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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
Frequent washing can cause clothing fibers to deteriorate and fade. In an effort to prevent this, a high-tech home appliance company plans to introduce enzymes into their washing machines. These enzymes are intended to prevent fibers from becoming stiff or discolored during the washing process.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the company's plan?
(A) The enzymes will not adversely affect the washing machine's ability to remove dirt and stains from clothing.
(B) The enzymes will protect undamaged fibers in the clothing from being affected by the washing process.
(C) The company has been striving for years to develop innovative solutions in the home appliance industry.
(D) The enzymes will only protect clothing fibers but will not have any cleaning effect themselves.
(E) The company conducted extensive market research before deciding to introduce the enzyme technology.
A group of psychologists conducted a study on doctors attending a medical conference. The doctors were divided into two groups: one group attended the conference in person, while the other group participated via video. The study found that the doctors who participated via video had a harder time following the lectures, as they were more easily distracted and focused on the lecturer rather than the content.
Which of the following would be most useful to evaluate the psychologists' findings?
(A) Whether the doctors who participated via video had prior experience delivering lectures themselves.
(B) The length of the medical conference and the number of lectures given.
(C) The technical quality of the video feed used for the doctors participating remotely.
(D) The level of engagement and interaction between the in-person attendees and the lecturers.
(E) The difference in years of medical experience between the in-person and video participant groups.
答案:
BC
2.RC
Dramatic changes are under way in U.S. automakers，relationships with their suppliers.1 Before these changes began in the 1980s, the automakers dealings with outside suppliers had been characterized by short-term contracts (usually one-year), arms^-length relationships, and many (usually six to eight) suppliers per part. Hie fierce competition among outside suppliers for the automakers* continued patronage contrasted sharply with the comfortable position of the inside suppliers, who were usually guaranteed some or all of the business for an indefinite period. Nevertheless, there was little communication between the internal components divisions and either the central engineering groups who designed the parts produced by the divisions or the assembly plants they supplied.
Since 1980, however, the automakers have been moving (albeit in fits and starts) toward a very different supplier relations system. In the new system, only a few suppliers provide each type of part, and information is interchanged extensively between buyer and supplier. Contracts with outside suppliers are increasing in length (three- to five-year contracts are now common), and the automakers are reducing their commitment to their own components divisions, ending such practices as guaranteeing them business and in some cases divesting them completely.
These changes seem surprising on several counts. First, the automakers* willingness to give up monopsony power over their outside suppliers in favor of long-term, often sole-source contracts appears to defy economic logic. Second, a reduction in vertical integration at a time when both the technology and the market structure of the industry are in flux seems to contradict the predictions of organization theorists that vertical integration should rise with increasing uncertainty. Finally, the new supplier relations cannot be attributed to the discovery of some organizational form never before seen in the United States. In contrast to linear views of history, in which each change must represent a new, improved product, the recent changes move the U.S. auto industry back to a supplier relations system seen earlier in the twentieth century, when relationships with outside suppliers were close and vertical integration was rare.
In response to these questions, this article argues that a buyer firm with power in its final-product market can use that power to change the structure of its input markets. In choosing its supplier relations strategy, however, the buyer faces a trade-off between promoting technical progress in the industry and maintaining buyer bargaining power.
1. The passage suggests that the automakers' shift towards long-term, sole-source contracts with outside suppliers in the 1980s:
(A) Was a result of the automakers' increased monopsony power over suppliers
(B) Contradicted the predictions of organization theorists regarding vertical integration
(C) Was driven by the discovery of a novel organizational form
(D) Aligned with the linear view of history, where each change represents an improvement
(E) Was a response to the changing technology and market structure of the industry
2. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between U.S. automakers and their inside suppliers before the 1980s?
