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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
Truffles, a highly prized delicacy in France, grow on the roots of oak trees. However, many oak trees in France have died in recent years, leading to a decrease in truffle production. Despite efforts to plant more oak trees, the mortality rate remains high. Therefore, it is expected that the price of truffles in France will continue to rise. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?
(A) The demand for truffles has decreased significantly due to changes in consumer preferences.
(B) The French government has implemented a subsidy program to support truffle farmers.
(C) A new species of oak tree resistant to the cause of the high mortality rate has been discovered.
(D) The bargaining power of truffle suppliers has diminished due to increased competition from other countries.
(E) A breakthrough in truffle cultivation technology has made it possible to grow truffles without oak trees.
A study of a particular species of wild cats in a certain region found that smaller, heavier female cats tend to give birth to more kittens than their larger, lighter counterparts. Experts predict that over the years, the population of these cats in the region will consist of more small, heavy individuals. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the experts' prediction?
(A) The birth rate and death rate of the wild cats in the region remain relatively constant over time.
(B) The lifespan of the smaller, heavier cats is not significantly different from that of other cats in the species.
(C) The offspring of the smaller, heavier cats can perfectly inherit their mothers' physical characteristics.
(D) The smaller, heavier kittens are just as likely to survive to adulthood as kittens born to larger, lighter mothers.
(E) The region's environmental conditions favor the survival of smaller, heavier cats over their larger, lighter counterparts.
答案:
EE
Scientists have tested many ideas in the past, figuring that the islanders must have used a combination of log rollers, ropes, and wooden sledges. Now a pair of archaeologists have come up with a new theory: Perhaps the statues, known as moai, were “engineered to move” upright in a rocking motion, using only manpower and rope.
Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State University Long Beach have worked closely with archaeologist Sergio Rapu, who's part of the South Pacific island’s population of indigenous Rapanui, to develop their idea. They’ve observed that fat bellies allowed the statues to be tilted forward easily, and heavy, D-shaped bases could have allowed handlers to roll and rock the moai side to side
Last year, in experiments funded by the National Geographic Society’s Expeditions Council, Hunt and Lipo showed that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and a bit of practice, easily and relatively quickly maneuver a ten-foot (three-meter), five-ton moai replica a few hundred yards (a few hundred meters). No logs were required. (National Geographic News is a division of the Society.)
In previous efforts to solve the mystery, Czech engineer Pavel Pavel worked with Norwegian explorer-adventurer Thor Heyerdahl and a team of 17 helpers to propel an upright, 13-foot (4-meter), nine-ton moai forward with twisting motions, keeping the statue fully upright at all times. That was in 1986. But Pavel’s team damaged the moai's base and had to stop.
A year later U.S. archaeologist Charles Love and a team of 25 erected a 13-foot (4-meter), nine-ton model upright on a wooden sledge and moved it over log rollers, advancing it 148 feet (45 meters) in two minutes.
Meanwhile, for many of Easter Island’s 2,000 or so indigenous Rapanui, descended from the original Polynesian settlers, the answer is simple. “We know the truth,” says Suri Tuki, 25, a tour guide. “The statues walked.”
1. The passage implies that the primary reason why Hunt and Lipo's theory regarding the movement of the moai statues has gained attention is that it:
(A) provides a compelling explanation for the Rapanui people's long-standing belief that the statues walked.
(B) offers a more parsimonious account of how the statues were moved than previous theories.
(C) demonstrates the feasibility of moving the statues using only materials and techniques available to the ancient Rapanui people.
(D) incorporates evidence from a wide range of scientific disciplines, including archaeology, engineering, and physics.
(E) challenges the notion that the Rapanui people possessed sophisticated engineering knowledge.
2. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that the moai statues were moved using the method proposed by Hunt and Lipo?
(A) Oral histories passed down among the Rapanui people include detailed descriptions of the statues being moved in an upright position.
(B) Traces of rope fibers have been found on several moai statues, suggesting that ropes were used to move them.
(C) The terrain between the quarry where the statues were carved and their final locations is relatively flat and even.
(D) Some of the moai statues have been found to have a slightly asymmetrical base, which could have facilitated a rocking motion.
(E) The average weight of the moai statues is greater than previously believed, making it unlikely that they could have been moved using log rollers.
3. Based on the information provided in the passage, it can be inferred that Pavel Pavel and Thor Heyerdahl's 1986 experiment:
(A) was the first to successfully demonstrate that the moai statues could be moved in an upright position.
(B) was inspired by the Rapanui people's traditional belief that the statues walked to their final locations.
(C) used a replica moai statue that was significantly smaller than the average size of the actual statues.
(D) relied on a technique that was ultimately deemed too difficult and hazardous to be practical.
(E) was funded by the National Geographic Society's Expeditions Council.
