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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新
RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
CR题源：本月中文JJ改编
IR题源： 往届鸡精改编
打卡内容：
一周打卡五篇，科目不限。
每天上午管理员群内发布题目，群成员做完提交打卡，第二天发布解析
打卡内容建议：
阅读：写文章结构、笔记
逻辑：写逻辑链分析
IR：写做题思路和选项分析
【现在你的笔记越全，越能帮助你捋清思路，之后回顾总结。】
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1.CR
A local government had previously implemented a policy called "Quality in Drinking Water" to address the issue of insufficient potable water. However, this policy was not very successful. To tackle the persistent problem, the government introduced a new policy encouraging farmers to consult with experts to improve their water management practices.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly suggest that the new policy is likely to be more successful than the previous one in addressing the issue of insufficient drinking water?
(A) The cost of implementing the new policy is not expected to exceed that of the old policy.
(B) Under the new policy, farmers are using the water not only for drinking but also for irrigation purposes.
(C) The experts consulted under the new policy are different from those involved in the old policy.
(D) The new policy has gained widespread support from the local farming community, who are actively participating in the consultation sessions with experts to learn about best practices in water management.
(E) The local government has allocated additional funding and resources to ensure the effective implementation and monitoring of the new policy, demonstrating a strong commitment to resolving the water scarcity issue.
A recent study investigated the impact of ceiling height on cognitive processes and decision-making. Two groups of participants were placed in rooms with different ceiling heights - one group in a room with a ceiling height of 2.5 meters and the other in a room with a ceiling height of 5 meters. Both groups were asked to choose a sport they would like to play. The results showed that participants in the room with the higher ceiling were more likely to choose abstract sports, suggesting that higher ceilings can enhance imaginative thinking.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that higher ceilings can enhance imaginative thinking?
(A) When the two groups were asked to choose a mode of transportation, both groups predominantly chose options that were considered more conventional.
(B) Participants in the room with the higher ceiling reported feeling more energized and alert compared to those in the room with the lower ceiling.
(C) In a follow-up study, the researchers found that participants in a room with a 3.75-meter ceiling height chose sports that were less abstract than those chosen by the 5-meter ceiling group, but more abstract than those chosen by the 2.5-meter ceiling group.
(D) When the two groups were asked to select a type of cuisine for dinner, their choices showed no significant difference in terms of culinary creativity or novelty.
(E) In a separate experiment, when the two groups switched rooms and were asked to choose a genre of music to listen to, their choices mirrored the original study's findings, with the group in the higher-ceilinged room choosing more abstract and unconventional genres.
DE
The Antarctic tourism industry has experienced a remarkable transformation over the past three decades, evolving from a niche market catering to a handful of intrepid explorers to a burgeoning sector attracting tens of thousands of visitors annually. This growth has been fueled by a confluence of factors, including advancements in transportation and logistics, increased global wealth and leisure time, and a growing appetite for unique and immersive travel experiences. However, as the industry continues to expand, it must grapple with the inherent tensions between economic development and environmental conservation in one of the world's most pristine and fragile ecosystems.
According to data from the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO), the number of tourists visiting Antarctica has surged from approximately 10,000 in the early 1990s to over 55,000 in the 2018-2019 season, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 6%. This growth has been primarily driven by visitors from affluent nations such as the United States, China, Australia, and the United Kingdom, who are willing to spend an average of $10,000 to $15,000 per person for the privilege of setting foot on the world's southernmost continent.
The allure of Antarctica lies in its stunning natural beauty, unique wildlife, and sense of adventure. Tourists can choose from a diverse range of activities, including shore excursions to penguin colonies and historic sites, kayaking among icebergs and whales, camping under the midnight sun, and even scuba diving in the crystal-clear waters. Cruises have emerged as the dominant mode of travel, accounting for approximately 95% of all tourist visits to Antarctica. These cruises typically depart from ports in South America, such as Ushuaia in Argentina or Punta Arenas in Chile, and can last anywhere from 10 to 30 days depending on the itinerary and the level of luxury and amenities provided on board.
