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我觉得答案是C
果因推理找削弱
前提(果):on the annual cognitive tests given to Amarelti's first-graders in each of last ten years, nearly 25% of the students scoring in the top fifth of the class, but only about 2% of those scoring in the bottom fifth, were born in November. Because pregnancy lasts nine months, only the mothers of children born in November would not have fasted during the entire pregancies
结论(因): the ritual fasting must have detrimental effects on developing babies
C说Each school grade in Amaretti is composed of students born between NOV 1 of a certain year and Oct 31 of the following year
这些娃是当年2月到下一年3月出生的,只有当年9月和10月出生的娃其母在怀孕期间经历了禁食,在剩下的12个月出生的娃其母都没有经历过禁食,无法解释为什么只有11月出生的娃cognitive tests成绩特别好(同样条件不同结果)。一定是有其他原因导致了这种差异化的表现,而这个原因才是11月出生的娃cognitive tests成绩优异的root cause。
逻辑角度解释:
果--->因
逆否等价:
非因--->非果
如果
因---->非果 为真
则证明“因” "果"关系不存在,一定有其他“因”导致“果”
C中在剩下的12个月出生的娃其母都没有经历过禁食,也就是有“没有禁食”这个共“因”,但cognitive tests的成绩差距很大,也就是“非果”。C就是因---->非果的削弱。 |
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