GWD13套，episodic memory

Q4 to Q7:

      The term “episodic memory” was

  introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)       to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)      memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

(15)      examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)      scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

       jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

(25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q4:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation


2. describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations


3. present similarities between human memory and animal memory


4. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human


5. account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment

我选D，对嘛？文章在开头先说了什么unique to human，后面的试验证明了并不是unique to human的，鸟也有“episodo-like"memory。排除B是因为文章没有讨论limitation。

Q7:

It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

1. Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.


2. Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.


3. The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.


4. Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.


5. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

选了E，定位是黄蓝标注的地方。对嘛？

Q4偶选B.

Q7偶选E, 偶是从文章第一句里面看出来的.  

MM答案拿来.

这套题没有答案的，sorry

第四体，文章又说experiment 的limitation 嘛？

q7 异议。醋醋。 偶选a。欢迎指正

谢谢

look at my GWDV13, it differs from yours, could you send me a copy? my email: cfaleader[在] yahoo.com, thanks!

Q1:

Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was televised nationwide.

1. later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was
2. later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were
3. later in the Untied States House of Representatives, it was not until 1974 that Barbara Jordan became a nationally recognized figure, with her participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was
4. then also later in the United States House of Representatives, not until 1974 did Barbara Jordan become a nationally recognized figure, as she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, being
5. then also later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was

   Answer:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q2 to Q4:

      Firms traditionally claim that they

            downsize (i.e., make permanent

            personnel cuts) for economic reasons,

Line     laying off supposedly unnecessary staff

  (5)      in an attempt to become more efficient

and competitive.  Organization theory

would explain this reasoning as an

example of the “economic rationality”

that it assumes underlies all organi-

(10)     zational activities.  There is evidence

that firms believe they are behaving

rationally whenever they downsize; yet

recent research has shown that the

actual economic effects of downsizing

(15)     are often negative for firms.  Thus,

organization theory cannot adequately

explain downsizing; non-economic

factors must also be considered.

One such factor is the evolution of

(20)     downsizing into a powerful business

            myth:  managers simply believe that

            downsizing is efficacious.  Moreover,

downsizing nowadays is greeted

favorably by the business press; the

(25)     press often refers to soaring stock

prices of downsizing firms (even though

research shows that stocks usually

rise only briefly after downsizing and

then suffer a prolonged decline).

(30)     Once viewed as a sign of desperation,

downsizing is now viewed as a signal

that firms are serious about competing

            in the global marketplace; such signals

are received positively by key actors—

(35)    financial analysts, consultants,

shareholders—who supply firms with

vital organizing resources.  Thus, even

if downsizers do not become economi-

           cally more efficient, downsizing’s mythic

(40)    properties give them added prestige

in the business community, enhancing

their survival prospects.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q2:

According to the passage, the “key actors” (line 34) view a firm’s downsizing activities as an indication of the firm’s

1. troubled financial condition
2. inability to develop effective long-term strategies
3. inability to retain vital organizational resources
4. desire to boost its stock price
5. desire to become more competitive

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q3:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. criticize firms for engaging in the practice of downsizing
2. analyze the negative economic impact of downsizing on firms
3. offer an alternative to a traditional explanation for the occurrence of downsizing
4. chronicle how perceptions of downsizing have changed over time
5. provide evidence disputing the prevalence of downsizing

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q4:

The passage suggests which of the following about the claim that a firm will become more efficient and competitive by downsizing?

1. Few firms actually believe this claim to be true.
2. Fewer firms have been making this claim in recent years.
3. This claim contradicts the basic assumption of organization theory.
4. This claim is called into question by certain recent research.
5. This claim is often treated with skepticism by the business press.

Answer:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

同9楼

求这个版本的答案！