that the research described in the first paragraph was undertaken in order to

(A)  determine the age of an actual meteor stream

(B)  identify the various structural features of meteor streams

(C)  explore the nature of a particularly interesting meteor stream

(D)  test the hypothesis that meteor streams become broader as they age

(E)  show that a computer model could help in explaining actual astronomical data

59．  It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be observed during the Earth's passage through a meteor stream if the conventional theories mentioned in lines 18-19 were correct?

(A)  Meteor activity would gradually increase to a single，intense peak，and then gradually decline．

(B)  Meteor activity would be steady throughout the period of the meteor shower．

(C)  Meteor activity would rise to a peak at the beginning and at the end of the meteor shower．

(D)  Random bursts of very high meteor activity would be interspersed with periods of very little activity.

(E)  In years in which the Earth passed through only the outer areas of a meteor stream，meteor activity would be absent．

60．　According to the passage，why do the dust particles in a meteor stream eventually surround a comet’s original orbit?

(A)  They are ejected by the comet at differing velocities．

(B)  Their orbits are uncontrolled by planetary gravitational fields．

(C)  They become part of the meteor stream at different times．

(D)  Their velocity slows over time．

(E)  Their ejection velocity is slower than that of the comet．

61．The passage suggests that which of the following is a prediction concerning meteor streams that can be derived from both the conventional theories mentioned in lines 18-19 and the new computer-derived theory?

(A)  Dust particles in a meteor stream will usually be distributed evenly throughout any cross section of the stream．

(B)  The orbits of most meteor streams should cross the orbit of the Earth at some point and give rise to a meteor shower．

(C)  Over time the distribution of dust in a meteor stream will usually become denser at the  outside edges of the stream than at the center．

(D)  Meteor showers ca used by older meteor streams should be on average，longer in  duration than those caused by very young meteor streams。

(E)  The individual dust particles in older meteor streams should be, on average, smaller than those that compose younger meteor streams．

62．It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following must be true of the Earth as it orbits the Sun?

(A)  Most meteor streams it encounters are more than 2，000 years old．

(B)  When passing through a meteor stream，it usually passes near to the stream's center．

(C)  It crosses the Geminid meteor stream once every year．

(D)  It usually takes over a day to cross the actual Geminid meteor stream．

(E)  It accounts for most of the gravitational perturbation affecting the Geminid meteor stream．

63．  Which of the following is an assumption underlying the last sentence of the passage?

(A)  In each of the years between 1970 and 1979，the Earth took exactly 19 hours to cross the Geminid meteor stream．

(B)  The comet associated with the Geminid meteor stream has totally disintegrated．

(C)  The Geminid meteor stream should continue to exist for at least 5，000 years．

(D)  The Geminid meteor stream has not broadened as rapidly as the conventional theories would have predicted．

(E)  The computer-model Geminid meteor stream provides an accurate representation of the  development of the actual Geminid stream．

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-5-28 22:35:43编辑过]

清清小蚂蚁

第十一篇的问题共7个问题

1）12行-13行over a projected 5000-year period on the positions of a group of hypothetical dust particles是什么意思 其中on the positions of 不明白是什么意思，还有projected是天文学家假设的时间吗，在下文29行又出现了一个if the stream were 5，000 years old．这两个5000都是天文学家对模型的一个假设的时间吗？

2）56题对于E选项和E的OG解释不明白

56题(E)选项  Analyzing recent data derived from observations of an actual phenomenon and constructing a model to explain the data

56题（E）OG解释：
    The model was created first and predicted what the observed data confirmed．The model was not constructed to explain the data．

3)57题A选项

(A)  Meteor streams and comets start out with similar orbits，but only those of meteor streams are perturbed by planetary gravitation．

（A）OG解释：  A   Meteor streams and comets initially share the same orbit(1ine 3)，and planetary gravitation fields affect the orbits of meteor streams (lines 7-10)．However, no information is provided about the effect of planetary gravitation on comets’ orbits，so the statement that only the orbits of meteor streams are affected is unjustified．

 

 

我的问题：
    如果没有but only 后面的话，只是说前面的Meteor streams and comets start out with similar orbits，这个选项可不可以选呢，因为原文中第3行说的是same orbit，但我看OG的对于A选项的解释并没有否定similar的意思，GMAT很多选项都是换了一个词，我就想确认一下similar与same是否可以互换，是不是我对OG（A）选项的解释没有理解正确呢？

4）59题D选项看不懂什么意思

(D)  Random bursts of very high meteor activity would be interspersed with periods of very little activity.

