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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A city decides to implement fines for companies that illegally dump waste, with the fine amount based on the quantity of waste dumped. However, experts argue that this measure is counterproductive, as companies can now easily calculate whether paying the fine is cheaper than properly disposing of the waste. Which of the following assumptions is necessary for the experts' argument to be valid?
A. The cost of waste disposal per unit volume significantly increases with a one-time large-scale dumping.
B. Companies are not required to clean up the dumped waste after paying the fine.
C. The total amount of fines collected may not cover the cost of cleaning up the illegally dumped waste.
D. Companies might calculate the fine as a cost of doing business and continue to dump waste illegally.
E. The city does not have adequate resources to monitor and prevent all instances of illegal waste dumping.
In an archaeological site, a cave was discovered with a layer of fresh water on top and salt water below. Inside the cave, remains of small animals, such as mice, rabbits, and birds, were found. These animals are believed to have fallen into the cave. Researchers are trying to determine why only small animals are found in this cave.
Which of the following, if true, best explains why only the remains of small animals were found in the cave?
A. The cave’s entrance was narrow enough to prevent larger animals like crocodiles from falling in.
B. Smaller animals were more abundant in the area surrounding the cave during the period these remains were deposited.
C. The salt water layer in the cave is known to preserve smaller animals better than larger ones.
D. Larger animals were able to swim and escape after falling into the fresh water layer.
E. The remains of larger animals have already been removed by earlier explorers.
BA
2.Di
Article 1
In the annals of ancient Roman history, few figures cast as long a shadow or leave as indelible a mark as Gaius Julius Caesar. Born into a patrician family in 100 BCE, Caesar's life and legacy would come to encapsulate the tumultuous and transformative period of the late Roman Republic, an era characterized by profound social, economic, and political upheaval that would ultimately witness the collapse of a centuries-old system of governance. From his precocious youth as a budding military leader to his meteoric ascent to the pinnacle of power and his tragic demise, Caesar's story is one of unparalleled achievement, relentless ambition, and the enduring capacity of the individual to shape the trajectory of history.
To fully comprehend the significance of Caesar's life and legacy, one must first grapple with the complex and often chaotic political milieu of the late Roman Republic. By the time Caesar burst onto the political scene, the traditional institutions and mores of the Republic were already in a state of advanced decay, buckling under the weight of decades of rampant corruption, yawning inequality, and political sclerosis. The once-august Senate, long the citadel of aristocratic power and privilege, had been reduced to a mere shadow of its former self, riven by factional infighting and increasingly divorced from the needs and aspirations of the Roman populace. The social and economic fabric of Roman society was likewise fraying, as the chasm between the opulent patrician elite and the impoverished masses widened inexorably, and the ancient bonds of loyalty and patronage that had long held the Republic together began to fray.
It was against this backdrop of political and social ferment that Caesar emerged as a figure of singular ambition and vision. From his early forays as a military commander in the rugged terrain of Spain and Gaul, he evinced a prodigious ability to inspire and lead men, forging a formidable army that would become the cornerstone of his political power. His conquest of Gaul, in particular, would attain mythic status, a tour de force of military acumen and a testament to his preternatural skills as a leader and tactician. Through a potent amalgam of strategic brilliance, indomitable will, and sheer audacity, Caesar would subjugate the fierce tribes of Gaul and extend the dominion of Rome to the uttermost reaches of the known world.
Yet Caesar's ambitions transcended the mere accrual of martial glory. As he ascended the cursus honorum of Roman politics, he began to articulate a bold new vision for the Roman state, one that would be more attuned to the exigencies of the people and less in thrall to the ossified interests of the aristocracy. To realize this vision, Caesar would deploy a panoply of populist policies, strategic alliances, and sheer force of personality, harnessing his immense popularity with the masses to challenge the authority of the Senate and the entrenched power structures of the Republic. He would forge expedient alliances with key constituencies in Roman politics, including the equestrian class and the urban proletariat, assembling a formidable coalition that would enable him to consolidate his power and enact his sweeping agenda of reform.
