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发表于 2019-12-16 23:19:05
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只看该作者
12-14 & 15
CR总结3 （最后75题
每25题的错误率就从7题到最后的11题。
虽然被虐得很惨，不过收获还是很大的。认清楚了很多单词以及用法不再是我们中文思维里面以为的。算是修正了自己原来错误的看法。但还处于比较模糊的阶段。还需要再多经历些题目或者事情来加固新的认知。
686
Economist: The price of tap water in our region should be raised drastically. Supplies in local freshwater reservoirs have been declining for years because water is being used faster than it can be replenished. Since the price of tap water has been low, few users have bothered to adopt even easy conservation measures.
The sections in boldface play which of the following roles in the economist's argument?
B) The first is an observation for which the second provides an explanation; the second is the main conclusion but not the only conclusion.
C) The first is a premise supporting the argument's main conclusion; so is the second.
这个就属于前面提到的第五种类型的题目，判断argument的结构。第一句实际上就去吃呼吁大家行动：水价应该提高。原因是供量下降严重，因为V用>V产，V用大又因为价格低，大家都不省着点用。这个链条就感觉是供量下降是第一层原因，然后水价低是更深层的原因。
这个最后归因于水价低，所以提高水价，我本来理解为这两个都算是结论。只是呼吁行动是总结论，本质原因水价低算是初步结论支持最后结论的。
但OG上解释说这水价低，也只能算成argument里的premise，而且是基于观察的premise，或者说causal claims。
694
City council member: Demand for electricity has been increasing by 1.5 percent a year, and there simply is no more space to build additional power plants to meet future demand increases. We must, therefore, begin to curtail usage, which is why I propose passing ordinances requiring energy-conservation measures in all city departments.
The city council member's proposal assumes which of the following?
E) The city department that successfully conserve energy will set a good example for residential and industrial consumers of electricity.
A) Existing power plants do not have the capacity to handle all of the projected increase in demand for electricity.
这个就是典型的找assumption的题。结论是shi政单位省电，premise是用电需求上升，没地建电厂，只能想法省电。（艹脑子打结了
这里的leap是，要想证明这个结论是对的，那么作者默认的成立的假设是，不省电就以后不够电用，也就是没有别的办法再供更多的电了。所以是默认现有电厂无法满足未来的需要。
但我还是忍不住翻了attack了premise，如果单位们不起好头，那么就达不到最终省电的目的。但是这个已经和结论无关了？(是的，回过头来看，其实是自己对assumption还是有误解。也是犯了中文思维里最常见的argument的错误，总是攻击人家本来就以为对的事情，那就肯定会闹得不愉快。要攻击的只能是人家的推理。推导的那个过程。
704
For the period from the eighth century through the eleventh century, the shifting boundaries between Kingdom F and Kingdom G have not been well charted. Although a certain village in a border region between the two kingdoms usually belonged to Kingdom G, ninth-century artifacts found in the village were in the typical Kingdom F style of that time. It is unclear whether the village was actually a part of Kingdom F in the ninth century or whether it was a part of Kingdom G but had merely adopted Kingdom F's artistic styles under Kingdom F's cultural influence.
Which of the following would, if found in ninth-century sites in the village, best help in determining whether the village was a part of Kingdom F or Kingdom G in the ninth century?
C) Knives and other utensils made from metal typical of ninth-century mining sites in Kingdom F.
E) Numerous teeth from the ninth century with a chemical signature typical only of teeth from people who had grown up in the heart of Kingdom F.
8世纪到11世纪期间，某个在国界上的村子可能在9世纪的时候属于F国，因为出现了9世纪的F过特色艺术作品。哪个证据可以证明村子就是属于F国的？
不成立的话，结论就错的。OG这里体现为原来F国市中心的人口的牙齿可以证明这一点。
706
Infotek, a computer manufacturer in Katrovia, has just introduced a new personal computer model that sells for significantly less than any other model. Market research shows, however, that very few Katrovian households without personal computers would buy a computer, regardless of its price. Therefore, introducing the new model is unlikely to increase the number of computers in Katrovian homes.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
E) Most personal computers purchased in Katrovia are intended for home use.
