OG42,以前的不明白

LISAYUAN750616

.关于257，

Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits."
据文中上面这句话推出，当零配件本身是商品的话，backward integration 几乎促进了的利润。

如果这样，不等同于B选项说的增加了零配件销售的利润呢？如果不是这样理解，那么应该怎样理解呢，

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration (backward integration: 后向合并)) and buying from independent producers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for (capacity for: ...的能力) innovative product development.
后项一体化的会带来短期收获, 但是约束公司的长期发展

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizes overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company—for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.
后项一体化的好处和对高科技公司的约束:导致技术落后

A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.
具体阐述对高科技公司的约束的原因和提出一个解决方法: 长期合同

However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.
进一步指出取消后项一体化可能带来的问题: 供应商的利润过低,威胁供应商的生存, 所以公司不得不买下供应商一保护其生存,才能保证自己的供应来源

257. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:
Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizes overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.

(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses=centralize overhead

(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components

(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations

(D) reliability of a source of necessary components 第四段（B）

(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts