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In 2004, Jared Diamond published Collapse, a rigorous analysis of why certain ancient societies have perished. His groundbreaking study explored the environmental and historical factors that contributed to the demise of the “Viking colonies” of Greenland, the Polynesians of Easter Island, and the Anasazi of the American southwest. Diamond’s core thesis was that human recklessness and lack of foresight were the major factors in precipitating the ends of these societies.
Diamond’s work was among the first to seek out the commonalities between deforestation in Easter Island and resource depletion in ancient Greenland. Because he posited that human agency played a key role in determining whether cultures disintegrate or thrive, his message was viewed by many prominent environmental activists as a call to action – societies can remain vibrant providing they make prudent decisions regarding resource management.
However, many critics have claimed that Diamond’s explanations for the extinctions of ancient societies were simplistic, and placed undue blame on the regions’ inhabitants. For example, Terry Hunt, an archaeologist at the University of Hawaii, has claimed that the Polynesian deforestation, which Diamond attributed to the recklessness of the native peoples, was actually caused by predatory rats. Moreover, Hunt has noted that Diamond overlooked the role that European disease played in decimating native populations. If these other factors are taken into account, the issue of blame becomes a far more complex one and some of Diamond’s positions may need to be reconsidered.
1) According to the passage, which of the following is used by Diamond as piece of evidence for his core thesis? A) The fact that diseases were introduced by Europeans B) The fact that deforestation resulted from animal behavior C) The fact that cultures were unable to accurately predict the future D) The fact that there was proper resource management E) The fact that there was a natural depletion of food sources
2) The primary purpose of this passage is to: A) Refute the opinion put forth in an important piece of research. B) Call for more research to help evaluate a controversial position. C) Analyze a significant research study and its implications. D) Suggest that a particular research study is misguided. E) Provide an addition to an existing study.
3) According to the passage, which of the following must be true of Polynesian deforestation? A) It was caused by predatory rats, and not by the actions of the Polynesian people as has been theorized. B) It was cited by Terry Hunt as the cause of the demise of the Polynesians of Easter Island. C) It was caused by the recklessness and lack of foresight of the Polynesian people. D) It was used by Jared Diamond to illustrate how human recklessness can lead to the demise of a society. E) It was surprisingly similar to the resource depletion that occurred in ancient Greenland.
参考答案:CCD
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发表于 2021-10-22 22:42:04
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