刚总结完的换题库9、15后JJ有MATH,RC.AWA

总结了三个CD友的，今天的，有数学，RC，和AWA。其中AWA在黄金80里找了相应的范文。明天希望可以看到更多JJ。排版不好，多多含。

1.一篇讲个人储蓄，personal saving

有些经济学家说个人储蓄的增加有利于公司借钱去投资，所以说要增加个人储蓄。另一个观点说增加个人储蓄不行，假设大家都提高百分之10的saving，但同时也带来消费的减少。这些消费的减少将影响公司的发展。公司可能就会裁员或者降低雇员工资。所以说，即使余下的人还是增加百分之10的saving，总的个人saving数目也不会增加。然后就是问题了：

1、经济学家觉得个人saving不多的话会怎么样?答案我选公司应该会更少的借钱投资。

 2、主题题。

2.第二篇是火山

说火山喷发，喷出来一种叫什么"mamgo"的东西（不确定是不是这个词）。地质学家一直认为M这个东西是在地底下很久了，这个东西一旦喷出来以后，更下面的这个东西会重新填满喷出去的区域。但是这种观点是不对的，因为如果是这样，火山会继续喷发。大致意思就是这样是不稳定的，火山会继续喷发。然后说，最近研究了一个在火山岩里面的一个晶体，叫"Zinroc"的东西（不确定是不是这个词）。说这里面的氧的含量和在很深的地底下的M的含氧量是不一样的。按照前面的假说，这两个含氧量应该是一样的。而含氧量又和雨水里面的含氧量一致。所以说，那个M喷发出来以后是地表的石头掉下去又形成的新的M。

问题：1、主题题。

2、在很深的地底下的M会怎么样。一个选项是说那些东西在那里几百万年了，还有一个选项说这个东西没有那个Z什么的，还有一个选项说含氧量不一样。我不确定答案。

3.是GWD的原题，地震S波P波那篇。

1.          GWD24-passage four深层地震的成因探析

In most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at a depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?

That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds, the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or initial rupture point. For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long even at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more (45) common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with focus several hundred kilometers down.

The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones), where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.

本文体会通篇的对比。

24-30 The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?

A) Deep events are far less common than shallow events.

B) Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.

Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones), where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle.

C) Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.

D) The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously thought.

E) Below 650 kilometers earthquakes cease to occur.

24-31 Information presented in the passage suggests that, compared with seismic activity at the epicenter of a shallow event, seismic activity at the epicenter of a deep event is characterized by

A) shorter P-S intervals and higher peak intensity

B) shorter P-S intervals and lower peak intensity

C) longer P-S intervals and similar peak intensity

D) longer P-S intervals and higher peak intensity

E) longer P-S intervals and lower peak intensity

For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest.将其取非即可

24-32 The passage supports which of the following statements about the relationship between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake?

A) P waves originate at the focus and S waves originate at the epicenter.

B) In deep events the epicenter and the focus are reversed.

C) In shallow events the epicenter and the focus coincide

D) In both deep and shallow events the focus lies beneath the epicenter

E) The epicenter is in the crust, whereas the focus is in the mantle.

the more (45) common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with focus several hundred kilometers down.

24-33 The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?

I. Stress must build up

II. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.

III. A fracture must occur.

A)     I only

B)     II only

C)    III only

D)    I and III only

E)     I, II and III

第四篇说宇宙尘埃（dust）

各个星星之间不是没有东西的，它们之间不仅仅有那些原子（atom），还有dust。这些尘埃是spread, without uniformity, （这句有考题，仔细看。但我不记得完整句子了。）这些dust会影响星星发出来的光，它会使星星的光的波长移动。然后说，有个天文学家，叫什么T的，他研究这个，确定了这个dust的大小。比如，红光的波动被shift，那dust的大小就和红光波长差不多，如果是蓝光的波长被shift，那大小就和蓝光的波长差不多。

