【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-7】

Elisha728

7'48''
DBBEE

Elisha728

36, Traveler:  Southern Airways has a far worse safety record than Air Dacentaria over the past few years, in terms of both the frequency of accidents and the severity of accidents.  Therefore, although Air Dacentaria is slightly more expensive, I will choose it over Southern Airways for my flight from Pederton to Dacenta, since it is worth paying extra to have a safer flight.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the traveler's argument?
(A) Air Dacentaria's flight from Pederton to Dacenta is nonstop, whereas Southern Airways' flight touches down in Gorinda on the way. irrelevant
(B) Most Southern Airways flights, but not its flight from Pederton to Dacenta, use Sarmouth airport, which because of its mountainous location is one of the world's most dangerous.-Correct answer, the rout from Pederton to Dacenta may be safter if the traveler go Southern Airways than go Air Dacentaria.
Though it does not cast doubt that much but it cast the most doubt compared with other options
(C) For its flights from Pederton to Dacenta, Southern Airways uses a different model of airplane, with a smaller capacity, than the model Air Dacentaria uses for its flights on the same route. irrelevant
(D) Only in the last few years has the cost of flying from Pederton to Dacenta been more expensive on Air Dacentaria than on Southern Airways. irrelevant
(E) Although the frequency of accidents is greater on Southern Airways, on both airlines the proportion of flights that have accidents is very small.
But maybe Southern Airways has more flights and thus more accidents. so this option does not hurt the argument

lyrsilvia

A BBEB
1. 20'
P:  In an experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods.
C: galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods.
SUPPORT: it is galanin that causes rats to crave. but not fatty foods cause galanin
答案：A
(A) The craving for fatty foods does not invariably result in a rat’s choosing those foods over lean foods.-------------CORRECT. means craving fatty foods does not cause more choose for fatty food. this answer is more like an assumption
(B) The brains of the rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods did not contain significantly more fat than did the brains of rats that consistently chose lean foods.-----------the fat contain is not discussed
(C) The chemical components of galanin are present in both fatty foods and lean foods.-------where the chemical components present does not affect galanin's effectiveness
(D) The rats that preferred fatty foods had the higher concentrations of galanin in their brains before they were offered fatty foods.--------clearly weaken.CORRECT
(E) Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do other rats develop high concentrations of galanin in their brains.-------------nothing about the rats that metabolize fat less efficiently is discussed
===============================================================
D clearly states that fatty foods cannot be the cause of the higher concentration of galanin.
A states that "consistently chose" to describe the choices of the rats, an answer stating that rats did not "invariably" choose fatty foods has no effect on the argument.注意A中的 not invariably【不总是】，这里就算是太模糊不绝对的，所以无法排除因果前后
分析出方向是causal-effect但是细节没有关注到。D项判断错误，逻辑链还不完善。
===============================================================
2. 23'
P: demand for hotel rooms in Cenopolis has increased significantly, as has the average price Cenopolis hotels charge for rooms.
C: convert several unoccupied office buildings it owns in Cenopolis into hotels in order to maximize its revenues from these properties.
EVALUATE: does this office buildings will generate profits more than hotels?
答案：B
(A) Whether the population of Cenopolis is expected to grow in the next several years---------------the population in C is not the matter.
(B) Whether demand for office space in Cenopolis is projected to increase in the near future-----------CORRECT. means the transform is unsuitable
(C) Whether the increased demand for hotel rooms, if met, is likely to lead to an increase in the demand for other travel-related services------------other travel-related services are what? irrelevant
(D) Whether demand for hotel rooms has also increased in other cities where Centennial owns office buildings-----------the increase in other cities is irrelevant
(E) Whether, on average, hotels that have been created by converting office buildings have fewer guest rooms than do hotels that were built as hotels---------------the comparison between converted rooms and the hotel rooms is irrelevant. we must focus on whether this converting is reasonable

3. 26'
P: demand high, more money is spent at the factory for safety
c: the average number of on-the-job accidents per employee each month should be lower during periods when demand is high than when demand is low and less money is available for safety precautions and machinery maintenance.
DOUBT: spent more≠safer
答案：B
(A) Its employees ask for higher wages than they do at other times.--------------wages are not discussed
(B) Its management hires new workers but lacks the time to train them properly.----------CORRECT.means more likely for new accidents
(C) Its employees are less likely to lose their jobs than they are at other times.-------------whether lose job or not is irrelevant
(D) Its management sponsors a monthly safety award for each division in the factory.-----------safety award=safer? irrelevant
(E) Its old machinery is replaced with modern, automated models.-----------modern automated models=safer? no information

4. 32'
P: physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient
C:  inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common; advertising will not do harm
EVALUATE: physicians will not give in
答案：E
(A) Whether advertising for prescription medications might alert patients to the existence of effective treatments for minor ailments that they had previously thought to be untreatable.------------nothing about physician. alert the existence is no affect the prescribe
(B) Whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised--------------ask≠physician will give in, still can avoid inappropriate
(C) Whether the proposed law requires prescription-medication advertisements directed to the general public to provide the same information as do advertisements directed to physicians-------------what the law requires is not the reason
(D) Whether advertisements for prescription medications are currently an important source of information about newly available medications for physicians-----------information for physicians does not affect their appropriate prescription
(E) Whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desired----------CORRECT. clearly state the disadvantages of advertisement.