4. The passage suggests that the experiments conducted by Hunt and Lipo, in contrast to those conducted by Pavel Pavel and Charles Love, were:
(A) more closely aligned with the Rapanui people's traditional beliefs about how the moai statues were moved.
(B) more successful in terms of the distance that the replica statue was moved.
(C) more reliant on the use of modern materials and technology.
(D) more focused on the role of the statues' physical characteristics in facilitating their movement.
(E) more collaborative in nature, involving close cooperation with Rapanui archaeologists and cultural experts.
5. Which of the following can be inferred about the moai statues based on the passage?
(A) They were carved from a single type of stone found only on Easter Island.
(B) They were originally painted in bright colors, but the pigments have faded over time.
(C) They were created over a period of several centuries, with the largest statues being the oldest.
(D) They were once used as part of a complex astronomical calendar system.
(E) They vary significantly in size and weight, with some being too large to have been moved using Hunt and Lipo's proposed method.
6. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
(A) The moai statues were created primarily for religious or spiritual purposes, rather than as a demonstration of political power.
(B) The Rapanui people's traditional belief that the statues walked to their final locations is based on a literal interpretation of oral histories.
(C) The transportation of the moai statues remains one of the most enduring mysteries of Easter Island's history.
(D) The experiments conducted by Hunt and Lipo provide conclusive evidence that the statues were moved using only ropes and human power.
(E) The various theories proposed for how the moai statues were moved reflect the biases and assumptions of Western researchers.
7. The passage is primarily concerned with:
(A) evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of competing theories about how the moai statues were moved.
(B) describing the cultural and historical significance of the moai statues to the Rapanui people.
(C) presenting new evidence that challenges prevailing theories about the purpose of the moai statues.
(D) arguing for the importance of collaborating with indigenous communities in archaeological research.
(E) exploring the role of the National Geographic Society in funding research on Easter Island.
8. Which of the following questions is left unanswered by the passage?
(A) What is the approximate size and weight of the average moai statue?
(B) Who first proposed the theory that the moai statues were moved using log rollers and wooden sledges?
(C) What evidence suggests that the moai statues were moved using a walking or rocking motion?
(D) How long did it take to transport the moai statues from the quarry to their final locations?
(E) Why did the Rapanui people stop creating and transporting moai statues?
1. 答案: (C) demonstrates the feasibility of moving the statues using only materials and techniques available to the ancient Rapanui people.
解析: 文章暗示,Hunt和Lipo的理论之所以受到关注,主要是因为它证明了仅使用古代拉帕努伊人可获得的材料和技术就能移动摩艾石像的可行性。
2. 答案: (D) Some of the moai statues have been found to have a slightly asymmetrical base, which could have facilitated a rocking motion.
解析: 如果发现一些摩艾石像的底部略微不对称,这可能有助于摇摆运动,这将最有力地支持Hunt和Lipo提出的移动摩艾石像的方法。
3. 答案: (D) relied on a technique that was ultimately deemed too difficult and hazardous to be practical.
解析: 根据文章提供的信息,可以推断Pavel Pavel和Thor Heyerdahl在1986年的实验最终被认为太过困难和危险,不实用。
4. 答案: (D) more focused on the role of the statues' physical characteristics in facilitating their movement.
解析: 文章表明,与Pavel Pavel和Charles Love进行的实验相比,Hunt和Lipo的实验更侧重于雕像的物理特征在促进其移动中的作用。
5. 答案: (E) They vary significantly in size and weight, with some being too large to have been moved using Hunt and Lipo's proposed method.
解析: 根据文章内容可以推断,摩艾石像的大小和重量差异很大,有些太大,无法使用Hunt和Lipo提出的方法移动。
6. 答案: (C) The transportation of the moai statues remains one of the most enduring mysteries of Easter Island's history.
解析: 文章作者最有可能同意这样的说法:摩艾石像的运输仍然是复活节岛历史上最持久的谜团之一。
7. 答案: (A) evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of competing theories about how the moai statues were moved.
解析: 该段落主要讨论了不同理论关于摩艾石像是如何被移动的,并评估了这些理论的优缺点,因此答案是(A)。
8. 答案: (E) Why did the Rapanui people stop creating and transporting moai statues?
解析: 文章没有解释为什么拉帕努伊人停止了制作和运输摩艾石像,因此答案是(E)。其他选项中提到的信息在文章中都有涉及。
3.DI
The Suez Canal: A Vital Artery in the Global Trade Network
Spanning 193 kilometers and connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has been a crucial waterway for international maritime trade since its inauguration in 1869. This engineering marvel allows ships to traverse between Europe and South Asia without circumnavigating the African continent, thereby reducing the sea voyage distance by approximately 7,000 kilometers. The canal's strategic location has made it an indispensable part of the global trade network, with an estimated 12% of world trade passing through its waters, including 7% of the world's oil.