However, the rapid growth of the Antarctic tourism industry has raised concerns among environmentalists and policymakers about the potential ecological impacts of increased human presence in this delicate ecosystem. Antarctica is home to a wide variety of unique and endemic species, many of which are already under stress from climate change and other human-induced pressures. The influx of tourists, along with the infrastructure and services required to support them, could exacerbate these challenges and lead to long-term damage to the environment.
To mitigate these risks, the Antarctic Treaty System, which governs international relations and activities in Antarctica, has established strict guidelines for tourism operators. These guidelines include limitations on the number of passengers allowed ashore at any given time, restrictions on the use of certain vehicles and equipment, and mandatory briefings on responsible tourism practices. Tour operators are also required to adhere to strict waste management protocols, minimize their carbon footprint, and contribute to scientific research and conservation efforts in the region.
Despite these measures, some critics argue that the current regulatory framework is insufficient to address the growing scale and complexity of the Antarctic tourism industry. They point to the need for more stringent environmental impact assessments, increased monitoring and enforcement of tourism activities, and greater coordination among the various stakeholders involved in the industry, including tour operators, scientific researchers, and government agencies.
At the same time, proponents of Antarctic tourism argue that the industry can play a positive role in promoting environmental awareness and conservation efforts. By providing visitors with firsthand experiences of the beauty and fragility of the Antarctic ecosystem, tourism can help to build public support for protecting this unique and vital region. Tourism can also generate valuable revenue for scientific research and conservation programs, which are often underfunded and reliant on external support.
Moreover, the economic potential of the Antarctic tourism industry cannot be ignored. A report by the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) estimates that the industry could generate up to $1.2 billion in annual revenue by 2030, supporting thousands of jobs in the tourism and hospitality sectors. This growth could provide a significant boost to the economies of the gateway countries in South America, as well as to the broader global travel industry.
However, realizing this potential will require careful planning and management to ensure that the industry develops in a sustainable and responsible manner. This will involve investing in the necessary infrastructure and services, such as port facilities, search and rescue capabilities, and environmental monitoring systems. It will also require close collaboration among all stakeholders to develop and implement best practices for minimizing the environmental impact of tourism activities.
Ultimately, the future of the Antarctic tourism industry will depend on finding a delicate balance between economic development and environmental stewardship. By embracing sustainable tourism practices, investing in scientific research and conservation efforts, and fostering a culture of responsible travel, the industry can continue to grow and thrive while minimizing its ecological footprint.
One key strategy for achieving this balance is to promote the concept of "ambassadorship" among Antarctic tourists. This involves educating visitors about the unique and fragile nature of the Antarctic ecosystem, and encouraging them to become advocates for its protection. Tour operators can play a critical role in this process by providing high-quality educational materials, guided interpretive experiences, and opportunities for visitors to engage in citizen science projects and other conservation initiatives.
Another important factor will be the development of innovative technologies and practices that can help to reduce the environmental impact of tourism activities. This could include the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, as well as the adoption of advanced waste management systems and water treatment technologies. By investing in these solutions, tour operators can not only minimize their own environmental footprint but also serve as a model for sustainable tourism practices in other parts of the world.
In addition, the Antarctic tourism industry will need to work closely with the scientific community to ensure that tourism activities do not interfere with critical research and monitoring programs. This could involve the development of collaborative partnerships between tour operators and research institutions, as well as the establishment of designated "science zones" where tourism activities are restricted or prohibited. By working together, scientists and tour operators can help to ensure that Antarctica remains a vital laboratory for understanding and addressing global environmental challenges.
Finally, the success of the Antarctic tourism industry will depend on the ability of all stakeholders to adapt to the changing environmental and economic landscape. As climate change continues to reshape the Antarctic environment, tour operators will need to be nimble and responsive in adjusting their itineraries and activities to minimize their impact on sensitive ecosystems. At the same time, they will need to be proactive in engaging with policymakers and other stakeholders to ensure that the regulatory framework governing Antarctic tourism remains relevant and effective.
