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假设是必要,不必充分呀--例外大全II 16,别的尚未发现

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楼主
发表于 2006-10-19 02:01:00 | 只看该作者

假设是必要,不必充分呀--例外大全II 16,别的尚未发现

For(原因表充分)
    only then(表必要) 是否意味着第一句话(黄色部分)一定要是第二句话(绿色部分)的充分必要条件?

大全--16.  Instead of blaming an airline accident on pilot error, investigators should find out why the error was made by analyzing airplane design, airline management, and pilot-training programs.
     For only then can changes be made to ensure that the same type of error does not recur and cause another accident.

Which of the following is a presupposition of the argument above?

(A) Pilot error is not a contributing factor in most airline accidents.

(B) Airline companies themselves should be the agents who investigate airline accidents.

(C) Stricter government regulation of airline companies will make air travel significantly safer.

(D) Investigators of airline accidents should contribute to the prevention of future accidents.D

(E) Most pilots who make errors in flying will repeat their errors unless they are retrained.

erro does not recur and cause another accident 推出 investigators find out errors in design, management and training

investigators find out errors in design, management and training 也推出 erro does not recur and cause another accident

答案D. A和E 错是因为他们不充分吗?pilot training是事故不发生的必要条件,既然题目问假设,即结论成立的必要条件,何必要求假设要充分呢,即D,investigators should contribute to the prevention of future accidents--they are to find out erros in design, mana and training.

请NN赐教解惑,多谢。

另外还有别的假设题要求充分吗,我在OG中似乎没发现。大全没做过,无发言权。大家要有遇到这样的假设题,希望能贴上来共同探讨。假设很重要,比重大的题如Weaken, Support都和假设相关.

沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-19 12:50:00 | 只看该作者

请教

板凳
发表于 2006-10-19 16:32:00 | 只看该作者

原文接受人的因素是事故的原因之一,所以A错

原文的脉络是:分析设计,管理,和训练项目来分析事故的原因----》避免一些可以避免的错误再次出现造成事故。

E说的是飞行员的错误,这点在文章第一句已经排除,即暂且不论这点,然后进行的推理(原因1)

您可能还有另外一个原因:retain

我觉的是这样:

E:if no retain ,then飞行员继续犯错

对E取非,(即对必要条件取非)if no retain ,then飞行员不会继续犯错
即非retain--->非犯错

再看文章的意思

需要调查飞行训练科目,以避免可以避免的错误。可见作者的意思是现行的训练有问题。

那么retain--》还会犯错(如果没有changes的话)

综合一下:

对E取非:非retain--->非犯错

文章的意思:retain--》还会犯错(如果没有changes的话)

那么E取非支持文章。(原因2)

综合原因1和2,E不是答案。

D才是答案:如果调查对避免事故没有用,结论肯定不成立。

地板
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-21 09:51:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用gonghao在2006-10-19 16:32:00的发言:

对E取非:非retrain--->非犯错 (否命题)

文章的意思:retrain--》还会犯错(如果没有changes的话)(原命题)

那么E取非支持文章

感动,又是版主相助! 我前面都看懂了,就是这里不太明白:对E取非正好是文章意思的否命题,而否命题不一定能和原命题等价,那么对E取非是支持原文,还是反对原文,或是对原文的论述不产生任何作用呢?

5#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-22 07:49:00 | 只看该作者
help
6#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-23 00:58:00 | 只看该作者
up
7#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 03:25:00 | 只看该作者

lawyer_1 论充分型假设题的解法

刚发现lawyer_1的帖子

一道答案易混的题(兼论充分型假设题的解法:分析在22楼)

以后给答案和分析

24. No mathematical proposition can be proven true by observation. It follows that it is impossible to know any mathematical proposition to be true.

The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) Only propositions that can be proven true can be known to be true

(B) Observation alone cannot be used to prove the truth of any proposition

(C) If a proposition can be proven true by observation then it can be known to be true.

(D) Knowing a proposition to be true is impossible only if it cannot be proved true by observation

(E) Knowing a proposition to be true requires proving it true by observation

以后给答案和分析

24. No mathematical proposition can be proven true by observation. It follows that it is impossible to know any mathematical proposition to be true.

The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) Only propositions that can be proven true can be known to be true

(B) Observation alone cannot be used to prove the truth of any proposition

(C) If a proposition can be proven true by observation then it can be known to be true.

(D) Knowing a proposition to be true is impossible only if it cannot be proved true by observation

(E) Knowing a proposition to be true requires proving it true by observation

我给这道题的目的有两个:1是说明充分型假设(假设选项,原文结论能合理推出)的TEST(答案检验法)。2是这种题易混的答案。

1。充分型假设的TEST:将选项加入到原文推理中,看看能否推出原文结论。即:正确答案+原文前提=原文结论。

2。这种题最易混的答案为:相反的推理。即变为从结论往前提推。而正确答案常是以逆否命题的面目出现。所以增加了难度。

3。做法:一是找出原文的推理。特别注意从那里推向那里。二是找出推理中的GAP。排除没有这个GAP的概念的选项,剩下常只有两个。看着两个那个是推理相反的选项,排除掉它。剩下的就是正确的。或者用TEST去对,看那个符合TEST。

该题:推理:因为 mathematical proposition NO PROVE BY OBSERVATION, 所以mathematical proposition IMPOSSIBLE KNOW TO BE TRUE(概念跳跃为PROVE By observation,KNOW)。推理方向从NO PROVE BY OBSERVATION到 IMPOSSIBLE KNOW。(注意:这里没有充分必要关系,即不能将原文写成NO PROVE BY OBSERVQATION---〉IMPOSSIBLE KNOW。)

A:意思为proposition KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->ROPOSITION CAN BE PROVE。该选项很容易混。因为推理方向对:逆否命题从NO PROVE 到IMPOSSIBLE KNOW。且概念也很象,包含和被包含的概念(proposition包含mathematical proposition),概念比原文大在这类题中是允许的。但它错在没有说明PROVE的方式,原文有说明PROVE的方式为BY OBSERVATION。这也是和E选项的唯一区别。所以A选项加BY OBSERVATION便为答案。

B:没有KNOW的概念。错

C:CAN BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION---〉 KNOWN TO BE TRUE。逆否命题为IMPOSSIBLE KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->CANNOT BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION。和原文推理相反。错

D:IMPOSSIBLE KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->CANNOT BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION.和原文推理相反。错。

E:KNOWN TO BE TRUE--->CAN BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION(注意REQUIRE带必要条件)。逆否命题为:CANNOT BE PROVE BY OBSERVATION---〉IMPOSSIBLE KNOWN TO BE TRUE。和原文推理方向一致。正确答案。

注明:该题较特殊。除了两个推理相反的选项。还有一个概念相似的混淆项。


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-10-24 3:34:30编辑过]
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