5. 16'
P: Southern Airways has a far worse safety record than Air Dacentaria over the past few years
C: although Air Dacentaria is slightly more expensive, I will choose it over Southern Airways for my flight from Pederton to Dacenta, since it is worth paying extra to have a safer flight.
DOUBT: worse safety record is caused by other factor but not the flight
答案：B
(A) Air Dacentaria's flight from Pederton to Dacenta is nonstop, whereas Southern Airways' flight touches down in Gorinda on the way.-------------nonstop or not is irrelevant with the safe
(B) Most Southern Airways flights, but not its flight from Pederton to Dacenta, use Sarmouth airport, which because of its mountainous location is one of the world's most dangerous.-------------CORRECT. means P to D will be safer in SA
(C) For its flights from Pederton to Dacenta, Southern Airways uses a different model of airplane, with a smaller capacity, than the model Air Dacentaria uses for its flights on the same route.--------smaller capacity=safer? no information tells us that.
(D) Only in the last few years has the cost of flying from Pederton to Dacenta been more expensive on Air Dacentaria than on Southern Airways.--------------cost is not the consideration
(E) Although the frequency of accidents is greater on Southern Airways, on both airlines the proportion of flights that have accidents is very small.------------still state SA is not safer.

jessie92730

【offer大冒险】2-7
精练
BG: Galanin is a protein found in the brain
P: Rats chose fatty foods have higher galanin than rats chose lean
C: galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods
加强
猜测答案：排除他因
答案：D 排除了前提结论颠倒的可能

逻辑链
BBEB

stellagee

加强
P: 选择吃肥肉的老鼠脑中的G比吃瘦肉的老鼠多
C：G导致老鼠渴望肥肉
猜测：吃肥肉不会让G增加
(D) The rats that preferred fatty foods had the
higher concentrations of galanin in their
brains before they were offered fatty foods. 加强

w.melhere

做错两道... ><
1. 1‘33
在D和E之间犹豫。没有意识到D可以加强...
The answer D strengthens the argument by eliminating the possibility that the stated causal relationship is reversed. 这是对因果关系的加强。虽然不能作为exclusive的答案，但也在一定程度上加强了。
E：选这个...我真是想太多了...

2. 1’23
3.1‘29
4.1’57
5.1‘33 错啦。根本没想到B是怎么削弱原文的。
首先，要削弱，只要说明from P to D is more safety or same expensive in SA.
B：说明了SA比AD在其他航线更危险的原因，但这一原因并不包括PD的航线。
E：尽管比例很小，但也许很严重或者基数很大。并且，这个选项没有说明SA和AD的差别。无法为选择哪一个提供信息。

天天都这样错...退下了...明天再来努力...

苏错

[精练]
background： Galanin is a protein found in the brain.
permise:chose fatty foods to eat>  chose lean
conclusion:galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods.
support-加强二者联系或者无法反向因果
A.weaken
B.weaken
C.facts
D.correct
E.weaken
[逻辑链]
1.demand increased  convert office to hotels to maximize revenues
evaluate
E(B E比较对象不对)
2.demand high  more spent at the factoty
so numbers should be lower
weaken
B
3.law allow advertising  opponents lacks knowledge
evaluate
E
4.worse safety --more expensive still choose
B

irenetopia

02：18
4. Galanin is a protein found in the brain. In an
experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty
foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty
foods were found to have significantly higher
concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats
that consistently chose lean over fatty foods. These
facts strongly support the conclusion that galanin
causes rats to crave fatty foods.
Which one of the following, if true, most supports the
argument?
Logic：G in the brain ; the rats prefer the fatty food has higher G in brain
G lead this causes
Support: whether G is higher after rats touch the food?
(A) The craving for fatty foods does not invariably
result in a rat’s choosing those foods over
lean foods.——weaken
(B) The brains of the rats that consistently chose to
eat fatty foods did not contain significantly
more fat than did the brains of rats that
consistently chose lean foods.——weaken
(C) The chemical components of galanin are
present in both fatty foods and lean foods.——irrelevant
(D) The rats that preferred fatty foods had the
higher concentrations of galanin in their
brains before they were offered fatty foods.——bingo！
(E) Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do
other rats develop high concentrations of
galanin in their brains.——irrelevant

