OG 13 RC#18 In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political Role of Women, the

GiannaWEN

确实，看英文不需要翻译。可以自从上次，动手了后，发现，原来有点小细节，不翻译就跳过了。诚然，不畏惧其实挺好的，Stacy曾说要习惯自己有单词或句子读不懂，也不要卡壳得继续读下去。但在备考阶段，还是有必要抠抠细节的，夯实基础嘛！分享给大家！请指正！

In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The
Political Role of Women, the first behavioralist,
multinational comparison of women’s electoral
participation ever to use election data and survey
data together. His study analyzed women’s patterns
of voting, political candidacy, and political activism
in four European countries during the first half of
the twentieth century. Duverger’s research findings
were that women voted somewhat less frequently
than men (the difference narrowing the longer
women had the vote) and were slightly more
conservative.

Duverger’s work set an early standard for the
sensitive analysis of women’s electoral activities.
Moreover, to Duverger’s credit, he placed his
findings in the context of many of the historical
processes that had shaped these activities.
However, since these contexts have changed
over time, Duverger’s approach has proved more
durable than his actual findings. In addition,
Duverger’s discussion of his findings was hampered
by his failure to consider certain specific factors
important to women’s electoral participation
at the time he collected his data: the influence
of political regimes, the effects of economic
factors, and the ramifications of political and
social relations between women and men. Given
this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the
enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach
to the multinational study of women’s political
participation.

1955年，MD发表了《女性的政治地位》，第一本行为主义政治学著作，首次结合选举和调研数据来对比多国女性的选举参与度。他的研究分析了20世界上半叶欧洲四国女性的投票模式，政治候选人资格，和政治活跃度。D的研究发现，女性投票参与频率一定程度要比男性低（女性参与投票越长，差异越小），并且较保守。（注意，这里的保守指的是主语女性。根据研究话题是electoral participation， 可以看出这个保守是指女性在选举方面的表现, 不涉及政治观点，即#91的C，当然C还有更多别的错误）

D的工作为灵敏的分析女性选举活动设立了最初标准。而且，归功于D，他把他的发现置于许多形成这些（选举）活动的历史进程中。但是，由于这些背景随时间改变，D的方法被证实比他的实际发现更经考验。而且，D讨论他的发现时，没有考虑到在他采集数据时影响女性选举参与的特定重要因素：政治体的影响，经济因素的影响，和政治社会关系的男女分歧。考虑到这些，D的研究预示着行为主义政治方法在研究多国女性政治参与上长存的局限性.

GiannaWEN

顺便分享下我的千行
87. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) evaluate a research study
(B) summarize the history of a research area
(C) report new research findings
(D) reinterpret old research findings
(E) reconcile conflicting research findings
OA: A 我还在与D纠结中，回头搞懂了补。

88. According to the passage, Duverger's study was unique in 1955 in that it
(A) included both election data and survey data
(B) gathered data from sources never before used in political studies
(C) included an analysis of historical processes
(D) examined the influence on voting behavior of the relationships between women and men
(E) analyzed not only voting and political candidacy but also other political activities
>>L4 ever to use election data and survey data together
ever= unique, together=both
A CORRECT
B may be used before but first time to combine the two surces
C >> L16, 定位错误that is one contribution not a unique point
D >>L27,定位错误that is a factor fail to consider, not a unique point
E >>L6，定位错误 that is the content of his study, not a unique point

89. Which of the following characteristics of a country is most clearly an example of a factor that Duverger, as described in the passage, failed to consider in his study?
(A) A large population
(B) A predominantly Protestant population
(C) A predominantly urban population
(D) A one-party government
(E) Location in the heart of Europe
>> L25 political regimes
三个未考虑到的特定因素：the influence of political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men. 政治体的影响，经济因素的影响，政治社会关系的男女分歧
A 大人口 NEW
B 占主要人口的反对者 NEW
C 占主要的城市人口 NEW
D 一党制的政府>> political regime. CORRECT. key: 理解单词
E 地处欧洲核心 NEW  只跟上述三因素有关，ABC人口E地理位置，均为迷惑选项

90. The author implies that Duverger’s actual findings are
(A) limited because they focus on only four countries
(B) inaccurate in their description of the four countries in the early 1950s
(C) out-of-date in that they are inapplicable in the four countries today
(D) flawed because they are based on unsound data
(E) biased by Duverger’s political beliefs
>>L18 However, since these contexts have changed over time
选项放眼望去，都是neg。所以从however往后，开始定位。
Neg作者提了两点，1.背景环境已改变，D方法比发现durable（研究成果没那么durable，即现在已经没啥用，对现状没啥意义）；2.因为有三个重要特定因素没考虑到，有局限性
A only 3 factors to limitations, >>L24-27, nothing about the number of countries investigated. NEW
B inaccurate, if that no any positive evaluation should be given. NEW
C CORRECT >> 1st negative point
D unsound data, if that findings should be wrong, like B. NEW
E D's political beliefs, not mention. NEW

9l. The passage implies that, in comparing four European countries, Ouverger found that the voting rates of women and men were most different in the country in which women
(A) were most politically active
(B) ran for office most often
(C) held the most conservative political views
(D) had the most egalitarian relations with men
(E) had possessed the right to vote for the shortest time
>> L8-11
注意题目问vote rate,  rate即原文定位的frequently, 原文后面的more conserative已与问题无关了。
还有注意题目问most different, 即一个极端情况. 原文给出了difference narrowing差异变小的条件：longer women had the vote,  那么题目问的相反，, 问差异最大的情况, 那么就把条件反过来, longer变shortest，即OA：E
Key: 读懂文章。原文：the less....the longer... 投票时间越长，女性比男性投票频率低的差异就越小

92. The author implies that some behavioralist research involving the multinational study of women's political participation that followed Ouverger's study did which of the following?
(A) Ignored Ouverger's approach
(B) Suffered from faults similar to those in Ouverger's study
(C) Focused on political activism
(D) Focused on the influences of political regimes
(E) Focused on the political and social relations between women and men
>>L28  Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.
题目implied对应原文foreshadowed，原文的宾语limitations即答案 OA: B
A D set a standardfor such kind of research>>L13, and his approach is durable=good>>L20, the following research must be use this good approach cuase it's standard already
B CORRECT "enduring" means exit quite stable for a long time
C >>L6, this is only D's study not all the behaviorlist research should do
D >>L24-25, this is one of three factors D failed to consider. You may think the following can fix these limitation to improve D's study, not only author didn't mention such guess and also refuse you think that by using "enduring", indicating that these factors seem hard to avoid
E >>L26-27, 1 reason is like D, only 1 of 3 factors. 2nd reason is this option change the original meaning. The original meaning is the ramification between men and women, not any relations.

harry409609

呵呵！               

Jiaqiliyao

棒棒哒!

candycrush

91题做的时候也纠结了好久 破竹说的很对，题目问的是rate，自然c就排除了