OG13阅读两道题 求救！！感觉inference题挺难的！！

Manufacturers have to do more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale.  Itistrue that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches “minimum efficient scale,” where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum,

determined roughlyby the state of existingtechnology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady “throughput” (the flow of materials througha plant) is attained. The throughput neededto maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharplyand profits disappear. A manufacturer’s fixed costs and “sunk costs” (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when productiondeclines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problemson the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks.Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the  physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangiblecapital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.

The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achievethis, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how.Andchallengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.

1.          The passagesuggests that in order for a manufacturer in a capital-intensive industry to have a decisive advantage over competitors making similar products,the manufacturer must

  (A)     be the first in the industry to build production facilities of theoretically optimal size

(B)      make every effort to keep fixed and sunk costs as low as possible

(C)      be one of the first to operate its manufacturing plants at minimum efficient scale

(D)      produce goods of higher quality than those produced by direct competitors

(E)      stockpile raw materials at production sites in order to ensure a steady flow of such materials

我知道是靠“ but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants.”来解题，但是我怎么也看不出它可以推断出C啊！！！！！

When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United States in 1916, he arrived at precisely the right historical moment. What made the moment right was the return of African American soldiers from the First World War in 1918, which createdan ideal constituency for someone with Garvey’s message of unity, pride, and improved conditions for African American communities.

Hoping to participate in the traditional American ethos of individual success, many African American people entered the armed forces with enthusiasm, only to find themselves segregatedfrom white troops and subjected to numerous indignities. They returned to a United States that was as segregated as it had been before the war. Consideringsimilar experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C. ** has argued that when a perceptible gap arises between a culture’s expectations and the reality of that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a revitalization movement: an organized, consciouseffort to construct a culture that fulfills long- standing  expectations.

Some scholars have argued that Garvey created the consciousness from which he built, in the 1920s, the largestrevitalization movement in African American history. But such an argument only tends to obscure the consciousness of identity, strength, and sense of history that already existed in the African American community. Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression.   

1.          It can be inferred from the passage that the “scholars” mentioned in line 24 believe which of the followingto be true?

                (A)     Revitalization resulted from the political activism of returning African American soldiers following the First World War.

(B)      Marcus Garvey had to change a number of prevailing attitudes in order for his mass movement to find a footholdin the United States.

(C)      The prevailing sensibility of the African  American communityprovided the foundationof Marcus Garvey’s political appeal.

(D)      Marcus Garvey hoped to revitalize consciousness of cultural and historical identity in the African American community.

(E)      The goal of the mass movement that Marcus Garvey helped bring into being was to build on the pride and unity among African Americans.

这道题我也知道是用“Some scholars have argued that Garvey created the consciousness from which he built, in the 1920s, the largest revitalization movement in African American history. ”我也知道这句话的意思：G他创造了consciousness，而这种consciousness导致了African American 的最大的复兴运动。。但是为什么可以推断出B，学者不是认为他已经导致了最大的复兴运动了吗？为什么还需要have to change 盛行的态度才能够达到目的？而且这种盛行的态度为什么不能是他建立的consciousness？

最后的最后，想问问做inference题的技巧。。。。之前一直靠同义转换，但是有时候不行啊。。。。。求大牛帮我解答，上次考570简直伤透了我的心