(A) Inside suppliers had little communication with the automakers' central engineering groups and assembly plants
(B) Inside suppliers were subject to short-term contracts and fierce competition for the automakers' patronage
(C) Inside suppliers were guaranteed some or all of the business for a definite period
(D) Inside suppliers had extensive information interchange with the automakers
(E) Inside suppliers were more vertically integrated with the automakers compared to outside suppliers
3. The author's argument that a buyer firm with power in its final-product market can use that power to change the structure of its input markets is most directly supported by which of the following observations?
(A) The U.S. auto industry's recent changes move it back to a supplier relations system seen earlier in the 20th century
(B) The automakers' willingness to give up monopsony power over outside suppliers appears to defy economic logic
(C) The automakers are reducing their commitment to their own components divisions
(D) The automakers' dealings with outside suppliers before the 1980s were characterized by short-term contracts and multiple suppliers per part
(E) The new supplier relations system involves extensive information interchange between buyer and supplier
4. The passage implies that the automakers' decision to reduce vertical integration in the 1980s was surprising because:
(A) It contradicted the linear view of history, where each change must represent an improvement
(B) It defied the economic logic of maintaining monopsony power over suppliers
(C) It went against the predictions of organization theorists, given the industry's uncertainty
(D) It involved giving up the advantages of having inside suppliers with guaranteed business
(E) It was a return to a supplier relations system that had been seen as outdated
5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the automakers' new supplier relations system that emerged in the 1980s?
(A) Fewer suppliers provide each type of part
(B) Contracts with outside suppliers are longer in duration
(C) The automakers are reducing their commitment to their own components divisions
(D) Information is exchanged extensively between buyer and supplier
(E) The automakers are increasing their monopsony power over outside suppliers
6. The passage suggests that before the 1980s, the fierce competition among outside suppliers for the automakers' patronage:
(A) Led to increased vertical integration between the automakers and their inside suppliers
(B) Resulted in the automakers having monopsony power over their outside suppliers
(C) Encouraged the automakers to guarantee business to their inside suppliers
(D) Facilitated extensive information interchange between the automakers and their outside suppliers
(E) Stood in contrast to the secure position enjoyed by the inside suppliers
7. The author's mention of the "linear views of history" in the third paragraph serves primarily to:
(A) Highlight the novelty of the organizational form adopted by U.S. automakers in the 1980s
(B) Suggest that the recent changes in the U.S. auto industry's supplier relations are a regression rather than an improvement
(C) Argue that the U.S. auto industry's supplier relations have followed a consistent trajectory over time
(D) Emphasize the importance of historical context in understanding the U.S. auto industry's supplier relations
(E) Critique the assumption that each change in the U.S. auto industry's supplier relations represents progress
8. The passage implies that in choosing its supplier relations strategy, a buyer firm must balance:
(A) The benefits of maintaining monopsony power against the advantages of sole-source contracts
