prep的定理讨论与思考

一道语法分析

这是一道ｇｗｄ的逻辑题目，大家看看他的语法和Ｐｒｅｐ很违背，这不经让我觉得ｐｒｅｐ说的可能太绝对了　

Driving the steep road to the mountaintop Inca ruins of Machu Picchu is potentially dangerous and hiking there is difficult. Now the Peruvian government is installing a cable car that will make access much easier, and hence results in a large increase in tourisms.

１记得ｐｒｅｐ２例说过，一个句子不能出现多个主语和多个相对应的谓语，当时它距的例子是ａ　ｄａｎｃｅｄ　ａｎｄ　ｂ　ｓｉｎｇｓ是不可以的。　可是看看第一句，明明就是两个主语和两个谓语

２．大家再来分析第二个ｈｅｎｃｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｉｎ　这个应该是修饰ａ　ｃａｂｌｅ　ｃａｒ　的，　可是他却用逗号隔开，ｐｒｅｐ说过同一个主语承接两个动作应该在一起，否则属于另一层面。　可是这个地方却分开了。不过我还是觉得并列的好，大家觉得呢？

我想先在很多人觉得语法很难，可能是对ｐｒｅｐ说的一些定理比较坚持，一直考试的时候不知道到底谁对是错。

一．现在分词

            

1）现在分词作状语：

            

        现在分词位于句末或句首，前后有“，”将其与主句隔开，则现在分词优先做主句谓语的伴随状语，伴随动作方式，动作本身以及动作结果。一般不倾向于用现在分词
        短语前后加“，”放在句子中间作状语的用法。（lstzhang：分词不是放在头部，就是放在尾部，不要放在中间。如果现在分词位于一个从句中的开头部
        分，现在分词短语也可以作分句的状语。）

            

        如果现在分词前有介词或连词引导，如after, while, by等，则现在分词作状语。

            

▲现在分词作状语放在句末，按照接近性原则，应优先修饰靠近它的谓语，这个谓语可能不是主句的谓语。同理，按照接近性原则，伴随状语修饰谓语，放在句末会比较接近谓语，而放在句首，中间隔着主语去修饰谓语，离得远，不好。

            

        补充材料124　Alaska regularly deposits some of
its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to
sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.

fund, with
the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil
reserves.

(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are
exhausted.

(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil
reserves.

D项中，after
exhausting 这个现在分词短语从语法上讲就应该修饰sustain这个动作，从而造成逻辑主语的错误。所以不选。

            

▲分词放在句首，暗示着这个动作发生在谓语动作之前，先有分词的动作，再有谓语的动作。前后脚关系。

            

        这里考的是过去分词与现在分词并列作定语修饰前面名词的法，因为已经有了过去分词在前，避免了与其并列的现在分词作状语的可能。

            

2）现在分词作定语：如果现在分词前面没有“，”现在分词优先作定语修饰前面的名词。

            

        特例：补充材料335　The growth of he railroads led to
the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached
the observer’s meridian and differing from city to city, and to the
establishment of regional times.

(C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and
differing

(D) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differed

(E) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing

            

A．现在分词作定语表示长期，反复的动作，表示该动作是名词永久属性，常用来表示法令或权力的内容。与定语从句表示的具体，一次性动作有意义上的区别。

B．如果定语从句带有情态动词，或者定语从句表示的时态与现在分词不一致时，现在分词不能取代定语从句作定语。

            

        二．过去分词

            

        过去分词位于句首，修饰主语。

        位于句中或句尾，优先作定语修饰前面的名词；

        过去分词位于句尾，如果紧接着谓语，则过去分词也可作状语，需要根据具体情况从逻辑上判断。

LZMP123NO.37 Traveling the back roads of Hungary,
in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in
ethnomusicology, and they were armed only with an Edison
phonogrph and insatiable curiosity.

(C) in 1905, Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in
ethnomusicology, traveling the back roads of Hungary armed only

(D) having traveled the back roads of Hungary ,in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zooltan
Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology; they were only armed

            

        补充材料17,21, 65，208，

            

        三．介词短语：

介词短语应紧跟被修饰对象

        在GMAT语法中，对于介词短语的考点主要就是介词短语的位置，介词短语的位置不同，其修饰对象也不同，其作状语或定语的语法功能也不同。

            1）位于句首，修饰主语或作全句状语；

2）位于句尾或句中，则要看它前面的词是名词还是谓语，是名词则优先作定语，是谓语则优先作状语。作状语时，介词短语的位置一定要离谓语比较近，具体情况还要根据逻辑意思分析。

            

        例题：补充材料144

The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly
mandate, was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without
any permission, on pain of death.

(C) which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission,

(D) which, without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could only enter,

“without+名词”这一介词短语紧跟谓语，则作状语表条件（意为“如果没有”），修饰谓语。

            

        例题：（来源　Kaplan语法小测验）

2. The principal has sought approval for her plan to grant promotions to only
those seven-grade students proficient in reading without meeting with
opposition.

(C) reading, without the opposition of others

            (D) reading, and has not met with opposition

“without＋the
opposition of others” 短语如果作状语，远离所要修饰的谓语，作状语或作定语作用不明，不好。

            

        补充材料124　Alaska regularly deposits some of
its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to
sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.

(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the
exhaustion of its oil reserves.

(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are
exhausted.

intended作定语，修饰fund。

        逻辑主语也是fund。

谢谢bz,这些资料我从来没有发现过

我说的语法定理是prep的注释详解。

我估计bz可能没有看过prep2的注释，这是2007年 11月 cdnn  遥远的绿洲出版的

逻辑就是逻辑，语法就是语法

不建议研究逻辑题中的语法问题

misleading

赫赫

而且千万不要按照自己已有的某些语法规则轻易的排除某一选项，要多看几眼