In conclusion, the Antarctic tourism industry stands at a critical juncture, with both significant opportunities and challenges on the horizon. By embracing sustainable practices, investing in scientific research and conservation, and fostering a culture of responsible travel, the industry can continue to provide transformative experiences for visitors while protecting one of the world's most unique and vital ecosystems. However, achieving this vision will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including tour operators, scientists, policymakers, and the traveling public. Only by working together can we ensure that the wonder and majesty of Antarctica will be preserved for generations to come.
Questions:
1. The passage suggests that one way to promote sustainable tourism practices in Antarctica is through:
A. Strict government regulations and penalties for non-compliance
B. Encouraging tourists to become "ambassadors" and advocates for Antarctic conservation
C. Limiting the number of tourists allowed to visit Antarctica each year
D. Requiring all tourists to participate in mandatory environmental impact training
E. Banning all forms of motorized transportation and accommodation in Antarctica
2. According to the passage, which of the following technologies could help reduce the environmental impact of Antarctic tourism?
A. Advanced waste management systems
B. Water treatment technologies
C. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
3. The passage suggests that the success of the Antarctic tourism industry will depend on its ability to:
A. Adapt to the changing environmental and economic landscape
B. Minimize its ecological footprint through sustainable practices
C. Work closely with the scientific community to avoid interfering with research and monitoring programs
D. Engage with policymakers to ensure effective regulation of tourism activities
E. All of the above
4. The author's stance on the future of the Antarctic tourism industry can best be described as:
A. Highly optimistic and unconcerned about potential environmental impacts
B. Cautiously optimistic, acknowledging both opportunities and challenges
C. Neutral and objective, presenting both sides of the argument without taking a position
D. Highly critical and opposed to any further growth of the industry
E. Uncertain and ambivalent, unable to predict the industry's future prospects
5. The passage implies that the current regulatory framework governing Antarctic tourism:
A. Is highly effective and sufficient to address the growing scale and complexity of the industry
B. Is in need of significant strengthening and reform to keep pace with the industry's growth
C. Is largely irrelevant and has little impact on the industry's environmental practices
D. Is primarily focused on economic considerations rather than environmental protection
E. Has been developed and implemented solely by the tourism industry without input from other stakeholders
6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of Antarctic tourism?
A. Generating revenue for scientific research and conservation programs
B. Providing visitors with firsthand experiences of the beauty and fragility of the Antarctic ecosystem
C. Building public support for protecting the Antarctic region
D. Accelerating the pace of climate change and its impacts on the Antarctic environment
E. Supporting thousands of jobs in the tourism and hospitality sectors
7. The author suggests that fostering a culture of responsible travel in Antarctica will require:
A. Strict government oversight and regulation of all tourism activities
B. A hands-off approach that allows the tourism industry to self-regulate and police its own practices
C. Collaboration and partnership among all stakeholders, including tour operators, scientists, and policymakers
D. A complete ban on all forms of tourism in Antarctica to prioritize environmental protection
E. Significant public education and outreach efforts targeted at potential tourists
8. The passage indicates that the development of collaborative partnerships between tour operators and research institutions could help to:
A. Reduce the cost of scientific research and monitoring programs in Antarctica
B. Attract more tourists to Antarctica by offering unique educational and research opportunities
C. Ensure that tourism activities do not interfere with critical scientific work in Antarctica
D. Eliminate the need for government regulation of Antarctic tourism
E. Accelerate the pace of climate change and its impacts on the Antarctic environment
9. The author's perspective on the role of technology in promoting sustainable Antarctic tourism can best be described as:
A. Highly skeptical and dismissive of the potential for technological solutions
B. Cautiously optimistic, suggesting that innovation could help mitigate environmental impacts
C. Neutral and objective, presenting both the potential benefits and limitations of technological approaches
D. Strongly advocating for the rapid adoption of cutting-edge technologies as the primary solution
E. Largely ignoring the role of technology and focusing instead on behavioral and policy changes
10. Which of the following best captures the main argument of the passage?
A. The Antarctic tourism industry is an unmitigated threat to the environment and should be banned entirely
B. The growth of Antarctic tourism is inevitable and unstoppable, regardless of its environmental consequences
C. The future of Antarctic tourism depends on finding a balance between economic development and environmental stewardship
D. The Antarctic tourism industry is a model of sustainable tourism that should be emulated in other parts of the world
E. The success of Antarctic tourism will be determined solely by market forces and consumer demand, not environmental considerations
答案:
1. B
2. D
3. E
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. C
3.RC
The origin and fate of the universe are imprinted on the motions of its constituents. In the early 1920's, soon after the discovery that our own galaxy is one of billions, it was shown that distant galaxies are receding in all directions. It was evident that the universe is expanding and the galaxies are being swept apart, carried by a uniformly enlarging fabric of spacetime.