Article 2
Caesar's inexorable rise to power was not without its trials and tribulations. As he accrued ever-greater influence and authority within the Roman state, he found himself on a collision course with the conservative faction of the Senate, spearheaded by his erstwhile ally turned implacable foe, Pompey. This internecine conflict would ultimately reach its denouement in 49 BCE, when Caesar took the fateful step of crossing the Rubicon River with his army, an act of unvarnished defiance against the authority of the Senate and the inviolable laws of the Republic. In so doing, Caesar unleashed a cataclysmic chain of events that would sound the death knell of the Republic and usher in a new imperial dispensation.
The ensuing civil war, which pitted Caesar against Pompey and his confederates, would prove a pivotal juncture in Roman history, heralding the twilight of the Republic and the dawn of a new imperial age. Through a series of masterly military campaigns, Caesar would vanquish his adversaries and cement his grip on power, assuming the mantle of dictator perpetuo. Yet his tenure would prove tragically ephemeral, cut brutally short by the daggers of his erstwhile compatriots on the Ides of March in 44 BCE.
The assassination of Caesar would plunge Rome into a renewed maelstrom of chaos and civil strife, as his partisans and detractors vied for supremacy in the vacuum of power left by his untimely demise. The conflict would ultimately be resolved by Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son, Octavian, who would emerge triumphant from the ashes of the Republic and assume the august title of Augustus, inaugurating a new era of imperial rule that would endure for centuries to come. Under the aegis of Augustus and his successors, the Roman state would attain an unprecedented degree of stability, prosperity, and territorial expansion, transforming the Mediterranean world and leaving an indelible imprint on the course of Western civilization.
Yet even in death, Caesar's legacy would loom large over the subsequent history of Rome and the Western world. His prodigious achievements in the realms of politics, military affairs, and letters, coupled with his outsized personality and enduring mystique, would continue to captivate and inspire generations of leaders, thinkers, and luminaries for millennia to come. From the Renaissance princes who sought to emulate his military prowess and political acumen to the Enlightenment philosophes who drew inspiration from his writings and ideas, Caesar would cast a long and enduring shadow over the intellectual and cultural landscape of the West.
Article 3
As we reflect on the life and legacy of Julius Caesar, it is crucial to situate his story within the broader sweep of Roman and Western history. In many ways, Caesar's rise and fall marked a decisive turning point in the evolution of the ancient world, the hinge upon which the creaking edifice of the Republic finally gave way to the imperial order that would shape the destiny of Europe for centuries to come. Yet Caesar's significance extends far beyond his role as a mere historical catalyst or political iconoclast. His life and career encapsulate, in microcosm, the myriad contradictions and complexities of the late Republic itself, a period of unparalleled dynamism and creativity that was simultaneously riven by the centrifugal forces of social and political disintegration.
At its core, the story of Julius Caesar is a testament to the enduring power of individual agency and the capacity of human will to shape the course of history. Through his prodigious talents, indomitable drive, and sheer force of personality, Caesar succeeded in bending the arc of Roman history to his will, leaving an indelible mark on the destiny of the Western world. Yet his story is also a cautionary tale about the perils of unbridled ambition and the fragility of even the most venerable political institutions in the face of the charismatic leader's siren song.
In the final analysis, Caesar's legacy is one of perennial fascination and enduring relevance, a source of inspiration and admonition for generations of leaders, thinkers, and ordinary citizens alike. His life and career serve as a powerful reminder of the transformative potential of human agency, the seductive allure of power, and the ineluctable tensions between the imperatives of stability and the forces of change that lie at the heart of all human societies. As we grapple with the challenges and opportunities of our own time, we would do well to heed the lessons of Caesar's story, to draw inspiration from his triumphs and wisdom from his tragic denouement.
1. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the political landscape of the late Roman Republic that set the stage for Caesar's rise to power?
A. A period of relative stability and prosperity, characterized by a strong and effective Senate and a harmonious social order.
B. An era of profound social, economic, and political upheaval, marked by rampant corruption, inequality, and the decay of traditional institutions.
C. A time of expanding democracy and increasing political participation by the plebeian masses, leading to a more representative and responsive government.
D. A golden age of artistic and intellectual achievement, in which the Roman elite devoted themselves to the cultivation of high culture and the pursuit of knowledge.
E. An epoch of military expansion and conquest, in which the Roman legions extended the empire's reach to the furthest corners of the known world.
2. The passage suggests that Caesar's conquest of Gaul was significant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A. It demonstrated his exceptional skills as a military leader and tactician.
B. It helped to forge a powerful army that would become the backbone of his political power.
C. It extended the reach of Roman power and influence to the furthest reaches of the known world.
D. It provided him with the financial resources necessary to fund his political campaigns and reforms.
E. It attained a mythic status and became a lasting testament to his strategic brilliance and indomitable will.
3. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Caesar's populist policies and political alliances?
A. They were primarily aimed at benefiting the patrician elite and consolidating his support among the ruling class.
B. They were a cynical ploy designed to manipulate the masses and exploit their discontent for his own political gain.
C. They were a genuine attempt to address the needs and grievances of the Roman people and to create a more equitable and responsive state.
D. They were a tactical necessity forced upon him by the opposition of the Senate and the conservative faction led by Pompey.
E. They were a reflection of his deep-seated ideological commitment to democratic principles and the rule of law.
4. The passage implies that Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE was:
A. A justified act of tyrannicide by noble patriots seeking to defend the Republic and its traditional values.
B. A tragic but inevitable consequence of his own hubris and his disregard for the norms and laws of the Roman state.
C. A shocking and unexpected event that plunged Rome into a period of chaos and civil strife.
D. A carefully orchestrated plot by his enemies in the Senate, who feared his growing power and popularity.
E. A misguided attempt by his closest friends and allies to save him from the corrupting influence of absolute power.
5. The passage suggests that Caesar's legacy had a significant impact on all of the following EXCEPT:
A. The intellectual and cultural landscape of the Western world, inspiring generations of thinkers and leaders.
B. The evolution of military tactics and strategy, as future generals sought to emulate his campaigns and conquests.
C. The development of Roman law and jurisprudence, as his legal reforms and codifications became the basis for later systems.
D. The emergence of a new imperial order in Rome, as his great-nephew Octavian assumed power and became Augustus.
E. The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, as his policies of religious tolerance paved the way for its growth.
6. The author's attitude towards Julius Caesar and his legacy can best be described as:
A. Unequivocally positive, bordering on hagiography and hero-worship.
B. Sharply critical and condemnatory, emphasizing his destructive impact on Roman institutions and values.
C. Neutral and dispassionate, presenting a balanced and objective assessment of his achievements and failures.
D. Nuanced and complex, acknowledging both his significant accomplishments and his tragic flaws and shortcomings.
E. Romanticized and nostalgic, lamenting the loss of a golden age of Roman virtue and simplicity.
7. Which of the following best encapsulates the main thesis or argument of the passage?
A. Caesar's rise and fall was primarily a consequence of his own personal ambition and hubris, rather than a reflection of broader historical forces.
B. Caesar's life and career marked a decisive turning point in the evolution of the ancient world and the emergence of a new imperial order in Rome.
C. Caesar's legacy is a testament to the enduring power of individual agency and the capacity of human will to shape the course of history.
D. Caesar's populist policies and political reforms were a genuine attempt to address the deep-seated problems of the Roman Republic and create a more equitable society.
E. Caesar's assassination was a tragic but inevitable consequence of the political and social tensions that had long been brewing in the late Roman Republic.
8. The passage implies that the assassination of Julius Caesar was carried out by:
A. A group of barbarian mercenaries hired by his political rivals in the Senate.
B. A faction of disgruntled plebeians who resented his autocratic rule and disregard for traditional Roman values.
C. A cabal of patrician aristocrats who feared his populist reforms and the threat he posed to their privileged status.
D. A conspiracy of his own former allies and supporters, who had grown disillusioned with his leadership and ambition.
E. A lone assassin acting on personal grievances and a misguided sense of patriotic duty.
9. According to the passage, which of the following was a key factor in Caesar's ability to consolidate his power and enact his agenda of reform?