However, in recent years, the Suez Canal has been facing increasingly fierce competition from alternative routes and modes of transportation. The expansion of the Panama Canal, completed in 2016, has enabled larger vessels to transit between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, potentially diverting some traffic away from the Suez Canal. Moreover, the development of overland infrastructure projects connecting Europe and Asia, such as the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative spearheaded by China, has provided shippers with a wider array of options for transporting goods via rail and road.
Despite these challenges, the Suez Canal remains a preferred route for many shippers due to its unparalleled efficiency and reliability. The canal boasts the capacity to accommodate ships with a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of up to 240,000 tons, with an average transit time of a mere 14 hours. In contrast, the journey around the Cape of Good Hope, the southernmost tip of Africa, typically takes approximately 24 days. The Suez Canal Authority (SCA), the entity responsible for the waterway's operation and maintenance, has also implemented a series of measures to enhance the canal's competitiveness. These initiatives include deepening and widening the channel, reducing transit fees, and offering discounts to specific categories of vessels.
According to data released by the SCA, the number of ships transiting the Suez Canal increased from 17,483 in 2015 to 18,880 in 2019, while the total cargo tonnage rose from 998.7 million tons to 1.2 billion tons during the same period. However, the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on global trade, leading to a significant decline in traffic through the canal. In 2020, the number of transiting ships fell to 18,829, and cargo tonnage dropped to 1.17 billion tons, as the world grappled with the economic fallout of the global health crisis.
To mitigate the effects of the pandemic and attract more ships, the SCA has implemented a series of incentives, such as reducing transit fees by up to 75% for certain types of ships and offering rebates for vessels that make multiple transits within a specified period. Additionally, the SCA has continued to invest in infrastructure improvements, such as the construction of a new 35-kilometer bypass that will allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously, further enhancing the waterway's efficiency and capacity.
Despite the Suez Canal's pivotal role in global trade, its vulnerability was laid bare in March 2021 when the container ship Ever Given ran aground in the canal. The 400-meter-long vessel became wedged across the waterway, blocking traffic for nearly a week and causing a massive backlog of hundreds of ships. The incident, which resulted in an estimated $9 billion in daily trade losses, underscored the world's overreliance on the Suez Canal and the need for diversified global trade routes.
In response to this challenge, some countries and companies are exploring alternative routes and modes of transportation. For instance, Russia has proposed developing the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane that traverses the Arctic Ocean, connecting Europe and Asia. This route, while currently limited in its navigability due to ice conditions, has the potential to reduce shipping times between Europe and Asia by up to 40% compared to the Suez Canal route. However, the development of the Northern Sea Route faces significant obstacles, including the need for specialized ice-class vessels, the lack of infrastructure along the route, and environmental concerns related to the fragile Arctic ecosystem.
Another potential alternative is the development of overland trade corridors, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway and the New Eurasian Land Bridge, which connect China and Europe via rail. These routes offer the advantage of faster transit times compared to sea freight, with the journey from China to Europe taking approximately 15-18 days by rail, as opposed to 30-45 days by sea via the Suez Canal. However, overland routes also face challenges, such as limited capacity, higher costs, and geopolitical risks, as they pass through multiple countries with varying levels of infrastructure development and political stability.
Despite the emergence of alternative routes, the Suez Canal is likely to remain a critical component of the global trade network for the foreseeable future. The canal's strategic location, coupled with ongoing efforts by the SCA to enhance its efficiency and competitiveness, ensures its continued relevance in the face of evolving global trade dynamics. However, the Ever Given incident serves as a stark reminder of the need for greater resilience and diversification in global supply chains.
To this end, the international community must work together to develop a more robust and sustainable global trade infrastructure. This could involve investing in the upgrading and expansion of existing trade routes, such as the Suez Canal, as well as the development of new, complementary routes and modes of transportation. Governments and international organizations could provide financial and technical assistance to support these efforts, while also promoting greater cooperation and coordination among countries to address common challenges and opportunities.
Furthermore, the private sector has a crucial role to play in driving innovation and efficiency in global trade. Shipping companies, logistics providers, and other key players in the supply chain must continue to adapt to changing market conditions and customer demands, while also investing in new technologies and practices that can enhance the resilience and sustainability of their operations. This could include the adoption of digital platforms and data analytics to optimize route planning and cargo management, as well as the development of more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vessels.
Ultimately, the future of global trade will depend on the ability of all stakeholders – governments, international organizations, and the private sector – to work together to create a more efficient, resilient, and sustainable trade network. The Suez Canal will undoubtedly continue to play a vital role in this network, but it must be complemented by a diverse array of alternative routes and modes of transportation that can adapt to the evolving needs and challenges of the global economy.
As the world continues to grapple with the economic, social, and environmental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is more important than ever to prioritize the development of a more resilient and inclusive global trade system. By investing in the infrastructure, technologies, and partnerships needed to support this system, we can create a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.
