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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A major automobile manufacturer recently introduced a new line of two-door sedans, designed to surpass the company's existing four-door models in terms of safety features and overall performance. However, despite the company's confidence in the superior safety engineering of the two-door vehicles, data from the past year indicates that the accident rates for the two-door models are significantly higher than those of their four-door counterparts. This discrepancy has led to concerns about the actual safety of the new two-door sedans in real-world driving conditions.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion that the two-door sedans are inherently less safe than the four-door models?
A. The two-door sedans have been disproportionately involved in accidents caused by manufacturing defects or mechanical failures.
B. The majority of buyers of the two-door sedans are young, fashion-conscious individuals who are more likely to engage in risky driving behaviors such as speeding.
C. The four-door models have been on the market for a longer period, allowing drivers more time to become familiar with their handling and safety features.
D. The accident rates for both two-door and four-door models have decreased overall since the introduction of the new two-door sedans.
E. The company's marketing campaign for the two-door sedans has emphasized their sporty appearance and high-performance capabilities over their safety features.
Scientists have recently discovered the oldest known turtle fossil, which remarkably features a shell on its underside rather than on its back. The fossil indicates that this ancient turtle lived in the sea. Based on this finding, the scientists have concluded that turtles first evolved shells on their undersides to protect themselves from attacks coming from below in their marine environment. Only later did turtles develop the characteristic shell on their backs that we see today.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the scientists' reasoning?
A. The fossil record shows that ancient turtles with shells on their backs existed during the same time period as the newly discovered fossil.
B. Some modern turtle species have been found to have shells that are significantly thicker on their undersides than on their backs.
C. The marine environment in which the ancient turtle lived was home to a wide variety of predators, both above and below the turtle.
D. The scientists failed to consider the possibility that the turtle represented by the fossil might not have been primarily a sea-dwelling creature.
E. The oldest known fossil of a turtle ancestor, which predates the newly discovered fossil, does not feature any type of shell.
BA
2.RC
Matthew Arnold, through his Culture and Anarchy (1869), placed the word “culture” at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and humanistic society. Arnold’s definition of culture as “the pursuit of perfection by getting to know the best which has been thought and said” helped define the Western world’s liberal arts curriculum over the next century. Although three forms of dissent from his views have had considerable impact of their own, each one misunderstands Arnold.
The first protested Arnold’s designation of “anarchy” as culture’s enemy, viewing this dichotomy simply as a struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to it. Yet, Arnold himself was plagued in his soul by the blind arrogance of the world’s reactionary powers. Another form of opposition saw Arnold’s culture as a perverse perpetuation of literary learning in a world where science had become the new arch from which any new order of thinking must develop. At the center of the “two cultures” debate were the goals of the formal educational curriculum, the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. But Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions. Today, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by a third form of dissent, multiculturalism, which seeks to deflate the imperious authority that “high culture” exercises over curriculum while promoting the idea that we must learn what is representative because we have overemphasized what is exceptional. Yet, multiculturalism actually affirms Arnold by returning us to a tension inherent in the idea of culture. The social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists wrongly insist that Arnold’s culture is simply a device for ordering us about. Instead, it is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. Perfection mattered to Arnold only as the background against which we could form a just image of our actual circumstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies.
I apologize for the previous questions not meeting your expectations. Here are 8 highly challenging and complex reading comprehension questions with 5 answer choices each, designed to test advanced critical thinking and analytical skills:
1. The passage suggests that the tension inherent in the idea of culture, as highlighted by multiculturalism, is best understood as:
A. A conflict between the preservation of traditional power structures and the promotion of radical change
B. A dichotomy between the pursuit of scientific progress and the cultivation of literary learning
C. A struggle between the valorization of exceptional achievements and the recognition of representative works
D. A dialectic between the establishment of objective standards of perfection and the acknowledgment of subjective experiences of reality
E. An opposition between the imperious authority of high culture and the subversive potential of popular culture
2. The author's characterization of Arnold's view of culture as "enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions" implies that:
A. Arnold saw culture as a force that transcended the narrow confines of the formal educational curriculum
B. Arnold believed that the preservation of culture required the active suppression of dissenting voices and radical challenges
C. Arnold viewed culture as a purely aesthetic realm, separate from the practical concerns of social and political life
D. Arnold understood culture as a dynamic process of negotiation and contestation between competing worldviews
E. Arnold recognized the essential role of scientific institutions in shaping the future of intellectual life
3. The passage suggests that the social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists share which of the following assumptions about Arnold's concept of culture?
