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done nothing to improve the situation, because it was coupled with

a ban on receiving money for lectures and teaching engagements.

Pat:  No, the raise in salary really does improve the situation. Since very few

judges teach or give lectures, the ban will have little or no negative

effect.

Pat’s response to Mel is inadequate in that it

A.     attempts to assess how a certain change will affect potential members

of a group by providing evidence about its effect on the current members.

B.     mistakenly takes the cause of a certain change to be an effect of that change

C.     attempts to argue that a certain change will have a positive effect merely

by pointing to the absence of negative effects

D.     simply denies Mel’s claim without putting forward any evidence in support

of that denial

E.      assumes that changes that benefit the most able members of a group

necessarily benefit all members of that group.

这题我选C，对答案A很不解。

问题问的是Pat’s response to Mel is inadequate in that it

C说的是P为了论证此种政策改变的积极作用，仅仅指出这种政策变化没有消极影响。

换言之的推导模式是：change没有消极影响——即change有积极影响,这里就有个推理的陷阱！

所以选项C正好指出了P’s response inadequate

关于A看了很多讨论，觉得A的推导并不能指出inadequate，如果根据A的推理，从对现有人员的影响推出对将来人员的影响，是合理的推理过程，没有不充足的地方。

M： Raise the salary will not attract the best candidate to be the judges because the judges are forbidden to receive money for lecture and teaching engagement.

P： Since very few judges teach or gives lecture, the ban will have little or no negative effects.

我感觉P的问题在于样本时效性的问题，will比较明显的指出P认为现在的情况会延续至将来。也就是将来的judges也不会太热衷于teach or gives lecture.这个说法并无事实根据。也就是P反驳M不充分的地方。

A说P利用现在的情况（by its effect on the current members）来评价潜在的影响（affect potential members），正好指出了P话中的样本时效性的问题。

C说的正，负面影响都是指的a certain change，发出者是同一主体。但是P说的话中正面影响指的是a raise in salary， 而负面影响指的是the ban， 发出者不是同一主体。感觉可能应该是这里的错误。

我怎么觉得该选E，

Mel: The official salary for judges has always been too low to attract the best

Candidates to the job.提高工资的目的主要是在吸引最优秀的律师

所以如果最优秀的律师喜欢教课的话，那么说since very few judges teach or give lectures, the ban will have little or no negative effect.就不对，因为这个ban就不能吸引最优秀的律师，因为这一些few judges正是最优秀的律师

对于A：“since very few judges teach or give lectures”我把它看成一个一直持续的状态，即使将来有很多律师会去教书（按A说应该就会有很大影响），ban对目的的影响也不会继续扩大，因为ban已经很大的影响了优秀律师的决定；另外A的potential和current不能随便假设，你说律师会去赶教书的潮流，我还说律师会保持原来状态呢，所以这个A可以看做无关，ETS就是知道我们中国人会随便联想才出了这么个选项

对于C：PAT这个人并没有说“政策是积极的”只是说“the ban will have little or no negative effect.”

没有坏影响不一定就会有好影响吧

同意。我觉得这道题就是在考P说的样本的问题在哪里。

样本无非就是：1。样本是否有代表性（也就是说本题中P还有一个错误是P说的那一小部分人是否具有代表性）

                         2。样本时候有时效性（本题A考点）