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28 达尔文进化论之sexual signals(男女生育)
本月原始:
男女生育
P1:根据达尔文的理论,女性在养育后代方面付出比较大,因此男性在make pair方面付出就更多.然后解释这个理论,举例.
P2:但最近专家发现了不一样的模式,雄性在吸引异性的时候,会暗示雌性,它们有resouces可供养育后代,然后举例,最后说,即使没有resouce,也有某种给雌性的好处(有题,问最后一句话的作用,我选解释前面的假设)
考古:
达尔文进化论之sexual signals
文章主旨
提出并解释一个不同的新理论 (不确定,求补充)
二、段落大意P1. 动物中大部分都是female看家还是养孩子什么的,risk很小,而male在寻偶的过程 中承担了很大的风险.达尔文进化论说在配对上雌性一般发signal来吸引雄性,因为女虫子会很多精力哺育,所以男虫子对offspring必须给与更多 地关注(costly).一般都是雌虫给雄虫发信号,因为发信号的(母的)安全,risk很小,接收信号并寻找(公的)的危险,可能会暴露在捕食者监视下 (may expose to predator).
P2. 解释一种情况和该理论不符,某些species中这种现象反过来了,是male在某个点候着给雌性虫子发信号,吸引female过来.另外两个人做实验, 举了两个种类的生物都是雄性散发来吸引雌性,有的雄性虫子的给雌性虫子的发信号.male bee会散发费洛蒙(Pheromone)吸引female bee.一个叫G的专家解释说:这可能是因为当找食物和找雄性虫子同样危险时,女虫子就啥也不怕了.讲雄鸟一般如果要追雌鸟,就必须give something value to the female from a distance,比如告诉她们我这里有食物啊,或者能给你一些什么东西,保护你form predation啊(1. 食物源的信息2. 能保护雌性人身安全--- 告诉雌性predator的方位,以能保护雌性免受predator侵害),等等./讲了两位近代生物学家观点(重点),T和G,T的观点是male散发 费洛蒙是为了resource, G的观点是为了与female交换某种东西,为了交换,male可以利用费洛蒙知道某些predator,从而protect female(有题),同时文章提出研究还不能确定发信号的雄性虫子是否拥有食物,有待进一步证明.
题目
Q1. 有主旨题~
介绍一个理论
提出并解释一个不同的新理论
虫子的发信息的不同
作者试着去解释一个apparent exception of a general behavior parttern(本月730 V35狗主)
作者解释了一个和wildly believed theory相反的现象
Q2. 雄性散发的东西能吸引雌性为什么?
V1雄性散发的东西包含了一种信息说它具有对于雌性有value的东西,就是附加点好处,才会把雌性吸引过来.
V2"雄性发求爱信号一般都会附加点其它好处,比如告诉雌性敌人或者事物在哪里."
V3 我选的是有value的那个
Q3. G的观点是为了与female交换某种东西,为了交换,male可以利用费洛蒙知道某些predator,从而protect female(有题)
四、背景知识 (有狗主说:英文原文无太大相关性,不建议看) 说明:该文更多是讨论sexual signals adaption/evolution.abstract部分充分体现了JJ第一段的内容;
Signals used to attract mates are often conspicuous to predators and parasites, and their evolution via sexual selection is expected to be opposed by viability selection. Many secondary sexual traits may represent a compromise between attractiveness and avoidance of detection. Although such signal exploitation appears to be widespread, most examples come from species that use acoustic or olfactory mating signals, and relatively few cases of visual signal exploitation can be substantiated. Because males are usually the signaling sex, they are more at risk from predators or parasitoids that locate prey or hosts by sexual signals; this differential selection on the two sexes can affect the intensity of sexual selection on male ornamental traits. The notable exception to male signaling and female attraction occurs in pheromone-producing insects, particularly lepidopterans, which show an opposite pattern of female odor production. Exploitation of such sex pheromones is relatively rare. We discuss reasons for the reversal in sex roles in these species and its implications for signal exploitation. Changes in signals that appear to be adaptations to avoid predation include the use of different signal modalities, changes in signaling behavior, loss of signals, and alteration of signal characteristics such as pitch. Selection pressure from signal exploiters could lead to the production of a novel signal and thus facilitate speciation. Relatively little work has been done on adaptations on the part of the exploiting species, but such adaptations could indirectly influence the mating system of the predator or parasitoid. Signal exploitation is also expeded to be a fruitful source of examples of coevolution. Finally, plants emit attradants analogous to secondary sex characters in animals, and may also be vulnerable to signal exploitation.
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发表于 2016-11-23 00:51:26
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