A. His mastery of oratory and rhetoric, which allowed him to sway public opinion and win the support of the masses.
B. His strategic marriage alliances with influential patrician families, which helped to legitimize his rule and neutralize potential rivals.
C. His control over the Roman legions, whose loyalty and military might provided the ultimate basis for his political authority.
D. His skillful manipulation of religious symbols and ceremonies, which he used to portray himself as a divinely ordained ruler.
E. His vast personal wealth and patronage networks, which he leveraged to buy the support of key constituencies and interest groups.
10. The passage suggests that Caesar's legacy continues to hold relevance for contemporary readers and thinkers because:
A. His military strategies and tactical innovations remain a valuable model for modern commanders and strategists.
B. His political reforms and legal codifications provide a blueprint for effective governance and the rule of law in complex societies.
C. His life and career offer enduring lessons about the nature of power, ambition, and the forces that shape human societies and historical change.
D. His cultural patronage and intellectual pursuits set a standard for enlightened leadership and the promotion of the arts and sciences.
E. His personal charisma and leadership style serve as an inspiration for aspiring politicians and public figures seeking to make their mark on history.
BDCCEDCDCC
3.RC
Monogamy, the practice of having a single mate, is a rare phenomenon in the animal kingdom, particularly among mammals. Only about 5% of the 4,000 mammal species are known to exhibit monogamous behavior. Given that mating with multiple females increases a male's chances of producing more offspring, the evolutionary benefits of monogamy remain a subject of debate among scientists.
A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) suggests that male primates may have adopted monogamy to protect their offspring from infanticide by rival males. By analyzing the breeding and parenting behaviors of 230 primate species, researchers concluded that males faced a trade-off between spreading their genes and ensuring the survival of their young. Infanticide by rival males posed a significant threat, as it allowed them to mate with the mother, who would otherwise delay conception while nursing. Thus, paternal care and monogamous relationships evolved as a strategy to safeguard the male's genetic lineage. Christopher Opie, a researcher in anthropology, asserted that this study conclusively demonstrated infanticide as the primary driver of monogamy in primates.
However, a conflicting study published in the journal Science challenged these findings. Dieter Lukas and Tim Clutton-Brock analyzed a broader sample of approximately 2,500 mammal species and found no significant correlation between infanticide and monogamy. Instead, they proposed that monogamy is influenced by resource distribution and female population density. In species where females are solitary and intolerant of other females, males are unable to monopolize multiple mates due to their scattered distribution. Consequently, males resort to monogamy to ensure paternity certainty. The study highlights that monogamous mammalian species often exhibit higher nutritional needs, leading females to defend their food resources aggressively.
Regarding human monogamy, the PNAS study suggests that the prolonged vulnerability of human infants, resulting from their larger brains and extended nurturing period, may have necessitated paternal care and monogamous relationships. However, the question of whether monogamy is natural for humans remains less relevant than whether it is desirable. Human monogamy appears to be both an acquired preference and a social imperative, and its merits continue to be debated.
1. The passage suggests that the rarity of monogamy among mammals can be attributed to:
A. The inability of males to monopolize multiple mates due to scattered distribution of females
B. The increased chances of producing more offspring by mating with multiple females
C. The lack of paternal care in most mammalian species
D. The aggressive defense of food resources by females in monogamous species
E. The absence of infanticide by rival males in most mammalian populations
2. According to the PNAS study, which of the following is the primary reason for the evolution of monogamy in primates?
A. Protection of offspring from infanticide by rival males
B. Assurance of paternity certainty
C. Increased access to food resources
D. Higher nutritional needs of monogamous species
E. Extended nurturing period of primate infants
3. The study published in the journal Science contradicts the findings of the PNAS study by suggesting that:
A. Infanticide is not a significant factor in the evolution of monogamy
B. Monogamy is more prevalent in species with lower population densities
C. Paternal care is not essential for the survival of offspring
D. Resource distribution and female intolerance drive monogamy in mammals
E. Primate species are more likely to be monogamous than other mammals
4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the relationship between brain size and monogamy in humans?