【逻辑链】
33.21S
Over the last five years, demand for hotel rooms in Cenopolis has increased significantly, as has the average price Cenopolis hotels charge for rooms.  These trends are projected to continue for the next several years.  In response to this economic forecast, Centennial Commercial, a real estate developer, is considering a plan to convert several unoccupied office buildings it owns in Cenopolis into hotels in order to maximize its revenues from these properties.
Which of the following would it be most useful for Centennial Commercial to know in evaluating the plan it is considering?
Logic：demand of room increased；CC is considering to place its office to hotel
Evaluate: whether the demand of office is also increase?
(A) Whether the population of Cenopolis is expected to grow in the next several years——irrelevant
(B) Whether demand for office space in Cenopolis is projected to increase in the near future
(C) Whether the increased demand for hotel rooms, if met, is likely to lead to an increase in the demand for other travel-related services——bingo！
(D) Whether demand for hotel rooms has also increased in other cities where Centennial owns office buildings——irrelevant
(E) Whether, on average, hotels that have been created by converting office buildings have fewer guest rooms than do hotels that were built as hotels——irrelevant
34.41S
When demand for a factory's products is high, more money is spent at the factory for safety precautions and machinery maintenance than when demand is low.  Thus the average number of on-the-job accidents per employee each month should be lower during periods when demand is high than when demand is low and less money is available for safety precautions and machinery maintenance.
Which of the following, if true about a factory when demand for its products is high, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
Logic：demand high；invest larger； workers more safety
Weaken: worker s are still not safety
(A) Its employees ask for higher wages than they do at other times.——irrelevant
(B) Its management hires new workers but lacks the time to train them properly.——bingo！
(C) Its employees are less likely to lose their jobs than they are at other times.——irrelevant
(D) Its management sponsors a monthly safety award for each division in the factory.——support
(E) Its old machinery is replaced with modern, automated models.——irrelevant
35.1：29
It is illegal to advertise prescription medications in Hedland except directly to physicians, either by mail or in medical journals.  A proposed law would allow general advertising of prescription medications.  Opponents object that the general population lacks the specialized knowledge to evaluate such advertisements and might ask their physicians for inappropriate medications.  But since physicians have the final say as to whether to prescribe a medication for a patient, inappropriate prescriptions would not become more common.
Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?
Logic:  PM is allowed appears on tv
Someone said it may no use because patient do not know about it
But patient may always ask doctors
So it is safe
Assumption: whether patient insist the inappropriate medicine
(A) Whether advertising for prescription medications might alert patients to the existence of effective treatments for minor ailments that they had previously thought to be untreatable——irrelevant
(B) Whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised——irrelevant
(C) Whether the proposed law requires prescription-medication advertisements directed to the general public to provide the same information as do advertisements directed to physicians——irrelevant
(D) Whether advertisements for prescription medications are currently an important source of information about newly available medications for physicians——irrelevant
(E) Whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desired——bingo
36.1：32
Traveler:  Southern Airways has a far worse safety record than Air Dacentaria over the past few years, in terms of both the frequency of accidents and the severity of accidents.  Therefore, although Air Dacentaria is slightly more expensive, I will choose it over Southern Airways for my flight from Pederton to Dacenta, since it is worth paying extra to have a safer flight.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the traveler's argument?
Logic：S has worse safety than D
So choose D is ok
Weaken: S is not safe is not due to itself

(A) Air Dacentaria's flight from Pederton to Dacenta is nonstop, whereas Southern Airways' flight touches down in Gorinda on the way.——support
(B) Most Southern Airways flights, but not its flight from Pederton to Dacenta, use Sarmouth airport, which because of its mountainous location is one of the world's most dangerous.——bingo！
(C) For its flights from Pederton to Dacenta, Southern Airways uses a different model of airplane, with a smaller capacity, than the model Air Dacentaria uses for its flights on the same route.——support
(D) Only in the last few years has the cost of flying from Pederton to Dacenta been more expensive on Air Dacentaria than on Southern Airways.——irrelevant
(E) Although the frequency of accidents is greater on Southern Airways, on both airlines the proportion of flights that have accidents is very small.——irrelevant

cyndichiang

精炼 1‘48’‘
premise:rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods.
conclusion: galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods
Q:support
prephrase: conclusion--------------------------->evidence
      high concentration of G in brain-------------------------->carving fatty food
有因有果或无因无果的例证，排除它因或者说因果不倒置但是文章只说了两者仅有relationship 但没说是causal relationship