A. That it represents a reactionary attempt to maintain the dominance of traditional power structures
B. That it is fundamentally incompatible with the goals and methods of scientific inquiry
C. That it prioritizes the representation of diverse perspectives over the pursuit of objective truth
D. That it seeks to impose a rigid and authoritarian order on the chaos and complexity of human experience
E. That it is primarily concerned with the cultivation of individual perfection rather than the transformation of society
4. The author's analysis of the relationship between Arnold's culture and the "two cultures" debate suggests that:
A. Arnold's conception of culture was deeply informed by his own scientific background and interests
B. The "two cultures" debate reflected a fundamental misunderstanding of Arnold's view of the role of science in intellectual life
C. Arnold's culture was seen by some as an obstacle to the development of a new scientific order of thinking
D. The "two cultures" debate was ultimately resolved in favor of a more integrated and interdisciplinary approach to knowledge
E. Arnold's emphasis on literary learning was a direct response to the growing influence of scientific thinking in his time
5. The passage implies that Arnold's conception of perfection was:
A. A utopian ideal that served as the ultimate goal of all human striving and endeavor
B. A purely subjective and relativistic notion that varied according to individual tastes and preferences
C. A background against which to form a clear and honest assessment of one's actual circumstances and limitations
D. An instrument of social control and oppression, designed to maintain the power of cultural elites
E. A scientific concept that could be objectively measured and quantified through empirical observation and experimentation
6. The author's discussion of the "gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon" in relation to Arnold's culture suggests that:
A. Arnold saw culture as a means of predicting and controlling the course of future events and developments
B. Arnold believed that culture should serve as a bulwark against the encroachment of dangerous and subversive ideas
C. Arnold recognized the potential for culture to serve as a site of ideological contestation and struggle
D. Arnold viewed culture as a purely apolitical realm, separate from the concerns and conflicts of the social world
E. Arnold understood culture as a tool for promoting a specific ideological agenda and worldview
7. The passage suggests that Arnold's conception of culture was:
A. A static and monolithic entity, resistant to change and evolution over time
B. A fluid and dynamic process, constantly adapting to new social and intellectual currents
C. A means of promoting individual self-realization and personal growth
D. A tool for fostering social harmony and consensus, by minimizing differences and promoting shared values
E. A framework for registering and responding to the challenges and tensions of the modern world
8. The author's conclusion that Arnold's culture is "designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon" implies that:
A. Arnold saw culture as a passive reflection of broader social and political trends
B. Arnold believed that culture should actively seek to shape and direct the course of ideological change
C. Arnold recognized the importance of culture in anticipating and responding to emerging challenges and conflicts
D. Arnold viewed culture as a means of transcending the limitations and biases of ideological thinking
E. Arnold understood culture as a purely aesthetic realm, divorced from the practical concerns of social and political life
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. E
8. C
3.DI
The Italian Renaissance, a period of unparalleled cultural, artistic, and scientific ferment that spanned the 14th to the 17th centuries, was a transformative era in the history of Western civilization, the reverberations of which continue to be felt to this day. This extraordinary epoch, which had its genesis in the city-states of Tuscany, particularly the illustrious city of Florence, witnessed a remarkable efflorescence of human creativity and achievement, as exemplified by the groundbreaking works of such luminaries as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, whose masterpieces continue to captivate and inspire audiences the world over. The Renaissance represented a decisive break with the medieval worldview that had dominated European thought for centuries, and ushered in a new era of humanism, individualism, and scientific inquiry that would lay the foundations for the modern world.
At the heart of the Renaissance was a renewed interest in classical learning and humanist philosophy, which sought to place the study of human nature and experience at the center of intellectual inquiry. The humanist thinkers of the Renaissance, such as Petrarch, Erasmus, and Montaigne, drew inspiration from the great works of ancient Greece and Rome, and sought to revive the classical ideals of learning, culture, and civic virtue that had been largely lost during the Middle Ages. They rejected the scholastic philosophy of the medieval universities, with its emphasis on abstract theological speculation, and instead embraced a more empirical and pragmatic approach to knowledge, one that emphasized the value of direct observation, experimentation, and critical analysis.
This humanist outlook found its most profound expression in the art of the Renaissance, which represented a radical departure from the stylized and symbolic forms of medieval art. Renaissance artists, such as Botticelli, Raphael, and Titian, sought to create works that were naturalistic, expressive, and emotionally engaging, and that celebrated the beauty, complexity, and potential of the human form. They drew inspiration from classical models, but also innovated new techniques and styles, such as linear perspective, sfumato, and chiaroscuro, that would revolutionize the art world and set the stage for the development of modern art.
Perhaps no figure embodies the spirit of the Renaissance more fully than Leonardo da Vinci, the quintessential "Renaissance man" whose boundless curiosity and inventive genius led him to make groundbreaking contributions in a wide range of fields, from art and architecture to engineering, anatomy, and natural philosophy. Leonardo's notebooks, which contain over 13,000 pages of drawings, sketches, and writings, provide a fascinating glimpse into the mind of a true polymath, whose insatiable thirst for knowledge and understanding knew no bounds. His iconic works, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, continue to be among the most recognizable and beloved images in the world, and his scientific and technological innovations, such as his flying machines and hydraulic pumps, anticipate many of the key developments of the modern era.
The Italian Renaissance also witnessed significant advancements in the fields of science and technology, as exemplified by the groundbreaking discoveries of Galileo Galilei, who has been called the "father of modern physics." Galileo's improvements to the telescope allowed him to make a series of stunning astronomical observations, including the discovery of the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, which provided crucial evidence in support of the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system. However, Galileo's advocacy of this model brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church, which viewed heliocentrism as a direct challenge to its authority and a threat to the established social and political order. Galileo's trial before the Roman Inquisition in 1633, in which he was forced to recant his views and placed under house arrest, remains one of the most notorious examples of the tension between scientific inquiry and religious dogma in history.
Despite the many challenges and contradictions of the era, the Italian Renaissance remains a period of unrivaled cultural achievement and innovation, whose legacy continues to shape and inspire the world to this day. The works of art, literature, and science produced during this time have become enduring classics, studied and admired by generations of scholars and enthusiasts alike. The Renaissance ideal of the "universal man," embodied by figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who excelled in multiple fields of endeavor, has become a symbol of the limitless potential of human creativity and achievement, and continues to inspire individuals to push the boundaries of what is possible.
Moreover, the Renaissance marked a crucial turning point in the history of Western thought, as it represented a decisive break with the medieval worldview and a renewed emphasis on the power and potential of human reason. The humanist thinkers of the Renaissance sought to revive the classical ideals of learning and culture, and to place the study of human nature and experience at the center of intellectual inquiry. This humanist outlook would eventually give rise to the Enlightenment and the birth of modern science, which would transform the world in countless ways in the centuries that followed.
However, it is important to recognize that the Italian Renaissance was not a monolithic or unambiguous phenomenon, but rather a complex and multifaceted movement that encompassed a wide range of social, political, and cultural trends and developments. While the Renaissance is often celebrated for its artistic and intellectual achievements, it was also a period of great social and economic inequality, marked by the increasing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small elite. Moreover, the Renaissance was a time of intense religious and political conflict, as the Catholic Church faced mounting challenges to its authority from the growing Protestant Reformation movement, and as the Italian city-states were consumed by internal strife and foreign invasions.