A. Larger brain size in humans has no bearing on the development of monogamous relationships
B. The extended nurturing period required for human infants with larger brains may have contributed to the evolution of monogamy
C. Monogamy in humans is solely a result of social imperatives and acquired preferences
D. Human monogamy evolved independently of brain size and infant vulnerability
E. The passage does not provide sufficient information to draw a conclusion about the relationship between brain size and monogamy in humans
5. The author's stance on the naturalness of human monogamy can best be described as:
A. Assertive and unwavering
B. Skeptical and dismissive
C. Neutral and objective
D. Cautiously optimistic
E. Ambivalent and uncertain
6. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the findings of the study published in the journal Science?
A. Monogamous mammalian species have a higher infant survival rate compared to non-monogamous species
B. In species where females are closely distributed and tolerant of each other, males are more likely to mate with multiple females
C. Infanticide by rival males is more common in species with lower population densities
D. Paternal care is more prevalent in species where males have limited access to multiple mates
E. Monogamous mammalian species have lower nutritional needs compared to non-monogamous species
7. The passage implies that the debate surrounding the evolution of monogamy in mammals is primarily driven by:
A. The conflicting findings of the PNAS and Science studies
B. The lack of conclusive evidence supporting any single theory
C. The difficulty in observing and studying mating behaviors in the wild
D. The complex interplay of various ecological and social factors
E. The ethical implications of studying infanticide in primate populations
8. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. Monogamy is a rare and unnatural phenomenon among mammals, and its evolutionary benefits are questionable
B. The PNAS study provides conclusive evidence that infanticide is the primary driver of monogamy in primates
C. The Science study offers a more comprehensive explanation for the evolution of monogamy in mammals
D. The debate surrounding the evolution of monogamy in mammals remains unresolved, with conflicting theories and evidence
E. Human monogamy is a product of both evolutionary pressures and social imperatives, and its desirability is subjective
1. B. 文章开头提到,由于与多个雌性交配会增加雄性产生更多后代的机会,因此单配偶制在哺乳动物中很罕见。这表明雄性与多个雌性交配的能力是哺乳动物中单配偶制稀少的原因。
2. A. PNAS研究表明,雄性灵长类动物采用单配偶制的主要原因是为了保护后代免受其他雄性的幼崽杀害。研究人员通过分析230种灵长类动物的繁殖和育儿行为,得出了这一结论。
3. D. Science杂志上发表的研究通过分析大约2,500种哺乳动物,发现资源分布和雌性不耐受是影响哺乳动物单配偶制的主要因素,而不是幼崽杀害。这与PNAS研究的结果相矛盾。
4. B. 文章提到,PNAS研究表明,由于人类婴儿的大脑更大、需要更长的哺育期,因此可能需要父亲的照顾和一夫一妻的关系。这表明人类婴儿较大的脑容量和较长的哺育期可能促进了单配偶制的发展。
5. C. 作者对人类一夫一妻制的自然性持中立和客观的态度。文章指出,人类一夫一妻制似乎既是一种后天习得的偏好,也是一种社会必需品,其优点仍有待讨论。作者没有明确表示支持或反对一夫一妻制。
6. B. 如果在雌性分布密集且相互容忍的物种中,雄性更有可能与多个雌性交配,这将有力支持Science杂志上发表的研究结果。该研究表明,在雌性独居且不耐受其他雌性的物种中,由于雌性分散分布,雄性无法垄断多个配偶,因此会采用单配偶制。
7. D. 文章暗示,围绕哺乳动物单配偶制进化的争论主要是由各种生态和社会因素的复杂相互作用驱动的。文章提到了PNAS和Science研究的相互矛盾的发现,以及资源分布、雌性密度、幼崽杀害和父亲照顾等多个因素。
8. D. 文章的主要观点是,关于哺乳动物单配偶制进化的争论仍未解决,存在相互矛盾的理论和证据。文章讨论了PNAS和Science研究的不同发现,以及各种生态和社会因素的复杂性,表明这个问题仍然悬而未决。
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发表于 2024-5-6 08:33:19
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