(B) The need for vertical integration against the desire for arms'-length relationships with suppliers
(C) The goal of promoting technical progress against the aim of maintaining buyer bargaining power
(D) The pressure to reduce uncertainty against the imperative to increase commitment to inside suppliers
(E) The appeal of discovering new organizational forms against the comfort of returning to old systems
1. 根据文章，20世纪80年代美国汽车制造商转向与外部供应商建立长期、独家合同的做法：
(B) 与组织理论学家关于垂直整合的预测相矛盾
解析：文章第三段提到，在技术和市场结构都在变化的情况下，汽车制造商减少垂直整合的做法似乎与组织理论学家的预测相矛盾，因为根据理论，在不确定性增加的情况下，垂直整合应该增加。
2. 根据文章，以下哪项最能描述20世纪80年代之前美国汽车制造商与内部供应商之间的关系？
(A) 内部供应商与汽车制造商的中央工程部门和装配厂之间很少沟通
解析：文章第一段提到，内部配件部门与设计它们生产的零件的中央工程部门或它们供应的装配厂之间几乎没有沟通。
3. 作者认为，在最终产品市场拥有权力的买方企业可以利用这种权力改变其投入市场的结构，这一论点最直接得到以下哪一观察的支持？
(C) 汽车制造商正在减少对自己的配件部门的承诺
解析：文章第三段提到，汽车制造商正在减少对自己的配件部门的承诺，甚至完全剥离它们，这表明汽车制造商正在利用其在最终产品市场的权力改变其投入市场（即供应商市场）的结构。
4. 文章暗示，汽车制造商在20世纪80年代决定减少垂直整合的决定令人惊讶，因为：
(C) 鉴于行业的不确定性，这与组织理论学家的预测背道而驰
解析：文章第三段提到，在技术和市场结构都在变化的情况下减少垂直整合，似乎与组织理论学家的预测相矛盾，因为根据理论，在不确定性增加的情况下，垂直整合应该增加。
5. 根据文章，以下哪项不是20世纪80年代出现的汽车制造商新供应商关系系统的特征？
(E) 汽车制造商正在增加对外部供应商的买方垄断权
解析：文章第三段提到，汽车制造商愿意放弃对外部供应商的买方垄断权，转而支持长期、独家合同，这似乎违背了经济逻辑。因此，增加对外部供应商的买方垄断权不是新供应商关系系统的特征。
6. 文章表明，在20世纪80年代之前，外部供应商之间为获得汽车制造商的青睐而进行的激烈竞争：
(E) 与内部供应商所享有的稳固地位形成鲜明对比
解析：文章第一段提到，外部供应商为争取汽车制造商的持续赞助而进行的激烈竞争，与内部供应商的舒适地位形成鲜明对比，内部供应商通常在无限期内获得部分或全部业务的保证。
7. 作者在第三段中提到"线性历史观"主要是为了：
(B) 表明美国汽车行业供应商关系的最近变化是一种倒退而非进步
解析：作者在第三段提到，与线性历史观不同的是，最近的变化使美国汽车行业回到了20世纪早期出现的供应商关系系统，当时与外部供应商的关系很密切，垂直整合很少见。这表明最近的变化并非进步，而是一种倒退。
8. 文章暗示，在选择供应商关系策略时，买方企业必须平衡：
(C) 促进技术进步的目标与维护买方议价能力的目标
解析：文章最后一段提到，买方在选择供应商关系策略时面临着促进行业技术进步和维护买方议价能力之间的权衡。
3.DI
Ancient Egypt, one of the world's earliest and most enduring civilizations, has captured the imagination of scholars and enthusiasts for centuries. The civilization's remarkable achievements in art, architecture, science, and technology continue to inspire and influence the world to this day. At the heart of ancient Egyptian culture was a complex system of religious beliefs and practices, which permeated every aspect of daily life and shaped the civilization's worldview in profound ways.
The ancient Egyptians believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses, each of whom was associated with specific aspects of the natural world and human experience. The most important of these deities was Ra, the sun god, who was believed to be the creator of the universe and the source of all life. Other prominent deities included Osiris, the god of the underworld and the afterlife; Isis, the goddess of magic and motherhood; and Horus, the god of the sky and kingship.
The Egyptians believed that the pharaoh, who ruled over the land, was a living god, the embodiment of Horus on earth. The pharaoh was responsible for maintaining order and balance in the universe, and for ensuring the prosperity and well-being of the Egyptian people. To this end, the pharaohs commissioned the construction of massive monuments and temples, such as the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Temple of Karnak, which served as both religious centers and symbols of the pharaoh's power and authority.
The ancient Egyptians also made significant advances in the fields of science and technology, particularly in the areas of mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. The Egyptians developed a sophisticated system of mathematics, which they used to survey land, calculate the volume of granaries, and design complex architectural structures. They also made detailed observations of the night sky, which allowed them to develop accurate calendars and to predict the annual flooding of the Nile River, which was essential for agricultural production.