C) Katrovians in households that already have computers are unlikely to purchase the new Infotek model as an additional computer for home use.
结论：新个人电脑不会增加某国的家庭电脑数量。premise：没有个人电脑的家庭不会买电脑，不管有多便宜。而且这个新的电脑卖得比其他model便宜。
如果不是家用，那结论会被削弱。但这种和assumption又什么区别？
709
Transportation expenses accounted for a large portion of the total dollar amount spent on trips for pleasure by residents of the United States in 1997, and about half of the total dollar amount spent on transportation was for airfare. However, the large majority of United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997 did not travel by airplane but used other means of transportation.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true about United States residents who took trips for pleasure in 1997?
C) Per mile traveled, those who traveled by airplane tended to spend more on transportation to their destination than did those who used other means of transportation.
A) Achieving political compromises is not all that is necessary for the proper functioning of a government.
交通费用占到了大家出去玩的很大比例。交通费里有一半都是坐飞机。但是大部分人都选择不坐飞机出去玩。
这说明不坐飞机的大家出去玩花的比坐飞机的要少。
712
When there is less rainfall than normal, the water level of Australian rivers falls and the rivers flow more slowly. Because algae whose habitat is river water grow best in slow-moving water, the amount of algae per unit of water generally increases when there has been little rain. By contrast, however, following a period of extreme drought, algae levels are low even in very slow-moving river water.
Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the contrast described above?
A) During periods of extreme drought, the populations of some of the species that feed on algae tend to fall.
D) Australian rivers dry up completely for short intervals in periods of extreme drought.
啊，理解错了，以为是天敌的数量增加导致algae的数量减少。但人家说的是天敌数量也减少。所以是天敌数量少是algae少了之后的后果。不是algae少的原因。这题不应该。
716
The difference in average annual income in favor of employees who have college degrees, compared with those who do not have such degrees, doubled between 1980 and 1990. Some analysts have hypothesized that increased competition between employers for employees with college degrees drove up for income for such employees.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation described above?
越来越多大学生找不到工作，证明increased competition是错的。
717
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three problems the government needs to address, in order of importance, are pollution, crime, and unemployment. Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated, while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the poll was inaccurate, however, since ____________.
选的结果不是假的。那证明最后投票的人和调查的人不是同一拨。而且票的人没有参与调查。
我本来是选的E
但正确答案是D
D) all the candidates who were elected were perceived as being stronger against both crime and unemployment than the candidates who were defeated.
啊是我误会了accurate的意思。我以为题目要的是已经正确反映民意了，但是投票不是完全根据民众认为什么最重要选的。而是有其他民众认为很重要的因素影响了他们最后的投票结果。如果是我选的E还是属于英语中不accurate反映民意的范畴。中英文对accurate的理解差异。英文中不仅是不作假，还是真实心意。拒绝投票就不等于真实心意了。
721
As a construction material, bamboo is as strong as steel and sturdier than concrete. Moreover, in tropical areas bamboo is a much less expensive construction material than either steel or concrete and is always readily available. In tropical areas, therefore, building with bamboo makes better economic sense than building with steel or concrete, except where land values are high.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the exception noted above?
这个是我自己没有理解multistory的意思。唯一能解释竹子不适合在地段贵的地方用来盖房的解释就是，竹子不适合用来盖多层楼。E选项说长竹子的地方越来越贵，只能把竹子砍掉了，这个也没有正面回答为什么不能用竹子来盖楼。
725
Proponents of the recently introduced tax on sales of new luxury boats had argued that a tax of this sort would be an equitable way to increase government revenue because the admittedly heavy tax burden would fall only on wealthy people and neither they nor anyone else would suffer any economic hardship. In fact, however, 20 percent of the workers employed by manufacturers of luxury boats have lost their jobs as a direct result of this tax.
