文章的作者是Ida Blom，我猜想就是机经里面提到的那个B什么什么吧
Comparing nation states –Norway and Sweden
The political union betweenNorway and Sweden was a result of the Napoleonic wars and lasted until 1905when, after increasing problems with the viability of the union, the twocountries formed independent nation states.
Comparing Swedish andNorwegian nation building makes it obvious that the two forms of nationalismwere decisive for which groups were accepted as responsible members of thenation. The most conservative（保守的） and aggressive（好斗的，进取的） Swedishnationalists were against incorporating all men in the nation through generalsuffrage. For them, women’s right to vote was not even on the agenda. The Swedish Socialists saw general male suffrage as one oftheir important goals, but did not care much about women’s suffrage.
Norwegian nationalists, onthe contrary, whether they were conservative or liberal, for or against amilitary solution, had all accepted general malesuffrage around the turn of the century. Some of the liberals even worked forwomen’s suffrage.The Norwegian Socialists won general male suffrage in 1898 andwere positive to women’s suffrage, although male suffrage had been moreimportant also to them.
At the turn of the century Japan wascharacterised by conservative and aggressive nationalism. If we move to the1920s and the early 1930s, we do, however, find a short period when moderatelyliberal nationalism had the upper hand. It seems no surprise that during thatspan of years women had better opportunities than before. Yet it was a short periodthat was silhouetted against the general impression of authoritarian Japaneseregimes. The fact that from 1890 to 1945 Japanese women were legally prohibitedfrom taking part in party politics, confirms the correlation betweenconservative nationalism and a negative attitude to feminist politics that wefound in Sweden.
Indian nationalists put forth the argumentthat women had a special role as guardians of the old Hindu traditions, soimportant to the national movement. The ‘swadeshi’ movement, expressing its criticismof British sovereignty just after the turn of the century through boycott ofBritish goods, recruited many women who worked hard to give priority to Indianproducts by organising meetings and boycott activities. If we move into theinterwar years, Gandhi’s ideas of femininity are easily translated into thedifference strategy. Women should take part in the national struggle, butpreferably in other ways than men. They were not welcome in the public protestmarches, but all the more welcomed when they were seen busily producing Indiancotton cloth and wearing Indian costumes. Gandhi saw the goddess Sita, thefaithful, se1f-sacrificing wife, as the ideal woman. He also found womenespecially well prepared for ‘satyagraha’, that is, nonviolent resistance.
In India, women’s organisations such as theAll India Muslim Women’s Conference and the Women’s Indian Association, formedin 1914 and 1917 respectively, may be seen as examples of the equal rightsstrategy. The support given to limited women’s suffrage in some Indianprovinces in the 1920s and for all India in 1935, as well as women’s activeparticipation in Gandhi’s civil disobedience strategies, may testify to theexistence of equal rights strategies in the formation of the Indian nation. Sowould the fact that – although Gandhi disapproved – many women took part in thebig salt march of 1930 after Gandhi was arrested.
MacLachlan and his colleagues contend thatpeople prefer speech thatis somewhat faster than normal speed, and that this prompts them to elaborate more on theadvertising message. While they provide data that are consistent with thisconclusion, attempts at replication have not provided support.
Moore et al. offer analternative thesis, suggesting that time compression interferes with the listener’s opportunity andmotivation to elaborate on the ad. They argue that accelerating speech not only curtailsprocessing time, it also serves as a cue that processing will be difficult.Drawing on the Elaboration Likelihood Model，they argue that when speech rate is faster than normal, consumers willtend to process the substance of the ad less and focus instead on peripheral（次要的） cues such as thelikeability of the announcer’s voice. Empirical findings provide support for thisprediction.Unfortunately, their methodology does not enable them to determine whether thisis the result of reduced opportunity to process, reduced motivation to process,or both. | 
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发表于 2012-12-20 19:47:54
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