Manhattan GMAT阅读法——SKELETAL SKETCH/DETAIL MAP（亲身体验+示范）

最近发现，很多跟我一样的新人在实施小安阅读的时候遇到了一些困难，我想可能是因为一方面我们的练习还是没有到家，没能很好地理解小安JJ的话；另一方面可能是因为那篇小安阅读法没有给像我一样的新人提供一个范例，使得我们在拜读过后还是不知道具体实施的方法。 恰好遇到了一本好书——MANHATTAN GMAT，该书将提炼文章结构的方法总结为SKELETAL SKETCH和DETAIL MAP，其思路其实和小安JJ的如出一辙。由于文件是扫描版的，且极大无法上传，我只能把我当时看的时候做的一点点笔记打成word文档拿来分享了。

拿四篇OG的原文作范例，新人们应该也能做到举一反三了。补充一点：小安的方法真的很棒，只是语言比较精炼，按照SKELETAL SKETCH/DETAIL MAP的方法多练习一下，再回过头来看小安写的东西，一定会有所收获。

1. 长篇文章:

面对长篇文章，主要的困难在于信息纷繁，使得读者陷于阅读原文的泥沼中，并且花去很长时间。在练习的时候，使用SKELETAL SKETCH，主要有以下几点好处：

1). 增强记忆力，用写的方法提高active reading。

2). 使你能够走出文章的泥沼，轻松掌握文章的结构。

3). 第一遍读得越快，就会有越多的时间来解决题目。

THE SKELETAL SKETCH

The ceation of skeletal sketch has several key elements:

1). Top of the skeleton---the first patagraph of every long passage gives shape to the text. You should carefully outline the first paragraph, paying attention to all its major points.

2). The limbs of your skeletal sketch are simply the sopic sentences of the remaining paragraphs. The topic sentences should be organized as a bulleted list under the skeletal “skull”.

3). After sketching, SKIM the rest, reacording only key words. Key words include names, places, and terms. You should not read these sections. In fact, reading them is often a bad idea, sinnce you can get lost in the details, which takes you away from the purpose of your sketch: to understand the overall structure og the passage. This is where you can save much of your time.

How is the skeletal sketch used in answering the questions?

General, author’s style and objectives, the purpose of the passage, and the structure of form of the passge, can be answered directly by reviewing your skeletal sketch.

The skeletal sketch also provides a reach tool for answering all SPECIFIC question types. These are detail-oriented questions, which can only be answered by returning to the text of the passage. Using the limbs of your skeletal sketch, you can determine which paragraph you need to read in order to find a particular detail.

SKELETAL SKETCH举例：

OG 10^th Passage 35 （美国种族）新老观点对比类

l       Two views of ethnicity:

1.       Primordial and unchanging view: people have essential need for belonging, satisfied by group based on shared andcestry/ culture.

2.       Interest groups view: de-emphasizes cultural component, mobilizes group behind economic issues.

l       Both views useful but neither captures ethnicity in US

l       Batter: Ethnicity is PROCESS in which preexisting bonds + culture are adapted for use in changing real-life situations.

→ Example: Rise of participation by Native Americans in US politics since Civil Rights movement in 1960’s

→ Civil Rights Movement caused change in Mexican-American use of ethnicity

IMMIGRATION, VOTING RIGHTS, EUROPEANS, CISNEROS, JUAREZ, CINCO DE MAYO, IRISH-AMERICANS, ST. PATRICK’S DAY.

OG 10^th Passage 1 （自然科学）新老观点对比类

l       S,D,B propose: Caffeine counters adenosine in human brain.

l       Adenosine normally slows neuron firing by slowing release of neurotransmitters.

l       Adenosine has to bind to receptors (A1 and A2) on neurons.

l       Caffeine-structurally similar to adenosine-binds to receptors instead allowing neurons to fire.

→Previously: Caffeine slows production of phosphodiesterase(PH), enzyme that breaks down AMP.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AMP CONCENTRATION, BLOCK PHOSPHO ACTIVITY.