In the field of medicine, the ancient Egyptians made significant advances in the understanding and treatment of disease. They developed a wide range of medical treatments, including surgery, herbal remedies, and magical spells, and they wrote extensive medical texts that documented their knowledge and practices. The most famous of these texts is the Ebers Papyrus, which dates back to around 1500 BCE and contains over 700 remedies for various ailments.
Despite their many achievements, the ancient Egyptians also faced significant challenges and upheavals throughout their long history. The civilization experienced periods of political instability, foreign invasion, and economic decline, particularly during the intermediate periods that separated the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. However, the Egyptians demonstrated a remarkable resilience and adaptability in the face of these challenges, and their civilization endured for over three millennia.
Today, the legacy of ancient Egypt continues to captivate and inspire people around the world. The civilization's art, architecture, and religious beliefs have had a profound influence on subsequent cultures, from the Greeks and Romans to the modern era. The mysteries and secrets of ancient Egypt, from the construction of the pyramids to the enigmatic Sphinx, continue to be the subject of intense scholarly debate and popular fascination.
Moreover, the study of ancient Egypt has also yielded important insights into the broader history of human civilization. The Egyptians were one of the first peoples to develop a complex system of writing, the hieroglyphic script, which allowed them to record their history, beliefs, and knowledge for posterity. The decipherment of the hieroglyphs in the 19th century by Jean-François Champollion opened up a new window onto the ancient world and revolutionized our understanding of the past.
In conclusion, ancient Egypt remains one of the most fascinating and enduring civilizations in human history, whose legacy continues to shape and inspire the world to this day. The civilization's remarkable achievements in art, architecture, science, and technology, as well as its complex religious beliefs and practices, offer a rich and compelling subject for study and exploration, one that continues to yield new insights and discoveries with each passing year.
1. Which of the following best describes the role of the pharaoh in ancient Egyptian society?
(A) The pharaoh was believed to be the embodiment of Ra, the sun god, on earth.
(B) The pharaoh was responsible for maintaining order and balance in the universe and ensuring the prosperity of the Egyptian people.
(C) The pharaoh was considered a mortal ruler who served as a mediator between the gods and the people.
(D) The pharaoh was believed to be the reincarnation of Osiris, the god of the underworld and the afterlife.
(E) The pharaoh was seen as a symbolic figurehead with limited political power and influence.
2. According to the passage, which of the following was NOT a significant achievement of the ancient Egyptians in the field of science and technology?
(A) The development of a sophisticated system of mathematics for surveying land and designing architectural structures.
(B) The creation of accurate calendars based on detailed observations of the night sky.
(C) The invention of the hieroglyphic script, one of the earliest forms of writing in human history.
(D) The discovery of the Rosetta Stone, which allowed for the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the 19th century.
(E) The writing of extensive medical texts, such as the Ebers Papyrus, which documented their knowledge and practices.
3. The passage suggests that the ancient Egyptians' religious beliefs:
(A) Were primarily focused on the worship of a single, all-powerful deity.
(B) Had little influence on their daily lives and cultural practices.
(C) Were shaped by their understanding of the natural world and human experience.
(D) Remained static and unchanging throughout the civilization's long history.
(E) Were largely abandoned during periods of political instability and foreign invasion.
4. Which of the following best describes the significance of the decipherment of hieroglyphs by Jean-François Champollion?
(A) It led to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and other important archaeological artifacts.
(B) It confirmed long-held beliefs about the ancient Egyptians' religious practices and beliefs.
(C) It opened up new avenues for scholarly research into the civilization's art and architecture.
(D) It revolutionized our understanding of the ancient world and the history of human civilization.
(E) It provided new insights into the ancient Egyptians' advanced system of mathematics and astronomy.
5. The passage implies that the intermediate periods in ancient Egyptian history were characterized by:
(A) Significant advancements in the fields of art, architecture, and technology.
(B) A renewed emphasis on religious devotion and the construction of monumental temples.
(C) Increased trade and cultural exchange with neighboring civilizations.
(D) Political instability, foreign invasion, and economic decline.