5）60题A选项OG解释：

A   Correct．Lines 1-7 show that，due to their differing velocities, the dust particles eventually surround the comet's orbit．

我的问题：流星带由于行星的重力作用（原文9-10行）最后怎么会绕着彗星的轨道转？，还有就是文中说是由于行星的重力作用，我想知道的是这个行星包括彗星吗？文中的粒子除了受行星重力作用外受彗星重力作用吗？

6）60题C选项的OG解释如下

C   The passage does not indicate that the dust particles join the meteor stream at different times．

我的问题：C选项的解释说文中没有说dust particles在不同时候加入流星带，可是文中第1行说A meteor stream is composed of dust particles流星带是由dust particles组成的，这是怎么回事啊，这不矛盾吗？

7）文中41行的1,200,000miles是怎么算出来的，是19除以24小时再多一点，然后再乘以1500000吗？文中最后一行3000年是怎么算出来的，是19除以24小时再多一点，然后再乘以5000年吗？

 

 

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-5-28 23:05:23编辑过]

清清小蚂蚁

 第十篇

Neotropical coastal mangrove forests are usually＂zonal,＂with certain mangrove species found predominantly in the seaward portion of the habitat and other mangrove species on the more landward portions of the coast．The earliest research on mangrove forests produced descriptions of species distribution from shore to land，without exploring the causes of the distributions．

 The idea that zonation is ca used by plant succession. was first expressed by J．H．Davis in a study of Florida mangrove forests．According to Davis’ scheme，the shoreline is being extended in a seaward direction because of the＂land-building＂role of mangroves t which l by trapping sediments over time，extend the shore．As a habitat gradually becomes more in land as the shore extends，the＂land-building＂species are replaced．This continuous process of accretion and succession would be interrupted only by hurricanes or storm flushings．

 Recently the universal application of Davis’　succession paradigm has been challenged．It appears that in areas where weak currents and weak tidal energies allow the accumulation of sediments，mangroves will follow land formation and accelerate the rate of soil accretion；succession will proceed according to Davis’ scheme．But on stable coastlines，the distribution of mangrove species results in other patterns of zonation；＂land building＂does not occur．

 To find a principle that explains the various distribution patterns，several researchers have looked to salinity and its effects on mangroves．While mangroves can develop in fresh water,they can also thrive in salinities as high as 2．5 times that of seawater．However, those mangrove species found in freshwater habitats do well only in the absence of competition，thus suggesting that salinity tolerance is a critical factor in competitive success among mangrove species．Research suggests that mangroves will normally dominate highly saline regions，although not because they require salt．Rather, they are metabolically efficient(and hence grow well)in portions of an environment whose high salinity excludes plants adapted to lower salinities．Tides create different degrees of salinity along a coastline．The characteristic mangrove species of each zone should exhibit a higher metabolic efficiency at that salinity than will any potential invader, including other species of mangrove．

Questions 52-55 refer to the passage above．

52．The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)refute the idea that the zonation exhibited in  mangrove forests is caused by adaptation to salinity

(B)describe the pattern of zonation typically found in Florida mangrove forests

(C)argue that Davis’ succession paradigm cannot be successfully applied to Florida mangrove forests

(D)discuss hypotheses that attempt to explain the zonation of coastal mangrove forests (E)establish that plants that do well in saline forest environments require salt to achieve

maximum metabolic efficiency

53．  According to the passage，the earliest research on mangrove forests produced which of the following?

(A)  Data that implied random patterns of mangrove species distribution

(B)  Descriptions of species distributions suggesting zonation

(C)  Descriptions of the development of mangrove forests over time

(D)  Reclassification of species formerly thought to be identical

(E)  Data that confirmed the＂land-building＂role of mangroves

54．  It can be inferred from the passage that Davis’ paradigm does NOT apply to which of the following?

(A)  The shoreline of Florida mangrove forests first studied by Davis

(B)  A shoreline in an area with weak currents

(C)  A shoreline in an area with weak tidal energy

(D)  A shoreline extended by＂land—building" species of mangroves

(E)  A shoreline in which few sediments can accumulate

55．  Information in the passage indicates that the author would most probably regard which of the following statements as INCORRECT?

(A)  Coastal mangrove forests are usually zonal．

(B)  Hurricanes interrupt the process of accretion and succession that extends existing shorelines．

(C)  Species of plants that thrive in a saline habitat require salt to flourish．

(D)  Plants with the highest metabolic efficiency in a given habitat tend to exclude other plants from that habitat．

(E)  Shorelines in areas with weak currents and tides are more likely to be extended through the process of accumulation of sediment than are shorelines with strong currents and tides。