Despite these challenges and contradictions, the Italian Renaissance remains a period of unparalleled cultural achievement and innovation, whose enduring legacy continues to inspire and inform our understanding of the world to this day. From the artistic genius of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, to the scientific revelations of Galileo and the humanist philosophy of Petrarch and Erasmus, the Renaissance represented a flowering of human creativity and potential that remains unmatched in history. Its influence can be seen in virtually every aspect of modern life, from the way we think about art, science, and politics, to the way we understand ourselves and our place in the world.
In conclusion, the Italian Renaissance was a period of unrivaled cultural, artistic, and intellectual achievement that left an indelible mark on the history of Western civilization. While the period was marked by significant challenges and contradictions, its enduring legacy remains a testament to the power and resilience of the human spirit, and a reminder of the heights to which human civilization can aspire when it is guided by the principles of reason, creativity, and humanism.
Questions:
1. The Italian Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in which of the following philosophical and intellectual movements?
A. Scholasticism and medieval theology
B. Humanism and classical learning
C. Existentialism and nihilism
D. Postmodernism and deconstructionism
2. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the humanist thinkers of the Renaissance and the scholastic philosophy of the medieval universities?
A. The humanists embraced and built upon the scholastic tradition
B. The humanists rejected scholasticism in favor of a more empirical and pragmatic approach to knowledge
C. The humanists had little interest in or knowledge of scholastic philosophy
D. The humanists sought to synthesize scholasticism with classical learning
3. Renaissance art represented a significant departure from medieval art in which of the following ways?
A. Renaissance art was more abstract and symbolic than medieval art
B. Renaissance art emphasized naturalism, expressiveness, and emotional engagement
C. Renaissance art was primarily religious in nature, while medieval art was more secular
D. Renaissance art relied heavily on Byzantine and Islamic influences, while medieval art drew from classical models
4. Which of the following Renaissance artists is known for his iconic works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his groundbreaking contributions to science and engineering?
A. Michelangelo
B. Raphael
C. Leonardo da Vinci
D. Titian
5. Galileo Galilei's advocacy of the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system brought him into conflict with which powerful institution?
A. The Italian city-states
B. The Ottoman Empire
C. The Catholic Church
D. The European monarchies
6. The trial of Galileo Galilei before the Roman Inquisition in 1633 is often seen as emblematic of which larger historical tension?
A. The conflict between science and religion
B. The rivalry between the Italian city-states
C. The struggle between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation
D. The competition between European nations for colonial dominance
7. Despite its many achievements, the Italian Renaissance was also marked by significant social and economic inequalities, as evidenced by which of the following?
A. The increasing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small elite
B. The decline of the Italian city-states and the rise of foreign domination
C. The spread of the Protestant Reformation and the weakening of the Catholic Church
D. The growth of a large and prosperous middle class
8. The humanist philosophy of the Renaissance is often seen as a precursor to which major intellectual and cultural movement of the 17th and 18th centuries?
A. The Scientific Revolution
B. The Age of Exploration
C. The Enlightenment
D. Romanticism
9. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Italian Renaissance and the development of modern science?
A. The Renaissance had little direct impact on the development of modern science
B. The Renaissance laid the intellectual and philosophical foundations for the Scientific Revolution and the birth of modern science
C. The Renaissance was a period of scientific stagnation and decline
D. The Renaissance saw the complete triumph of science over religion and superstition
10. The notion of the "Renaissance man" or "universal man," as embodied by figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, is often seen as a symbol of which of the following?
A. The specialization and fragmentation of knowledge in the modern era
B. The dangers of excessive pride and ambition
C. The limitless potential of human creativity and achievement
D. The superiority of the classical ideal of the well-rounded individual over the modern specialist
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. C
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发表于 2024-5-23 10:11:52
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