(E) The emergence of powerful queens who ruled alongside the pharaohs.
6. According to the passage, which of the following was a key factor in the ancient Egyptians' ability to predict the annual flooding of the Nile River?
(A) Their sophisticated system of mathematics and land surveying techniques.
(B) Their detailed observations of the night sky and the movements of celestial bodies.
(C) Their advanced understanding of hydraulic engineering and water management.
(D) Their use of the hieroglyphic script to record and predict seasonal changes.
(E) Their development of a lunar calendar based on the phases of the moon.
7. The passage suggests that the ancient Egyptians' medical knowledge and practices:
(A) Were primarily based on religious beliefs and magical spells, with little emphasis on practical treatments.
(B) Were largely ineffective in treating serious diseases and ailments.
(C) Included a wide range of treatments, such as surgery, herbal remedies, and magical spells.
(D) Were kept secret and passed down only to a select group of priests and healers.
(E) Had little influence on the development of medical practices in subsequent civilizations.
8. Which of the following best describes the enduring legacy of ancient Egypt in the modern world?
(A) The civilization's art, architecture, and religious beliefs continue to influence and inspire people around the world.
(B) The ancient Egyptians' scientific and technological achievements have been surpassed by modern advancements.
(C) The hieroglyphic script remains one of the most widely used writing systems in the world today.
(D) The mysteries and secrets of ancient Egypt have been fully uncovered and explained by modern scholars.
(E) The political and social structures of ancient Egypt have been adopted by modern governments and societies.
9. The author's tone throughout the passage can best be described as:
(A) Critical and dismissive of the ancient Egyptians' cultural and scientific achievements.
(B) Neutral and objective , presenting a balanced view of the civilization's strengths and weaknesses.
(C) Highly speculative and hypothetical, offering unsubstantiated theories about ancient Egyptian history.
(D) Deeply admiring and celebratory of the ancient Egyptians' enduring legacy and influence.
(E) Mildly interested but largely uninformed about the details of ancient Egyptian culture and society.
10. The passage is primarily concerned with:
(A) Providing a detailed chronological history of the rise and fall of ancient Egyptian civilization.
(B) Analyzing the role of religion and mythology in shaping ancient Egyptian culture and society.
(C) Comparing and contrasting the achievements of ancient Egypt with those of other ancient civilizations.
(D) Examining the enduring legacy and influence of ancient Egypt on the modern world.
(E) Arguing for the superiority of ancient Egyptian art, architecture, and technology over those of other cultures.
1. 答案(B)。根据文章,法老被认为是天空和王权之神荷鲁斯在人间的化身,负责维持宇宙的秩序和平衡,确保埃及人民的繁荣。
2. 答案(D)。罗塞塔石碑的发现不是古埃及人在科学技术领域的成就,而是19世纪让-弗朗索瓦·商博良破译象形文字的关键。
3. 答案(C)。文章表明,古埃及人的宗教信仰被他们对自然世界和人类经验的理解所塑造。
4. 答案(D)。让-弗朗索瓦·商博良破译象形文字彻底改变了我们对古代世界和人类文明历史的理解。
5. 答案(D)。文章暗示,古埃及历史上的中间时期以政治动荡、外来入侵和经济衰退为特征。
6. 答案(B)。根据文章,古埃及人通过对夜空的详细观察,能够预测尼罗河的年度泛滥,这对农业生产至关重要。
7. 答案(C)。文章表明,古埃及人的医学知识和实践包括各种治疗方法,如手术、草药疗法和魔法咒语。
8. 答案(A)。文章指出,古埃及文明的艺术、建筑和宗教信仰继续影响和启发着世界各地的人们。
9. 答案(D)。作者在整篇文章中对古埃及人的持久遗产和影响表示深深的钦佩和赞美。
10. 答案(D)。文章主要探讨了古埃及文明对现代世界的持久遗产和影响。
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发表于 2024-8-8 08:58:04
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