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Legislation has been proposed that would allow herbal treatment manufacturers to use in their advertisements customers’ claims that this treatment effectively combat certain diseases. Such advertisements would be permitted only for products that have long been in common use with no record of harm, even when used in high doses. The proposal’s backers reason that this criterion should ensure that such advertisement do no harm even if they lead people to take ineffective treatments, for if the products are safe when taken regularly in large doses, they should remain safe at smaller or equal doses. Which of the following would, if true, most undermine the reasoning of the proposal’s backers? A Most people who believe that herbal treatments are medicinally efficacious base their belief on rumors and folklore. B The active ingredients in many orthodox medicines are extracted from herbs. C If people are told that herbal treatments have health benefits, they may buy greater quantities of them. D Most people who are taking a particular treatment for health problem generally will not at the same time try other treatments that may be more effective. E If herbal treatments are widely believed to have benefits, then the prices of these products will increase.
For several reasons, it can be concluded that, as compared with the promise of reward, the threat of punishment is a poorer means of motivating desired behavior. One reason is that people, and animals as well, exercise considerable ingenuity in avoiding punishment while continuing to engage in behavior subject to punishment. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence offered? (A) Punishment tends not to be effective unless it is applied consistently over a sufficient period of time for learning to occur. (B) People, in contrast to animals, tend to be able to learn desired ways of behaving by observing punishments being meted out to others. (C) The severity of punishment and magnitude of reward that are effective in producing desired behavior depend on the individual who is to be punished or rewarded. (D) Often people and animals cheat to obtain rewards without engaging in the behavior for which the rewards are offered. (E) Not all people find the same sorts of promised rewards attractive and worth striving for.
参考答案：DD
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发表于 2021-10-22 22:34:00
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