→To bolster case, S,D,B tested caffeine derivatives to see if their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors stimulated mice.

STIMULATE LOCOMOTION, THEOPHYLLINE, TEA

→Exceptions to correlation between adenosine-receptor binding + stimulation

IBMX, DEPRESSSED LOCOMOTION, MIXED EFFECTS, PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

2. 短篇文章:

与长篇文章不同的是，短篇文章留给我们充足的时间可以列出整个的提纲。所以，可以在阅读的时候引用DETAIL MAP：

DETAIL MAP举例：

OG 10^th Passage 17科学类：提出现象→解释现象

●Researchers: electoreceptors at tip of anteater’s snout

→Discovery: Ex[psed small parts of snout to weak electric fields + recorded brain activity

→Tactile receptors on snout only respond to stronger fields

●Investigation: How anteaters utilize electroreceptors

→Experiment: trained to distinguish water troughs by electric field

→Hypothesis: use receptors to detect signals given off by prey

→No signals detected yet from termites, though anteaters locate them very quickly

OG 10^th Passage 16科学类：经济类：新老观点对比：第一段是主题→举例子证明→分析差异

●Past: First firm to commercialize product benefited by shaping product definition

●Today: Advantage to companies leading in integrated strategy for mass production + distribution

●1975: Beta developed first VCR

→Rival VHS more successful at strategic alliances w/producers + distributiors

→Beta lost groud in global VCR market

●Despite Beta’s head start VHS turned slight lead into dominant position

→VHS aligned with producers of prerecorded tapes to reinforce advantage

→Consumer Perception: VHS tapes more available

→Late 1980’s : Beta is dead

3题目类型：

GMAT Reading Comprehension questions come in a variety of forms, but they can essentioally be placed into 2 major catefories:

1.       GENERAL questions

2.       SPECIFIC questions

Ⅰ.General Questions: Point System

The correct answer should relate to as much of the passage as possible.

STRATEGY: If you are stuck between two answer choices, use a point system to assign a value to each one.

Assign the answer choice 2 points if it relates to the first paragraph. If the answer chouce relates to other paragraphs, assign it 1 point for each of these paragraph.

Ⅱ. Specific Questions:

You should use your Skeleton Sketch or Detail Map to identify the paragraph of the passage that contains the details that are relevant to the question.

STRATEGY: Identify the words in the question that you are most likely to find in the passage. Then, go back to the passage and find those key words.

Once you identify the relevnt paragraph, you should reread it to answer the question.

STRATEGY: You should be able to find ONE or TWO sentences in this paragraph to defend the correct answer choice.

Strategies for All Reading Comprehension Questions

1). JUSTIFY every word in the answer choice.

2). AVOID extreme words.

3). INFER as little as possible

4). PREVIEW the first question.

It is important to read this question before reading the passage so that you can have one question in the back of your mind while you read and sketch.

The Seven Strategies for Reading Comprehension

In summary, there are seven effective strategies you can use to answer Reading Comprehension questions on the GMAT.

For GENERAL questions:

1.       Use a POINT SYSTEM when stuck between two answer chouces For SPECIFIC questions.

2.       Match KEY WORDS in specific questions to key words (or synonyms) in the passage.

3.       DEFEND your answer choice with 1-2 sentences.

For All questions:

4.       JUSTIFY every word in your answer choice.

5.       Avoid ansewer choices that contain EXTREME words.

6.       Choose an answer choice that INFERS as LiTTLE as possible

And don’t forget to:.

7.       PREVIEW the first question before reading the passage.

呵呵，是你啊。

没办法，谁让我答应了你呢！

病好得差不多了，谢谢关心！

希望楼主能上传到免费空间/或请CD论坛提供

Manhattan Gmat是不错的书，讲求思路策略

提点意见，OCR错别字没什么，但所有英文包括四篇文章的简图都是manhattan书里面的示范，这个好像和“原创”没什么关系哦。

当然，十分感谢lz分享资料