(A) The craving for fatty foods does not invariably
result in a rat’s choosing those foods over
lean foods.-------opposite; this statement will hurt the argument for the possibility that rats will not choose the fatty food.Irelevant;,since the author uses the phrase “consistently chose” to
describe the choices of the rats, an answer stating that rats did not “invariably” choose fatty foods has no
effect on the argument.该选项直接反对了文章中的事实，但对文章的推理过程没有作用
(B) The brains of the rats that consistently chose to
eat fatty foods did not contain significantly
more fat than did the brains of rats that
consistently chose lean foods.-------irrelevant;the argument does not infer anything about the fat in brain
(C) The chemical components of galanin are
present in both fatty foods and lean foods.------irrelevant; the argument concerns about the influence of G in brain,not  about G in the food. maybe G in brain has no effect on the preference but the G in food does
(D) The rats that preferred fatty foods had the
higher concentrations of galanin in their
brains before they were offered fatty foods.-------------correct ,this means that the G causes the crave ,not the fatty food cause the high concentration of G in brain
(E) Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do
other rats develop high concentrations of
galanin in their brains.------opposite; this will hurt the argument; since the rats metabolize fat less efficiently,they develop high concentration of G in brains

cencen1992

精炼：33‘
Promise: chose fatty food=>Gal >chose the other food   
conclusion: Gal=>想要吃fatty food  
support：
因果联系  只需要建立因果联系即可 ！  
正确答案：D      ABC明显无关    E选项有点驳斥意味   

逻辑链：
1. 52’
C地方趋势：酒店房间需求量增长+酒店平均房价增长 over next several years  
措施：convert unoccupied office buildings into hotel
目的：增长收入from these real estate
评价  
可能入手点：unoccupied office buidings
Which of the following would it be most useful for Centennial Commercial to know in evaluating the plan it is considering?
(A) Whether the population of Cenopolis is expected to grow in the next several years（无关）
(B) Whether demand for office space in Cenopolis is projected to increase in the near future（留着）
(C) Whether the increased demand for hotel rooms, if met, is likely to lead to an increase in the demand for other travel-related services （无关）
(D) Whether demand for hotel rooms has also increased in other cities where Centennial owns office buildings（无关）
(E) Whether, on average, hotels that have been created by converting office buildings have fewer guest rooms than do hotels that were built as hotels（无关）
选B   如果yeas 无法增加收入 如果NO，可以支持

2. demand高=》在precaution+machine miantenence 收入钱多
   =》事故数量/emploee/month low + less money avalible
weaken  
攻击漏洞：花钱多就能导致事故数量变少？？  

(A) Its employees ask for higher wages than they do at other times.
(B) Its management hires new workers but lacks the time to train them properly.（正确）事故变多的可能性增加
(C) Its employees are less likely to lose their jobs than they are at other times.
(D) Its management sponsors a monthly safety award for each division in the factory.
(E) Its old machinery is replaced with modern, automated models.

3. 46‘
law: allow ad. about prescription medicine
oppoments: patients lack knowledge and would ask doctor
conclusion: because 医生有final say，所以不正当使用药品不会太常见   
预测：final say=正当使用？  
（A) Whether advertising for prescription medications might alert patients to the existence of effective treatments for minor ailments that they had previously thought to be untreatable（无关）
(B) Whether some people might go to a physician for no reason other than to ask for a particular medication they have seen advertised（无关）
(C) Whether the proposed law requires prescription-medication advertisements directed to the general public to provide the same information as do advertisements directed to physicians（无管）
(D) Whether advertisements for prescription medications are currently an important source of information about newly available medications for physicians （无关）
(E) Whether physicians would give in to a patient's demand for a prescription medication chosen by the patient when the one originally prescribed by the physician fails to perform as desired （相关）
E

4. 36’
SA相比较于AD来说不安全：表现在事故发生频率+事故发生严重性   
P---D  choose AD  因为： 虽然多花一些钱，但是worth it   
给了overall information，but specific example
给了具体的的飞行路线，那么此飞行路线会不会是一个特例呢？   

A) Air Dacentaria's flight from Pederton to Dacenta is nonstop, whereas Southern Airways' flight touches down in Gorinda on the way. （无关）
(B) Most Southern Airways flights, but not its flight from Pederton to Dacenta, use Sarmouth airport, which because of its mountainous location is one of the world's most dangerous.
(C) For its flights from Pederton to Dacenta, Southern Airways uses a different model of airplane, with a smaller capacity, than the model Air Dacentaria uses for its flights on the same route.（无关）
(D) Only in the last few years has the cost of flying from Pederton to Dacenta been more expensive on Air Dacentaria than on Southern Airways.（无关）
(E) Although the frequency of accidents is greater on Southern Airways, on both airlines the proportion of flights that have accidents is very small. （无关）
B 讨论了安全性的问题   大多数飞机都是用了一个比较危险的机场，但是PD路线没有用 是个特例！！