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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
In City X, the percentage of traffic accidents involving drivers with blood alcohol levels above the legal limit has decreased steadily over the past few years. City officials attribute this decline to the introduction of harsher penalties for drunk driving.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the city officials' explanation for the decrease in the percentage of traffic accidents involving drunk drivers?
(A) The number of traffic accidents in City X has increased over the past few years, while the number of accidents involving drunk drivers has remained relatively constant.
(B) City X has also introduced stricter regulations on the sale and consumption of alcohol in public places, which may have contributed to the decline in drunk driving accidents.
(C) The percentage of traffic accidents involving drivers with blood alcohol levels above the legal limit has also decreased in neighboring cities that have not introduced harsher penalties for drunk driving.
(D) The harsher penalties for drunk driving in City X have led to an increase in the number of people using public transportation or ride-sharing services after consuming alcohol.
(E) The introduction of harsher penalties for drunk driving in City X has been accompanied by increased public awareness campaigns about the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol.
Official A: The tremendous economic growth in the United States over the past few decades can be attributed entirely to the extensive development of the railway network across the country. The railroads have provided an efficient and cost-effective means of transportation, connecting cities and facilitating trade.
Official B: While the railroads have certainly played a significant role in the economic development of the United States, it is important to recognize that other forms of transportation have also contributed to this growth. If the government had provided the same level of support and resources to the development of canals and highways as it did to the railroads, these alternative transportation networks could have been just as effective in promoting economic prosperity.
The point at issue between Official A and Official B is whether:
(A) the economic growth in the United States can be attributed solely to the development of the railway network.
(B) the government should have provided more support to the development of canals and highways.
(C) the railroads have been the most efficient and cost-effective means of transportation in the United States.
(D) alternative transportation networks, such as canals and highways, could have been as effective as railroads in promoting economic growth if given the same level of support.
(E) the development of transportation infrastructure is crucial for economic growth in the United States.
答案:
CD
2.RC
When sources of an infectious disease are unavoidable and when treatment is either nonexistent or only partially effective, we look to that cornerstone of preventive medicine: a vaccine. Malaria is an example. This parasite infection can be prevented by measures that interrupt at one step or another the disease’s transmission by mosquitoes. But now many vectors are resistant to the insecticides that once kept their numbers low. Malaria has been successfully treated with medicines such as quinine. But the malaria parasites themselves are becoming resistant to the effects of these treatments. As the standbys of prevention and treatment reveal vulnerabilities over time, there is keener interest in developing a vaccine to prevent malaria.
Although malaria’s global scope dwarfs that of Lyme disease, there are parallels between the two diseases which are instructive with respect to vaccines. For many years a vaccine for use in humans was generally thought of as a low-priority item for Lyme disease prevention, and in fact, some experts continue to dispute the proposition that a Lyme disease vaccine is needed. Tick bites were viewed as being avoidable by means of a few simple precautions for outdoor activities. Moreover, the disease was seen by most physicians as easily treated with antibiotics. There was, in addition, little apparent incentive for a company to develop and market a vaccine against the disease. A vaccine for the more frequently fatal tick-borne disease Rocky Mountain spotted fever was taken off the market for the lack of use. Inasmuch as Lyme disease is rarely fatal, the public’s acceptance of side effects or actual illness from a vaccine would be expected to be low. What with the amount of litigation against vaccines for proven killers such as whooping cough and diphtheria, how great would be the “bottom line” for a vaccine against a more benign infection? How tolerant, it was further asked, would people be of untoward reactions to a vaccine against an infection that could easily be avoided to begin with, and that could be treated if acquired?
These are discouraging considerations and doubts. Nevertheless, public and professional demand have grown to the point that efforts to develop a vaccine for humans are now under way on both sides of the Atlantic. One justification is the recognition, over the last decade, that the impact of Lyme disease on the health and quality of life in high-risk areas is considerable. In some communities 10 percent of the population have been infected. There has been only limited success to date in controlling the disease by interrupting transmission to people in these areas. For many suburban residents, exposure to infection is almost impossible to avoid. This is especially true for outdoor workers and residents of communities with many deer and infected ticks around homes. Although many early infections with B. burgdorferi come to a physician’s attention, further experience has shown that infections occur without the rash of erythema migrans having been noticed. In the rash’s absence it is difficult to distinguish Lyme disease from a summer virus infection. In these cases the infection may go untreated during the stage in which treatment is most effective.