The information given, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?
加豪华游轮税可以增加财政收入，因为只会影响富人。但是税加了之后20%的工人失去了工作。
这题不太像CR了，更像是阅读理解。和argument无关。新税可以增加收入的前提是所得大于所失。
726
In Wareland last year, 16 percent of licensed drivers under 21 and 11 percent of drivers ages 21-24 were in serious accidents. By contrast, only 3 percent of licensed drivers 65 and older were involved in serious accidents. These figures clearly show that the greater experience and developed habits of caution possessed by drivers in the 65-and-older group make them far safer behind the wheel than the younger drivers are.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
前面数据表明65岁的司机因为经验丰富和习惯好，所以开车会更安全。
assumptions是开车一样多。
唉我去，第二遍做一下就看出来A是对的，气死我。
734
The kinds of hand and wrist injuries that result from the extended use of a computer while maintaining an incorrect posture are common among schoolchildren in Hartville. Computers are important to the school curriculum there, so instead of reducing the amount their students use computers, teachers plan to bring about a sharp reduction in the number of these injuries by carefully monitoring their students' posture when using computers in the classroom.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to assess the likelihood that the teachers' plan will be successful?
学校里的孩子因为过度使用电脑不正确的姿势导致了手腕损伤。这个现象很常见。但电脑又必不可少。所以与其减少使用电脑的时间，不如老师在课上监控并纠正姿势，这样希望能减少损伤。
B) Whether hand and wrist injuries not caused by computer use are common among schoolchildren in Hartville.
不是因为过度使用电脑引起的手腕损伤不在我们的讨论主题里。所以不选（哎我一下没转过弯来，以为如果常见的话，那么采用监控的方式也不见得真的能减少损伤数量。又犯了常见的中式思维错误。声东击西。偷换主题。
736
Many people suffer from an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these winemakers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
有种物质人会过敏。这种物质会被用来当酒的防腐剂。那喜欢喝酒的人可以去找不放这种防腐剂的酒来喝就没事了。
leap是，其他放入的防腐剂不会引起过敏，或者酒里的其他物质不会引起过敏。这两个感觉都是对的啊。但是应该选前者。后者不是assumptions。因为他不在我们这个premis和conclusion的loop里面。即使后者是对的，也不一定能保证conclusion是对的。
我的想法是错的。
A) These winemakers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergic substances to their wine.
D) Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.
E) Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these winemakers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.
喝了不放的就没事。结论是这个。所以不能歪楼，去质疑可能酒里有除了sulfite还有会致过敏的物质。这个是跑题。不是要质疑没事。落点不是在没事。而是整个结论，不放的就没事。所以唯一能攻击的点是，不放就没有这种物质吗？而不是再加戏去质疑其他的防腐剂可能也会过敏。
这个题真的又打破了我我原来对assumptions的误解。
740
Studies in the restaurant show that the tips left by customers who pay their bills in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists' interpretation of the studies?
A) The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
D) In general, restaurants who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E) The percentage of restaurant bills paid with a given brand of credit card increases when that credit card's logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is presented.
账单带信用卡的logo会让顾客付更多的小费。
看OG看得怀疑人生。
题目的点在心理学家的解读是出现logo能让人变得更大方，因为被提醒了自己有更高的支付能力。所以着眼点在于被提醒上？？？
好吧。A用的词是undermine，也就是没有credit card的人如果也因为看到这个logo付了更多的消费的话，那么就证明和心理学家的猜测没有什么关系。因为不在于有信用卡的人想起来自己更高的支付能力。undermine这个词可以看出来英文思维中对结论的否定程度是比中问更严谨以及程度上更绝对的。
E选项说的是某种信用卡的使用频率上升了，但是并不能直接证明和顾客被提醒要大方有关。这绕的有点。
742
Country X's recent stock-trading scandal should not diminish investors' confidence in the country's stock market. For one thing, the discovery of the scandal confirms that Country X has a strong regulatory system, as the following considerations show. In any stock market, some fraudulent activity is inevitable. If a stock market is well regulated, any significant stock-trading fraud in it will very likely be discovered. This deters potential perpetrators and facilitates improvement in regulatory processes.