More recently it has become clear that galaxies are not at rest with respect to this unfolding fabric. They show motions of their own, which offer insight into the texture of the cosmos: the extent of its fluctuations in mass density. What is already known of the motions suggests that matter is clumped together on unimaginably large scales, reflecting poorly understood events in the early universe. The motions may also answer a question about the other end of time: Will the expansion of the universe continue, or will the force of gravity ultimately stop the expansion or even reverse it, causing the universe to recollapse into primordial density? Several groups, including a group to which I belong, are engaged in mapping the pattern and scale of the cosmic flow.
The cosmological importance of galactic motions was established in the early part of this century, when the American astronomers Edwin P. Hubble and V. M. Slipher began measuring displacements of spectral lines in the light from other galaxies. Such shifts reflect the Doppler effect: the change in the wavelength of radiation or sound that results from motion of the source with respect to the observer. Most of the galaxies showed a red shift, meaning that the lines were displaced toward the red, or longer-wavelength, side of the spectrum. A red shift indicates motion away from the observer.
Sixty years later it is difficult to appreciate how radical suggestions that other galaxies are receding in all directions sounded when they were made in the early 1920's. They represented a change in world view in every way as fundamental as the Copernican revolution; the notion of a static universe was by then as well established as the geocentric universe had been in the 15th century. Indeed, Hubble himself at first interpreted his data as evidence for a motionless universe. He believed he had confirmed a theoretical analysis by the Dutch mathematician Willem de Sitter, who had found a static solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity. By including a term that described a dilation of time with increasing distance, the analysis gave rise to red shifts that increased for more distant galaxies, even without relative motion.
By the late 1930's, however, the idea that the universe is expanding had seized nearly everyone, even the recalcitrant Hubble, and measuring the red shifts of galaxies at ever greater distances was the order of the day. When the red shifts of remote galaxies were correlated with their distances, estimated from their apparent brightnesses, a relation emerged that was as simple as one could have hoped: the recession velocity of a galaxy equals its distance multiplied by a constant. The implication of this linear relation, known as the Hubble law, was clear: the expansion of the universe is uniform. A being in a galaxy billions of light¬ years away would see the same relation between distance and red shift in surrounding galaxies as is seen from the Milky Way. By the 1970's it was generally accepted that the Hubble law has a second implication: the observed expansion of the universe was unleashed some 15 billion years ago in an explosive creation event, the big bang.
1. The author's discussion of the motions of galaxies relative to the "unfolding fabric" of spacetime suggests that:
a) the expansion of the universe is anisotropic, with galaxies in some regions receding faster than others.
b) the observed motions are a result of the gravitational attraction between galaxies and the underlying dark matter distribution.
c) the peculiar velocities of galaxies are a consequence of the quantum fluctuations in the early universe that were amplified during inflation.
d) the large-scale structure of the universe is determined by the interplay between the expansion of spacetime and the gravitational clustering of matter.
e) the motions of galaxies are primarily driven by the repulsive force of dark energy, which counteracts the attractive force of gravity.
2. The passage implies that the Hubble law:
a) is a direct consequence of the cosmological principle, which states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales.
b) is inconsistent with the steady-state theory of the universe, which posits that the universe is eternally expanding and creating new matter.
c) provides a means of testing the validity of alternative theories of gravity, such as the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND).
d) establishes a linear relationship between the recession velocity of a galaxy and its distance, with implications for the uniformity and age of the universe.
e) demonstrates the existence of a preferred reference frame in the universe, contradicting the fundamental principles of special relativity.