People with late infection, like those with the early form of the disease, usually respond to antibiotic therapy, but longer treatments are required. Moreover, some patients with Lyme disease involving the joints or nervous system do not substantially improve even after intravenous antibiotics. The arthritis continues for months to years, or the fatigue and achiness persist long after the antibiotics have been discontinued. Notwithstanding doubts about the accuracy of some diagnoses of chronic Lyme disease, the specter of a large number of persons with unrelieved disabilities has been another factor in the increased interest in a Lyme disease vaccine.
1. The passage suggests that the development of a malaria vaccine has become a higher priority due to:
(A) the increasing resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides
(B) the growing resistance of malaria parasites to treatments like quinine
(C) the recognition that malaria has a more global scope than Lyme disease
(D) the success of measures that interrupt the transmission of malaria by mosquitoes
(E) the increasing resistance of both mosquitoes to insecticides and malaria parasites to treatments
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the impact of Lyme disease in high-risk areas?
(A) It affects up to 10 percent of the population in some communities.
(B) It has been successfully controlled by interrupting transmission to people.
(C) Exposure to infection is easily avoidable for most suburban residents.
(D) It rarely occurs in communities with a high population of deer and infected ticks.
(E) Its impact on health and quality of life has been recognized for over two decades.
3. The passage implies that the absence of erythema migrans:
(A) makes it easier to distinguish Lyme disease from a summer virus infection
(B) increases the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease
(C) is a common occurrence in early-stage Lyme disease infections
(D) is a reliable indicator that the infection will progress to the late stage
(E) can lead to Lyme disease going untreated during the stage when treatment is most effective
4. Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that:
(A) the majority of physicians believe that a Lyme disease vaccine is unnecessary
(B) the development of a Lyme disease vaccine has been driven primarily by public demand
(C) the potential side effects of a Lyme disease vaccine would be more severe than those of vaccines for whooping cough and diphtheria
(D) the limited success in controlling Lyme disease transmission has contributed to the increased interest in a vaccine
(E) the persistence of arthritis and fatigue in some Lyme disease patients is the primary justification for vaccine development
5. The passage suggests that a key difference between malaria and Lyme disease is that:
(A) malaria is more frequently fatal than Lyme disease
(B) malaria has a more global scope than Lyme disease
(C) malaria is more easily treated with antibiotics than Lyme disease
(D) the vectors of malaria have not developed resistance to insecticides, unlike the vectors of Lyme disease
(E) the development of a vaccine for malaria has been a higher priority than for Lyme disease
6. According to the passage, which of the following statements about antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease is true?
(A) It is most effective during the late stage of the infection.
(B) It always leads to substantial improvement in patients with Lyme disease affecting the joints or nervous system.
(C) It requires shorter treatment durations for late-stage infections compared to early-stage infections.
(D) It is less effective when erythema migrans is not present.
(E) It is the only available treatment option for Lyme disease.
7. The author's primary purpose in mentioning the vaccine for Rocky Mountain spotted fever is to:
(A) provide an example of a successful vaccine for a tick-borne disease
(B) highlight the potential profitability of developing a vaccine for a fatal disease
(C) illustrate the challenges in marketing a vaccine for a less common disease
(D) emphasize the importance of preventing tick bites to avoid infection
(E) suggest that a vaccine for Lyme disease would be more widely accepted than one for Rocky Mountain spotted fever
8. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that outdoor workers in high-risk areas:
(A) are less likely to contract Lyme disease than other residents
(B) have a higher risk of exposure to Lyme disease infection
(C) are more likely to receive prompt antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease
(D) have a lower incidence of chronic Lyme disease compared to other residents
(E) are more likely to develop resistance to antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease
1. 答案 E)
解释:根据文章第一段,由于蚊子对杀虫剂的抗药性增加,以及疟原虫对奎宁等药物的抗药性增加,人们对开发疟疾疫苗的兴趣更加浓厚。
2. 答案A)
解释:根据文章第三段,在一些高风险社区,有10%的人口感染了莱姆病。
3. 答案E)
解释:文章第三段提到,如果没有出现游走性红斑,莱姆病可能在最有效的治疗阶段得不到治疗。
4. 答案D)
解释:文章第三段提到,目前在高风险地区控制莱姆病传播的成功有限,这是人们对莱姆病疫苗兴趣增加的因素之一。
5. 答案B)
解释:文章第一段提到,与莱姆病相比,疟疾的全球范围更大。
6. 答案D)
解释:文章第三段暗示,当游走性红斑没有出现时,抗生素治疗的有效性会降低。
7. 答案C)
解释:作者提到洛基山斑点热疫苗的目的是说明,由于使用率低,一种针对不太常见疾病的疫苗被停止销售,突显了推广此类疫苗的挑战。
8. 答案B)
解释:文章第三段提到,对于许多高风险地区的户外工人来说,几乎不可能避免接触到感染。由此可以推断,户外工人暴露于莱姆病感染的风险更高。
3.DI
The Straus family, a prominent Austrian family known for their significant contributions to the world of classical music, has left an indelible mark on the cultural landscape of Europe and beyond. The family's musical legacy began with Johann Strauss I, a talented composer and conductor who rose to prominence in Vienna during the early 19th century. His compositions, particularly his waltzes, polkas, and marches, captivated audiences and earned him the title of "The Father of the Viennese Waltz."