In the argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the following roles?
E) It is a compound statement containing both the argument's main conclusion and an assumption used to support that conclusion.
第二次做知道选B了。
E错在assumption本来就是不会state出来的。而且唯一的conclusion也只是第一句话而已。
745
Although the discount stores in Goreville's central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of Colson's, a non-discout department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson's.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
只要spendless开张，其他折扣店都得倒闭。但腾出来的地不会空太久。因为Colson也是。开了之后5年周边的店都竞争不过他而倒了。这题靠的是两者的similarity，所以选项里找出一个不similar的例子就好了。
746
Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. In order to reduce the amount of residual ash, Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number.
Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?
烟减半，垃圾要回收，不能全部拿去烧。前提是，回收后的垃圾产生的烟没有回收前的多。
747
Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet's veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer’s products are of high quality.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the veterinarians' reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme?
A) Most of the veterinarians to whom the free promotional materials were offered were already selling the manufacturer's pet-care products to their clients.
C) The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available at pet stores and in supermarkets.
这个还是需要商业思维在里面但是就不一定合逻辑了。A选项已经在卖别的产品了，那就不太可能接受这家的促销方案，因为会引起竞争。而C选项是担心给其他销售渠道导流。感觉都对。但是A选项有个意思理解有偏差。就是已经在卖的不是别人家的产品。而是自己家的产品。所以有相应的促销方案应该是更同意才对。
748
The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodin. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has changed. However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland ahs increased.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
卖的集数没变，制作人减少了，所以只能进口。如果制作时间也减少了（粗制滥造），就可以不用进口了。
很容易发散思维发散错了。比如觉得结论不对，为什么一定是买的V国的。又或者V国必须要生产很多，B国才有的买。但都和这个conclusion无关。这个assumption真的太tricky了。有点难讲清楚。
749
Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer's argument?
哎可惜了，第二次做看选项才反应过来。选项意思没有理解对。质量越好，才能越经得起岁月的冲刷。所以不好的都被淘汰了。好的才留下来。（这个和作品是一样的道理
750
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
OG上的解释是说这只是对现象有另外一种可能性的描述。不算challenge，只是another explanation。而后面的加粗部分就是another explanation。还不能理解英文里的challenge是什么时候才算。
757
With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per county.
Since Apex will still be left operating twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the prediction?
是题目本身没有看懂。M家有17个casino，AC家要买E，但要先卖出5个。AC要成为最大。哪些做法会削弱AC当大的可能性。
M是唯一合法的买家。卖掉的5个只能被M买的话，那AC就不可能当大。这个弯转得好多……。
A) Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations licensed to operate casinos in the state.
D) Moneyland already operates casinos in the majority of the state's counties.
如果这是真的话，那么反而支持AC当大的结论，因为M不能再买别县的casino了。
758
It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. In fact, however, simply talking to other people—that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills —suffices. Evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited?
B) Many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation.
D) The study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior studies.
这题只是说social 和mental sharpness有关，但是不能证明有因果关系。座椅只要能找到第三个因素就可以weaken了。比如说有些原因会影响mental sharpness，所以才会不得不引发social isolation。
国外的argument永远都是不去攻击你认为对的是对的，而是说你的推理是错的，所以结论也是错的。为什么国内的argument质量很低就是这个原因。
而我忍不住想选D是因为我想攻击他们论据的数据分析出错了。但这个没有落到推理出错上。而且，D讲的只是数据不是自己收集的，但不代表分析就一定有错啊。不是自己收集，分析对了也没毛病。这个无法攻击。 |
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发表于 2019-12-9 21:07:56
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