3. The author's comparison of the change in worldview brought about by the suggestion of an expanding universe to the Copernican revolution serves to:
a) emphasize the resistance faced by new scientific ideas that challenge established paradigms, even in the face of compelling observational evidence.
b) highlight the importance of precise measurements and the development of new observational techniques in driving scientific progress.
c) illustrate the role of mathematical models and theoretical frameworks in guiding the interpretation of observational data.
d) underscore the interdependence of theoretical and observational advances in cosmology and the iterative nature of the scientific process.
e) demonstrate the power of scientific reasoning in overturning deeply entrenched beliefs and leading to a more accurate understanding of the universe.
4. The passage suggests that Willem de Sitter's static solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity:
a) provided a theoretical framework for reconciling the observed red shifts of galaxies with a static universe, by introducing the concept of time dilation.
b) was initially embraced by Hubble as evidence for a motionless universe, despite the apparent contradiction with the observed red shifts.
c) demonstrated the limitations of general relativity in describing the large-scale structure of the universe and the need for a more comprehensive theory of gravity.
d) introduced the concept of dark energy as a means of counterbalancing the attractive force of gravity and allowing for a static universe.
e) laid the foundation for the development of the steady-state theory of the universe, which competed with the big bang theory for several decades.
5. The author's primary purpose in writing this passage can be best described as:
a) presenting a historical narrative of the development of cosmology, emphasizing the key observations and theoretical advances that shaped our understanding of the universe.
b) arguing for the importance of studying galactic motions in probing the nature of the universe, from its earliest moments to its ultimate fate.
c) comparing and contrasting the relative merits of various cosmological models, including the steady-state, big bang, and inflationary theories.
d) explaining the observational and theoretical evidence for the expansion of the universe and its implications for the distribution of matter and the evolution of large-scale structures.
e) highlighting the role of technology and instrumentation in advancing our understanding of the universe, from the early spectroscopic measurements to modern surveys of galactic motions.
6. The passage implies that the study of galactic motions may shed light on:
a) the nature of dark energy and its role in the accelerating expansion of the universe, as well as the potential for a future cosmic contraction.
b) the validity of alternative theories of gravity, such as the tensor-vector-scalar gravity (TeVeS) and the Galileon theory.
c) the distribution of matter in the early universe and its influence on the formation of large-scale structures, as well as the initial conditions that gave rise to cosmic inflation.
d) the possibility of a cyclic universe, in which the expansion is followed by a contraction and subsequent bounce, driven by the dynamics of a scalar field.
e) the relationship between the observed motions of galaxies and the presence of cosmic strings or other topological defects in the early universe.
7. According to the passage, the cosmological significance of galactic motions was first established through:
a) the theoretical work of Albert Einstein and his development of the general theory of relativity, which provided a framework for describing the geometry of spacetime.
b) the observational evidence gathered by Edwin Hubble and Milton Humason, which confirmed the linearity of the distance-redshift relation and the expansion of the universe.
c) the measurements of spectral line displacements in the light from other galaxies by Edwin P. Hubble and V. M. Slipher, which revealed a systematic trend of galactic recession.
d) the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, which provided strong support for the big bang theory.
e) the theoretical work of Georges Lemaître, who proposed the concept of the primeval atom and the idea of an expanding universe originating from a singularity.
8. The passage suggests that the ultimate fate of the universe:
a) is entirely determined by the current rate of expansion, as measured by the Hubble constant, and the deceleration parameter, which quantifies the slowing effect of gravity.
b) depends on the total amount of matter and energy in the universe, including both visible and dark components, as well as the nature of dark energy.
c) is unaffected by the observed motions of galaxies, which are a result of local gravitational interactions and do not reflect the global properties of the universe.
d) can be predicted with certainty based on the current observational data, which strongly favor a flat universe that will continue expanding indefinitely.
e) is ultimately unknowable, as the universe may be part of a larger multiverse with diverse properties and evolutionary histories.
1. d
2. d
3. e
4. a
5. b
6. c
7. c
8. b
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发表于 2024-6-3 09:18:49
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