Johann Strauss I's sons, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss, and Eduard Strauss, followed in their father's footsteps and became renowned composers and conductors in their own right. Johann Strauss II, often referred to as "The Waltz King," elevated the waltz to new heights of popularity and sophistication. His compositions, such as "The Blue Danube," "Tales from the Vienna Woods," and "Die Fledermaus," are considered masterpieces of the genre and continue to be performed and celebrated around the world.
The Strauss brothers' influence extended far beyond the confines of Vienna. They embarked on numerous international tours, bringing their music to audiences across Europe, Russia, and the United States. Their performances were met with great acclaim, and their compositions were eagerly adopted by dance orchestras and military bands, further spreading the popularity of Viennese music.
The Strauss family's musical empire was not limited to composition and performance. They also established their own orchestra, the Strauss Orchestra, which became one of the most renowned and sought-after ensembles of its time. The orchestra's performances were known for their precision, virtuosity, and ability to capture the essence of the Strauss family's compositions.
In addition to their musical pursuits, the Strauss family was also involved in the cultural and social life of Vienna. They were frequently commissioned to compose music for important events, such as the opening of the Vienna State Opera and the International Exhibition of 1873. Their music became an integral part of Viennese culture, and their influence can still be felt in the city's musical traditions today.
The Strauss family's legacy has endured long after their lifetimes. Their compositions continue to be performed by orchestras and ensembles around the world, and their influence can be heard in the works of countless composers who followed in their footsteps. The family's story has also been the subject of numerous books, films, and stage productions, cementing their place in popular culture.
One of the most enduring aspects of the Strauss family's legacy is the annual Vienna New Year's Concert, a tradition that began in 1939. The concert, which features the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra performing a selection of Strauss family compositions, is broadcast to millions of viewers worldwide and has become a beloved cultural event.
The Strauss family's contributions to classical music extend beyond their own compositions. They played a significant role in the development and popularization of the waltz, elevating it from a simple dance form to a sophisticated art form. Their innovations in orchestration, such as the use of larger ensembles and the incorporation of new instruments, had a lasting impact on the evolution of classical music.
The family's influence also extended to the realm of opera. Johann Strauss II's operettas, such as "Die Fledermaus" and "The Gypsy Baron," were immensely popular during his lifetime and continue to be performed regularly in opera houses around the world. These works showcased Strauss's ability to blend engaging storylines, memorable melodies, and social commentary, creating a new genre that bridged the gap between opera and popular entertainment.
Despite their immense success and popularity, the Strauss family faced their share of challenges and rivalries. The relationship between Johann Strauss I and his sons was often strained, with the younger generation striving to establish their own identities and surpass the achievements of their father. There were also artistic and professional rivalries among the brothers, particularly between Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss, who both sought to assert their dominance in the world of Viennese music.
The Strauss family's story is one of remarkable talent, innovation, and perseverance. Their music not only entertained audiences but also served as a reflection of the cultural, social, and political climate of their time. Through their compositions, performances, and influence on the development of classical music, the Strauss family left a lasting impact that continues to be felt to this day.
In conclusion, the Strauss family's contributions to the world of classical music cannot be overstated. Their compositions, performances, and innovations helped shape the course of musical history and continue to inspire and delight audiences around the world. The family's legacy serves as a testament to the enduring power of music to transcend time, borders, and cultural barriers, and to unite people in a shared appreciation of beauty and artistry.
Questions:
1. Which of the following best describes the primary focus of the passage?
(A) The development of the waltz as a musical genre
(B) The cultural and social impact of the Strauss family's music
(C) The personal lives and relationships of the Strauss family members
(D) The Strauss family's contributions to the world of classical music and their enduring legacy
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true about Johann Strauss I?
