GWD 23-25

A pressing need in the study of

         organizations is
       for more research

         into how an organization’s values (an

Line  organization’s guiding principles and

  (5)  beliefs as perceived by its members)

affect managerial decision-making.

Traditional theories have been based

on a “rational model,” which focuses

on the decision-maker and either

 (10)  ignores the organizational value cli-

mate or conveniently assumes that the

organization’s values are consistent or

clearly prioritized.  In reality, however,

decisions are shaped not only by a

 (15)  manager’s own values, but also by

those of the corporate culture and of

organizational superiors.  A recent

study found that managers’ most

stressful decisions involved “value

 (20)  contention” (conflicts among any of

         these sets of values).  Furthermore,

         different types of organizational value

systems were associated with differ-

ent frequencies of contending values

 (25)  as well as with different types of man-

agerial response.  Explicit corporate

values, for example, produced a

greater percentage of decisions that

were stressful due to value conten-

 (30)  tion.  Hidden values (those that an

organization practices but does not

acknowledge or which a superior

         furtively pursues in opposition to the

values of the organization) produced

 (35) a lower level of value contention.

Although explicit values created

more value contention, they were

nonetheless more likely to produce

        flexible, well-reasoned decisions.

 (40) Conversely, managers perplexed by

hidden values reported feeling unable

to identify an appropriate range of

options.

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Q25:

The passage suggests that which of the following has resulted from the influence of the rational model (line 8) ?

1. It has deflected researchers’ attention from a critical factor affecting managerial decision-making.

2. It has focused decision-making procedures on managers’ presumed ability to prioritize key corporate values.
3. It has diverted attention from the need for orientation of nonsupervisory employees to organizational values.
4. It has hampered communication between academic researchers and mangers of organizations.
5. It has produced theories that are practicable for analyzing decision-making processes only in relatively large organizations.

答案A,为什么不选B,如以下红色定位所示?

Traditional theories have been based

on a “rational model,” which focuses

on the decision-maker and either

 (10)  ignores the organizational value cli-

mate or conveniently assumes that the

organization’s values are consistent or

clearly prioritized.

Traditional theories have been based

on a “rational model,” which focuses

on the decision-maker and either

 (10)  ignores the organizational value cli-

mate or conveniently assumes that the

organization’s values are consistent or

clearly prioritized.

请从第一行开始看，一开始说的是注重组织价值，

后来rational model 是忽略组织价值。

题目是问rational model 的影响，不是内容。

所以答案Ａ就是说转移研究者的注意从注重组织价值到忽略组织价值。

Ｂ的答案只是rational model 的内容。

 GWD23-Q26:

The passage identifies which of the following as a way in which hidden corporate values affect managerial decision-making?

A.      They tend to discourage consultation with organizational subordinates and superiors.

B.       They tend to undermine managers’ confidence in their own ability to determine the available alternatives.

C.      They tend to produce a heightened degree of value contention.

D.      They tend to produce a heightened degree of conflict among different levels of the organizational structure.

E.       They tend to cause greater anxiety among managers than do explicit corporate values.

(B)

 GWD23-Q27:

According to the passage, value contention has been shown to affect managers by

A.      decreasing their ability to conform to the values of the organization

B.       decreasing their ability to discern clearly the guiding principles and beliefs of the organization

C.      narrowing their range of options in the decision-making process

D.      increasing the frequency and intensity of conflicts with superiors and subordinates

E.       increasing the level of mental or emotional strain that accompanies the decision-making process

(E) 这篇一个都没对，讨论一下吧