求助－－GWD的几题

各位大侠，请赐教，谢谢谢谢！

1、In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.  The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

The argument above requires which of following assumptions?

1. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.

2. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increase was due to a smaller tax increase.

3. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.

4. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.

5. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

2.

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.  It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.  However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.  Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

1. The first is the position that the argument as a whole defends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that defense.
2. The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.
3. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.
4. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.
5. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.

3.

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the passage?

A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly easing congestion on the province’s highways and were willing to help pay for the expansion through an increase in their taxes.  Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing congestion, because _______.

1. most people in favor of expanding the rail system reported less congestion during their highway commute as the primary benefit they would experience
2. of the less than 20 percent of residents not counted as favoring the expansion, about half claimed to have no opinion one way or the other
3. the twice-daily periods of peak congestion caused by people commuting in cars have grown from about an hour each to almost two and a half hours each in the past 20 years
4. expanding the commuter rail system will require the construction of dozens of miles of new railbed
5. the proposed expansion to the commuter rail system will make it possible for some people who both live and work at suburban locations to commute by rail

4.

The total market value of real estate in Altonville has steadily declined over the past four years.  This decline has meant that the overall figure on which the city’s property tax is based ─ the assessed value of that real estate ─ has also declined.  Moreover, the percentage of assessed value that was paid as property taxes to the city did not change during this period.

The information above most strongly supports which of the following?

1. Money collected from property taxes provided most of Altonville’s revenue during the past four years.
2. The percentage of Altonville’s overall revenue that was collected from property taxes did not change over the past four years.
3. Altonville officials had proposed raising property tax rates during the past four years but never did so because of strong opposition from property owners.
4. The total amount of revenue that Altonville has collected from property taxes has declined over the past four years.
5. During the past four years, Altonville officials also did not increase tax rates on other sources of revenue such as retail sales or business profits.

5.

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia.  Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed.  However, recent statistics show a droip in the number of television assemblers in Borodia.  Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

1. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased.
2. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.
3. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.
4. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.
5. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.

对不起啊，是我朋友收集给我的，没有相应的题号。

我先分开吧：）

1、In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.  The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
                

The argument above requires which of following assumptions?
                

1. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.
                       

2. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increase was due to a smaller tax increase.
                       

3. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.
                       

4. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.

5. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

2.
                

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.  It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.  However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.  Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.
                

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
                

1. The first is the position that the argument as a whole defends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that defense.
           
2. The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.
           
3. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.
           
4. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.
           
5. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.

3.
                

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the passage?
                

A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly easing congestion on the province’s highways and were willing to help pay for the expansion through an increase in their taxes.  Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing congestion, because _______.
                

1. most people in favor of expanding the rail system reported less congestion during their highway commute as the primary benefit they would experience
           
2. of the less than 20 percent of residents not counted as favoring the expansion, about half claimed to have no opinion one way or the other
           
3. the twice-daily periods of peak congestion caused by people commuting in cars have grown from about an hour each to almost two and a half hours each in the past 20 years
           
4. expanding the commuter rail system will require the construction of dozens of miles of new railbed
           
5. the proposed expansion to the commuter rail system will make it possible for some people who both live and work at suburban locations to commute by rail

4.
                

The total market value of real estate in Altonville has steadily declined over the past four years.  This decline has meant that the overall figure on which the city’s property tax is based ─ the assessed value of that real estate ─ has also declined.  Moreover, the percentage of assessed value that was paid as property taxes to the city did not change during this period.
                

The information above most strongly supports which of the following?
                

1. Money collected from property taxes provided most of Altonville’s revenue during the past four years.
           
2. The percentage of Altonville’s overall revenue that was collected from property taxes did not change over the past four years.
           
3. Altonville officials had proposed raising property tax rates during the past four years but never did so because of strong opposition from property owners.
           
4. The total amount of revenue that Altonville has collected from property taxes has declined over the past four years.
           
5. During the past four years, Altonville officials also did not increase tax rates on other sources of revenue such as retail sales or business profits

5.
                

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia.  Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed.  However, recent statistics show a droip in the number of television assemblers in Borodia.  Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.
                

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
                

1. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased.
           
2. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.
           
3. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.
           
4. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.
           
5. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.