(A) He was known as "The Waltz King" for his contributions to the genre.
(B) He composed the famous waltz "The Blue Danube."
(C) He established the Strauss Orchestra, which became a renowned ensemble.
(D) He was given the title "The Father of the Viennese Waltz" for his role in popularizing the dance form.
3. The passage suggests that the Strauss brothers' international tours were significant because they:
(A) Helped spread the popularity of Viennese music beyond Austria
(B) Led to the establishment of the Strauss Orchestra
(C) Resulted in the composition of their most famous works, such as "Die Fledermaus"
(D) Enabled them to surpass the achievements of their father, Johann Strauss I
4. Which of the following is mentioned as an enduring aspect of the Strauss family's legacy?
(A) The incorporation of new instruments into classical music orchestration
(B) The annual Vienna New Year's Concert featuring Strauss family compositions
(C) The development of operettas as a new genre bridging opera and popular entertainment
(D) The personal rivalries and tensions among the Strauss family members
5. The passage indicates that Johann Strauss II's operettas were notable for:
(A) Their use of innovative orchestration techniques
(B) Their ability to blend engaging storylines, memorable melodies, and social commentary
(C) Their role in establishing the Strauss family's international reputation
(D) Their influence on the development of the waltz as a musical genre
6. According to the passage, the relationship between Johann Strauss I and his sons was characterized by:
(A) Close collaboration and mutual support
(B) A shared dedication to preserving Viennese musical traditions
(C) Tension and rivalry, as the younger generation sought to establish their own identities
(D) A united front against professional competitors and critics
7. The author's tone in discussing the Strauss family's contributions to classical music can best be described as:
(A) Critical and dismissive
(B) Neutral and unbiased
(C) Nostalgic and sentimental
(D) Admiring and celebratory
8. The passage suggests that the Strauss family's music served as:
(A) A reflection of the cultural, social, and political climate of their time
(B) A rejection of traditional Viennese musical forms and conventions
(C) An attempt to appeal to a wider international audience
(D) A means of promoting their personal and professional rivalries
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the Strauss family's enduring legacy?
(A) The continued performance of their compositions by orchestras and ensembles worldwide
(B) The influence of their music on subsequent generations of composers
(C) The adaptation of their life story into various books, films, and stage productions
(D) The establishment of music education programs and scholarships in their name
10. The passage's conclusion emphasizes the idea that the Strauss family's music:
(A) Represents the pinnacle of Viennese classical music
(B) Transcends time, borders, and cultural barriers to unite people in a shared appreciation of beauty and artistry
(C) Exemplifies the technical virtuosity and innovation of 19th-century composers
(D) Reflects the personal struggles and triumphs of the individual family members
1. 答案D)
解释:文章主要讨论了施特劳斯家族对古典音乐世界的贡献以及他们持久的影响力和传承。
2. 答案D)
解释:文章提到约翰·施特劳斯一世因其在推广圆舞曲方面的作用而被称为"维也纳圆舞曲之父"。
3. 答案:(A)
解释:文章表明,施特劳斯兄弟的国际巡演之所以重要,是因为它们帮助将维也纳音乐的popularit传播到了奥地利以外的地区。
4. 答案:(B)
解释:文章提到,施特劳斯家族传承中一个持久的方面是每年的维也纳新年音乐会,其中以施特劳斯家族的作品为特色。
5. 答案:(B)
解释:文章指出,约翰·施特劳斯二世的轻歌剧以其融合了吸引人的故事情节、难忘的旋律和社会评论的能力而著称。
6. 答案:(C)
解释:根据文章,约翰·施特劳斯一世和他儿子们之间的关系的特点是紧张和竞争,因为年轻一代试图建立自己的身份。
7. 答案:(D)
解释:作者在讨论施特劳斯家族对古典音乐的贡献时,其基调可以被描述为钦佩和赞美。
8. 答案:(A)
解释:文章表明,施特劳斯家族的音乐反映了他们所处时代的文化、社会和政治氛围。
9. 答案:(D)
解释:文章没有提到以施特劳斯家族的名义建立音乐教育项目和奖学金作为他们持久遗产的一个因素。
10. 答案:(B)
解释:文章的结论强调,施特劳斯家族的音乐超越了时间、国界和文化障碍,将人们团结在一起,共同欣赏美和艺术。
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发表于 2024-8-5 09:37:41
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