1、那个原子的情况是什么样的。我选那个原子更加聚集，并不像灰尘一样是散布的。

5.美国黑人在new york的在17xx-18xx的生活状况

大概是说一直以来历史学家认为纽约的黑人生活状况比较好，但是一个叫white的人的研究认为不是这样的，说new york的黑人待遇不比别的地方好，论据是，虽然纽约的free的黑人 increased, however, slavery 其实也增加了，并且无论wealthy white,还是white artison 都有黑人奴隶，而其前的研究认为white artisan 是倾向越黑人工人和白人工人 但是作者又说，white的研究在某些方面不对，好像是关于黑人community类的，说有很多黑人的church. 然后最后一段作者又说如果white说研究的时间能够延长到1830年会更好

题目
        一个是那个community的，一个是关于white artisan

6.为什么manufactue industry of developing countries.开篇说的是在developed countres, communication, transportation 的发展抑制了manufacure 的development, however, in developing countries, both of them are developing at a high speed. 接着下一段分析原因，一共两个，第一个忘记了，第二个说这个政府采购。第三段将什么忘记了

7. venus上类似于月球上环行山的一个咚咚，一个理论说是什么，起着另一个理论说这个不对，然后提出了了是因为siliconr熔岩和另外一个熔岩，
        然后理论计算有指出这个理论也不打正确， silicon东东和另外的东东的黏度很大，很快就固化了，然后地球上有一种carbonate黏度很小

8.美国在国际经济市场上的角色变化：以前是最大的debitor, 现在是最大的creditor。专家认为在美国的外国投资者的形式有两种表现形式：director debitor，profitolio 什么的。与此两种看法相对应的的是专家对美国经济的两种预测：前一个认为美国经济正在上升，后一个认为美国经济正在衰退。

第二段作者说，其实这两种看法都不能完整地描述美国经济的现状，需要综合起来云云。

很短，两段。

问题问了这两种对投资者的看法说明了什么，主旨等等。

9.北美某野生kat寻猎习性

两段。说有两个科学家在美国某处研究一种kat，野生的。从成年的这种kat对待猎物态度上可以看出这种kat的成年的会利用活的猎物去训练他们比较old的pup学会捕捉猎物。这两个科学家作了两个实验来验证。第一个，说是他们给抓到猎物的成年kat听pup的声音录音，被播放声音的pup的年龄越小，成年kat杀死已经捕获的猎物的机率越高。第二个，说搞了两组kat观察，一族kat喂拔掉毒刺活的蝎子，一组喂煮的很老的鸡蛋。后来发现喂活蝎子的那组的older pup慢慢就学会捕食了，喂鸡蛋那组就不行。（大概是这个意思，最后一句很绕。）

问题有问这两个实验分别都有什么意义，文章可以infer什么等等。

10.脊椎鱼的进化很长，但是不算很难。

说化石说明最老的脊椎鱼出现在海里。但是稍前一点的pre脊椎鱼的东西在淡水和混合水区都有发现。因此科学家对这些现象作了个解释和推测。他们认为，最早有一些pre脊椎鱼跑到了淡水区，在，淡水区，混水区，还有海水区之间乱转，然后慢慢进化。第一段有个although的转折句有考到，说虽然最老的脊椎鱼化石是在海里发现的，但是现在的有刺鱼大部分都是适应淡水风格的，为什么/有什么关系？

后来说，众所周知淡水的营养比海水差，过去的淡水比现在的好些，可是也比海水差。however，pre脊椎鱼选择到淡水区和混水区主要是看中了这里养分也还有一些，最重要是没有那么多天敌。这里考到了，说为什么选择淡水。

但是也因为淡水养分少，所以很多鱼都是选择在淡水繁殖和养育后代，成年后再回到海水中。这也就是现在还有的回游特性，比如salmon。

11.废奴主义和女权主义的混合主义

说18*0年代有一个robinson为代表的学派认为应该把废奴和兴女权结合起来。这在那时是个少数派（有题）。他们说黑奴和女性一样是弱势群体少数派，既然废奴主义说人人平等，那么男人和女人也应该平等（好逻辑的思维！）。云云。后来慢慢的，这个主义就变得越来越普遍了。第二段说然后这个robison还出版了什么。

这篇AWA　JJ超长，不好意思，才一天的就这么长。如果不好我明天就不发了，真不知道如何发附件的。有两篇范文没有找到的，望XDJM补充。

9/15/2007

AA是投资。P地房价最近几年比S长得快，所以P的房价比S高得多了。因此P的房地产overprice了。所以我们应该去买S的零售space来作为投资。(not found sample)

AA 非盈利性组织的employee 比盈利性公司的employee更加有motivation.(not found sample)

AA：大学房子空得太多要降价那个。

“Because occupancy rates for campus housing fell during the last academic year, so did housing revenues. To solve the problem, campus housing officials should reduce the number of available housing units, thereby increasing the occupancy rates. Also, to keep students from choosing to live off-campus, housing officials should lower the rents, thereby increasing demand.”

