The communal life of social wasps, during the summer, is not unlike that of the hive-bee. In each nest we find one fertile female — the foundress of the colony, and a dally
The disappearance of subordinate foundresses in paper wasps: eviction by nestmates or reproductive strategy.
If relativedominance reflects relative reproductivecapacity as suggested above, dominancerank would also be expected to decreasewith order of joining. This was the case in a large (seven-foundress)association whose history was followedfor 5 weeks: a linear hierarchyformed in which the nest initiator wasthe top-ranking female, and subordinatesranked two to seven in the order oftheir joining the association.
Williamspoints out that even in animals naturallliving in groups a dominance hierarchyis usually not a "functional" (directlyselected for) organization, but is"the statistical consequence of a compromisemade by each individual in itscompetition for food, mates, and otherresources. Each compromise is adaptivebut not the statistical summation"(4. p. 218). However, a hierarchy couldbecomiie adaptive in sibling associationslike those of Polistes, where selectionmight set the amount of dominance differentialsufficient to cause advantageoussubordination in place of continued conflict or flight.
AbstractOrganisms use signals of quality to communicate information about aspects of their relative phenotypic and genetic constitution1,2,3,4. Badges of status5,6,7 are a subset of signals of quality that reveal information about an individual's size and dominance. In general, signals of quality require high and differential costs to remain honest1,2(that is, prevent low-quality cheaters from exploiting any fitness benefits associated with communicating high quality). The theoretically required costs for badges of status remain controversial because the development (or ‘production’) of such signals often seems to be relatively cost-free5,6,8. One important hypothesis is that such signals impose social (or ‘maintenance’) costs incurred through repeated agonistic interactions with other individuals9,10,11,12. However, convincing empirical evidence for social costs remains elusive6,7. Here we report social costs in a previously undescribed badge of status: the highly variable black facial patterns of female paper wasps, Polistes dominulus. Facial patterns strongly predict body size and social dominance. Moreover, in staged contests between pairs of unfamiliar wasps, subordinate wasps with experimentally altered facial features (‘cheaters’) received considerably more aggression from the dominant than did sham controls, indicating that facial patterns are signals and that dishonest signalling imposes social costs.
sham (adj) = only pretending to be real; false
Polistes dominulus Dominance is a key feature in the lives of these common eusocial insects14. After overwintering, newly emerged queens found new colonies, often co-operatively with other co-foundresses15. Foundresses fight vigorously to establish dominance rank because dominance determines the amount of reproduction each foundress secures14. Dominance probably has an important role in settling conflict in many other contexts including the order of queen succession, division of labour, sharing of food and the probability of becoming a future queen. Among insects, these paper wasps are good candidates to evolve visually based badges of status because they are visually acute, diurnal, open living and highly social.
共(40)行 是說一種蜂(paper wasp)，其社會階級與會不會被趕走有無關聯
第一段說
蜂的社會裏是有社會階級的，從最高的蜂后接下來是第二高階的雌蜂 subordinate，然後是第三、第四….到最低的工蜂(越高的長的越大隻)。 然後是舊觀點出現，說在這個蜂巢發展到一定程度後，第二階以下的蜂會因為『功高震主』。有趣是出走的順序還是依照第二然後是第三依此排序來離開的。還說離開時，蜂巢裏會有排擠，爭吵的情型出現。
第二段開始找了個人來說個新觀點反對舊觀點。 這個人說，根據新的觀察，發現其實在高位蜂出走前，蜂巢內並沒有說會發生特別高頻的爭吵。還說，其實高位蜂出走不是因為功高震主，其實是因為，高位蜂們看到蜂巢內的資源不足，蜂數也太多了，才是出走的主要原因。 還說，高位蜂在出走後一旦到別人的地盤時，反而會進行篡位，把原來的蜂后拉下來。
題目:
一．主題題
二．問說下列中那項是後來那個唱反調的人會支持的選項? 我選了，高位蜂會到別人家去撒野，奪權!!
3．以下选项那个最能反对旧观点：我选的是：证据证明，越低级的工蜂与蜂后发生矛盾越多。
还有Wasp那篇，但是题目完全不同，而且文章内容不知是不是有变化，我看到的文章感觉第二段的实验想证明：wasp能记住同colony里的敌我势力，第三段的实验是证明：能记住别的colony的wasp。
第一段讲科学家以前觉得ANT, WASP对它们和同伴的接触是没有记忆的.但两个科学家做实验推翻了这个结论.说WASP对和同伴的接触是有记忆的.
第二段说 paper wasp 每个colony里有若干个queen, 它们互相经常打架，不管输赢的都能从中获益，具体不记得了（没考），并且分清敌我势力。后面就是说怎么做实验得出有记忆的结论的。
第三段继续做实验，说到前面是个preliminary experiment, 对于机经后半部分的补充是，实验的最后一步是说把他们分开养育，过段时间再放在一起，他们不打架了，但是再放入别的群里的没见过面的queen，又打起来。
1、问作者说到每个colony有好几个queen，是为了？两个迷惑选项分别是：为了让读者理解为什么同一colony的会打架；为了对作者关于wasp有记忆的解释提供支持。
2、主旨题，注意看文章结构
有个阅读是讲的黄蜂，考察为什么黄蜂的次母体，就是除了Queen之外也生小孩的那些母黄蜂为什么会消失，对比了两种解释，有in order to的题目。
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发表于 2018-2-4 22:12:10
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发表于 2018-2-5 14:49:55