Questions:
1. What is the primary purpose of the Suez Canal in global trade?
A. To connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean
B. To reduce the sea voyage distance between Europe and South Asia
C. To provide an alternative to the Panama Canal
D. To accommodate the world's largest container ships
2. According to the passage, approximately what percentage of global trade passes through the Suez Canal?
A. 7%
B. 12%
C. 18%
D. 24%
3. Which of the following is mentioned as a potential alternative to the Suez Canal?
A. The Northern Sea Route
B. The Cape of Good Hope
C. The Trans-African Railway
D. The Strait of Malacca
4. The Ever Given incident in March 2021 highlighted:
A. The efficiency of the Suez Canal Authority in handling emergencies
B. The need for larger container ships to accommodate growing trade volumes
C. The world's overreliance on the Suez Canal and the need for diversified trade routes
D. The importance of the Suez Canal in connecting Europe and South America
5. According to the passage, what is the average transit time for ships crossing the Suez Canal?
A. 14 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 14 days
D. 24 days
6. The Trans-Siberian Railway and the New Eurasian Land Bridge offer which advantage over the Suez Canal route?
A. Lower transportation costs
B. Faster transit times
C. Higher cargo capacity
D. Reduced geopolitical risks
7. Which of the following best describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Suez Canal, according to the passage?
A. The pandemic had no significant impact on the canal's traffic
B. The pandemic led to an increase in the number of ships transiting the canal
C. The pandemic resulted in a decline in the canal's traffic and cargo tonnage
D. The pandemic prompted the Suez Canal Authority to close the canal temporarily
8. The passage suggests that the development of the Northern Sea Route faces which of the following challenges?
A. The need for specialized ice-class vessels
B. Environmental concerns related to the Arctic ecosystem
C. The lack of infrastructure along the route
D. All of the above
9. According to the passage, what role can the private sector play in improving global trade?
A. Investing in the development of new trade routes
B. Providing financial assistance to governments for infrastructure projects
C. Adopting new technologies and practices to enhance resilience and sustainability
D. Negotiating trade agreements between countries
10. The passage concludes by emphasizing the importance of:
A. Maintaining the Suez Canal as the primary route for global trade
B. Developing a more resilient, diverse, and sustainable global trade network
C. Prioritizing the expansion of overland trade corridors
D. Encouraging competition among alternative trade routes
1. 这道题考查的是苏伊士运河在全球贸易中的主要作用。根据文章第一段,苏伊士运河连接地中海和红海,使船只无需绕道非洲就可以在欧洲和南亚之间航行,从而缩短了海上航程距离。因此,正确答案是B。
2. 这道题考查的是通过苏伊士运河的全球贸易量的百分比。根据文章第一段,大约12%的全球贸易通过苏伊士运河。因此,正确答案是B。
3. 这道题考查的是文章中提到的苏伊士运河的潜在替代方案。根据文章倒数第三段,俄罗斯提出了开发北方海路的计划,该路线穿过北冰洋,连接欧洲和亚洲。因此,正确答案是A。
4. 这道题考查的是2021年3月"长赐号"事件凸显的问题。根据文章第六段,这一事件凸显了世界对苏伊士运河的过度依赖,以及发展多元化全球贸易路线的必要性。因此,正确答案是C。
5. 这道题考查的是船只通过苏伊士运河的平均时间。根据文章第三段,船只通过苏伊士运河的平均时间为14小时。因此,正确答案是A。
6. 这道题考查的是西伯利亚大铁路和新亚欧大陆桥与苏伊士运河路线相比的优势。根据文章倒数第二段,这些路线提供了比海运更快的运输时间,从中国到欧洲通过铁路只需约15-18天,而经苏伊士运河的海运需要30-45天。因此,正确答案是B。
7. 这道题考查的是文章中提到的新冠疫情对苏伊士运河的影响。根据文章第四段,疫情导致运河的交通量和货物吨位下降。因此,正确答案是C。
8. 这道题考查的是文章中提到的北方海路开发面临的挑战。根据文章倒数第三段,北方海路的开发面临着多个障碍,包括需要专门的破冰船、沿线基础设施缺乏以及与脆弱的北极生态系统有关的环境问题。因此,正确答案是D。
9. 这道题考查的是文章中提到的私营部门在改善全球贸易方面可以发挥的作用。根据文章倒数第二段,私营部门必须继续适应不断变化的市场条件和客户需求,同时还要投资新技术和实践,以提高其运营的弹性和可持续性。因此,正确答案是C。
10. 这道题考查的是文章结尾强调的重点。根据文章最后一段,作者强调了所有利益相关者共同努力创建一个更高效、更有弹性和更可持续的贸易网络的重要性。因此,正确答案是B。
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发表于 2024-6-4 07:12:49
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