The author of this article argues that, to reverse declining revenues from campus housing rentals, campus housing officials should decrease the number of available housing units and reduce rent prices on the units. The author’s line of reasoning is that fewer available units will limit supply while lower rents will increase demand, thereby improving overall occupancy rates, and that the resulting increase in occupancy rates will, in turn, boost revenues for the campus. This reasoning is unconvincing for several reasons.

To begin with, the author assumes that boosting occupancy rates will improve revenues. All other factors remaining unchanged, this would be the case. However, the author proposes reducing both the supply of units and their rental prices. Both of these actions would tend to reduce revenues. The author provides no evidence that the revenue-enhancing effect of a higher occupancy rate will exceed the revenue-decreasing effect of reduced supply and price. Without such evidence, the argument is unconvincing.

Secondly, the author assumes that lowering rents will lead to higher revenues by increasing demand. However, it is possible that demand would decrease, depending on the extent of the rent reduction as well as other factors—such as overall enrollment and the supply and relative cost of off-campus housing. Moreover, even if demand increases by lowering rents, revenues will not necessarily increase as a result. Other factors, such as maintenance and other costs of providing campus housing units and the reduced supply of rental units might contribute to a net decrease in revenue.

Thirdly, in asserting that lowering rental rates will increase demand, the author assumes that current rental rates are causing low demand. However, low demand for student housing could be a function of other factors. For instance, the student housing units may be old and poorly maintained. Perhaps students find the campus housing rules oppressive, and therefore prefer to live off-campus; or perhaps enrollments are down generally, affecting campus housing occupancy.

In conclusion, the author of this editorial has not argued effectively for a decrease in the number of available campus housing units and a reduction in rental rates for those units. To strengthen the argument, the author must show that a rent reduction will actually increase demand, and that the revenue-enhancing effect of greater demand will outweigh the revenue-reducing effect of a smaller supply and of lower rental rates.

AI：。

115. “Technology ultimately separates and alienates people more than it serves to bring them together.”
        科技把人们分得更远

I believe there is some truth to the speaker’s claim that technology separates and alienates people. However, there is certainly at least as much evidence that technology serves best to bring people together.

The most obvious way that technology separates and alienates people from one another is symbolized by the computer nerd (nerd: n. 讨厌的人, 卑微的人an unstylish, unattractive, or socially inept person; especially: one slavishly devoted to intellectual or academic pursuits *computer nerds*) sitting glazed-eyed (adj. 面无表情的, 目光呆滞的)
            before his computer screen in a basement, attic, bedroom, or office cubicle. While this scene is a caricature(funny picture), of course, it’s true that practically everybody who uses email or surfs (transitive senses: to scan the offerings of [as television or the Internet] for something that is interesting or fills a need) the Internet does so alone, with only his or her computer for company (adv. 陪着). And, to the extent that computer use increases the amount of time we collectively spend in solitary activities, it increases the amount of time we spend separated from our fellow humans.

On the other hand, technology has been a wonderful aid in bringing people together, or, in many cases, back together. Speaking for myself, I can say that I have become connected with quite a number of people via email with whom I might never have spoken otherwise. These include old friends with whom I had fallen out of (fall out of: v. 放弃[习惯等])
            the habit of writing regular letters but with whom I now correspond regularly because of the ease with which email can be sent and delivered.

A second way in which the new technology has brought people together is by allowing individuals who have common interests to make contact with one another. It is possible to find people who share one’s interest in nearly anything, from aardvarks (n. [动]土豚) to zippers. Such contacts may be ephemeral, but they can be a great source of information and amusement as well. I would hazard (VENTURE, RISK *hazard a guess as to the outcome*)
                a guess that for each person who sits neurotically (neurotic: of, relating to, constituting, or affected with neurosis) at home, eschewing personal contacts with others in favor of an exclusive relationship with his computer, there are hundreds of others who have parleyed their email capacity and their access to the Web into a continuous succession of new acquaintances.

In sum, it seems clear to me that technology has done more to bring people together than to isolate them.

AI
            34. “All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”
        是要求所有人都要做公共服务。

The potential benefits of mandatory public service must be weighed against administrative problems and concerns about individual liberty. On balance (adv. 总而言之), the costs to a nation and to the participants would probably exceed the benefits.

Admittedly, a colorable (adj.似是而非的)
            argument can be made for mandatory public service. It would help alleviate “free-rider” problems, where those who do not contribute benefit from the efforts of those who do. It would mitigate pressing social problems—with education, public health and safety, and the environment. It might instill in participants a sense of civic duty, community, and individual responsibility. Finally, it has worked on a smaller scale, particularly in urban areas, where renewal projects succeed in making communities safer, healthier, and more prosperous.

Far more compelling, however, are the arguments against mandatory public service. First, who would make assignments and decide what projects are worthwhile, and how would compliance be assured? Resolving enforcement issues would require government control, in turn requiring increased taxes and/or cuts in other social programs, thereby nullifying the benefits of mandatory public service. Second, a mandatory system would open the floodgates to incompetence and inexperience. Finally, the whole notion seems tantamount to Communism insofar as each citizen must contribute, according to his or her ability, to a strong state. Modern history informs us that such systems do not work. One could argue that mandatory public service is simply a tax in the form of labor rather than dollars. However, compulsory labor smacks (v. 带有..风味) of involuntary servitude, whereas financial taxes do not.

In conclusion, logistical and philosophical barriers to mandating public service outweigh its potential benefits for the nation as well as for participants.

3. “People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”

People are more likely to accept the leadership of those who have shown they can perform the same tasks they require of others. My reasons for this view involve the notions of respect and trust.

It is difficult for people to fully respect a leader who cannot, or will not, do what he or she asks of others. President Clinton’s difficulty in his role as Commander-in-Chief (n. 总司令) serves as a fitting and very public example. When Clinton assumed this leadership position, it was well known that he had evaded military service during the Vietnam conflict. Military leaders and lower-level personnel alike made it clear that they did not respect his leadership as a result. Contrast the Clinton case with that of a business leader such as John Chambers, CEO of Cisco Systems, who by way of his training and experience as a computer engineer earned the respect of his employees.

It is likewise difficult to trust leaders who do not have experience in the areas under their leadership. The Clinton example illustrates this point as well. Because President Clinton lacked military experience, people in the armed forces found it difficult to trust that his policies would reflect any understanding of their interests or needs. And when put to the test, he undermined their trust to an even greater extent with his naive and largely bungled attempt to solve the problem of gays (<美俚> 同性恋者, 尤指男性同性者) in the military. In stark contrast, President Dwight Eisenhower inspired nearly devotional trust as well as respect because of his role as a military hero in World War II.

In conclusion, it will always be difficult for people to accept leaders who lack demonstrated ability in the areas under their leadership. Initially, such leaders will be regarded as outsiders, and treated accordingly. Moreover, some may never achieve the insider status that inspires respect and trust from those they hope to lead.

数学JJ超短，这可是最最需要的，JJ来的更猛烈些吧。9月考的朋友加油！！！

1.图书馆书的分类两种分法

1 fiction, non-fiction

2.hardcopy hardcopy

fiction 40 本, hard-copy  50本

hardcopn& fiction 30本，问图书馆最少有多少书？

图书馆书的分类两种分法

1 fiction, non-fiction

2.hardcopy hardcopy

fiction 40 本, hard-copy  50本

hardcopn& fiction 30本，问图书馆最少有多少书？

我答：60 =50+（40-30）
            

2.三个数x y z 问x>y>z?

1) |z-x|=|z-y|+|y-z|

2) z>x

3.step1 x=100,y=3

step2 x<y? yes -> step5, no ->step3

step3 x=x/2

step4 ->step2

step5 write down x=?

step6 finish

question: 在最终达到step5之前要做几遍step2

我选7次（100,50,25,12.5,6.25,3.125,1.5****）

3.DS：问integer x被24除余几？

1。x不是三的倍数

2。x-1是2的倍数

选c

这个一定要赞一下的，怎么说呢？

太好了！！！

zan!