【Native Speaker每日综合训练—44系列】【44-09】经管 Muslim

cyndichiang

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这一期文史哲给小伙伴们带来的是伊斯兰教，穆斯林以及其恐怖组织的一些内容~ 话题有些沉重呃。。下面是文章中出现的缩写和一些有关于伊斯兰教的名词~~enjoy~~
Shia什叶派伊斯兰教
Suni逊尼派伊斯兰教
ISIS: (Islamic State of Iraq and al Shams)伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国
ISIL（Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant）伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国
Jihadi :伊斯兰教义中的圣战
al-Qaeda: 基地组织

Part I: Speaker

When people of Muslim heritage challenge fundamentalism
Source: TED

http://www.ted.com/talks/karima_bennoune_the_side_of_terrorism_that_doesn_t_make_headlines

[Rephrase 1, 20:05]

cyndichiang

Part II: Speed

Sectarian tensions running high, say Australian Muslim leaders
By Tim Hume ｜November 6, 2014

[Time 2]
(CNN) -- Muslim community leaders in Australia say sectarian tensions are soaring, as radicalized Sunni youth, inspired by ISIS, seek to import the religious conflicts wracking the Middle East.

"The tensions are very high and will continue to be high," said Jamal Daoud, a Shia community leader in Sydney, where a 47-year old Shia leader was shot in the shoulder early Monday morning, as worshipers observed the Shia ritual of Ashura.

He said Rasoul Al Mousawi, a leader in the Shia community focused around the Islamic center in Greenacre, south-west Sydney, had been released from hospital on Tuesday and was doing well.

The attack was only one incident in a string of attacks and threats against Shia Muslims by Sunni extremists who sympathized with ISIS, he claimed, and had followed an incident where a group of men had driven past the Islamic center, yelling comments such as "IS lives forever" and "Shia dogs" in Arabic.A security guard had also been attacked by a group of men who appeared to be followers of the austere Wahhabi tradition of Sunni Islam on Friday, he said.

"There's high tension between Sunni and Shia, but these extremists, they threaten and attack Sunnis too," he said.

"Anyone who speaks against the fighting in Syria and advocating the government to take action against people in Iraq and Syria -- they are threatened and attacked."

Jamal Rifi, a Sydney-based GP and Sunni community leader, agreed, saying sectarian tensions were at an unprecedented level as a result of the brutal Syrian conflict, and the appeal of ISIS to radicalized Sunni youth in Australia.

"This is the highest level I've ever seen, and it's been like this since Khaled Sharrouf got his son to hold up that severed head," he said, referring to the notorious Australian ISIS jihadist who tweeted a picture of his seven-year-old son posing with the body parts of a dead fighter in August.
[319 words]

[Time 3]
'Death cult influence'
On Tuesday, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott told reporters that "it seems there is an ISIL death cult influence on this shooting in Sydney," using an alternative name for the terror group. "The important thing is for all of us to absolutely reject this death cult," he said.

Some Australian media reports suggested a leadership dispute at the Islamic center could have been the reason behind the attack, but Daoud rejected the notion, saying the dispute was being litigated in the courts and it was highly unlikely that it would take a violent turn.

A New South Wales police spokesman said there was nothing to add beyond the police's initial statement calling for public information on the shooting.

Abbott's government has been a strident supporter of U.S. efforts to combat the Sunni extremist group, which controls large swathes of Syria and Iraq.It has deployed jets and military troops in the fight, introduced controversial legislation to imprison Australians found to be fighting abroad or supporting terrorist actions, and conducted large-scale anti-terror raids, claiming to have disrupted a plot to kidnap and behead a random member of the public.

Authorities believe around 60 Australians are fighting in the conflict in Syria and Iraq, with around 100 more working in support roles within Australia.But Daoud said he was yet to see the fruits of Abbott's tough talk about reining in Australia's radicalized Muslim youth.

"We thought a lot of the radical Islamic centers would be closed, well-known extremists would be rounded up and put behind bars," he said. "It's all talk."

“Doubly under fire”
Sectarian tensions were a new phenomenon for Australia's Muslim community, said Rifi.

During previous periods when Australian Muslims had felt under attack -- such as in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the Bali bombings or the Cronulla riots -- they had bonded together under a common identity.But now many in the community felt doubly under fire -- from sectarian agitators and from "rednecks" in the wider public, said Daoud.

Rifi said that from the early days of the Syrian conflict, Sunni extremists had inflamed community tensions by attempting to "name and shame"businesses on social media that were run by members of Alawite sect, to which Syrian President Bashar al-Assad belongs.

"They will use any excuse to create division," he said.

Rifi said he remained optimistic. "The forces that pull us apart are increasing in strength, but they are nowhere as strong as the forces that pull us together," he said.But Daoud did not believe things would improve soon.

"It is a very tough time, and we expect it to become more tough," he said.
[445 words]

Source: CNN
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/0 ... dex.html?hpt=ias_c1

Europe’s Muslims feel under siege
By Anthony Faiola and Souad Mekhennet  ｜ NOV.1 2014

[Time 4]
COPENHAGEN — On a continent where Muslim leaders are decrying a surge in discrimination and aggression, Alisiv Ceran is the terrorist who wasn’t.
The 21-year-old student at the University of Copenhagen recently hopped on a commuter train to this stately Scandinavian city, his bag bulging with a computer printer. Feeling jittery about a morning exam, he anxiously buried his nose in a textbook: “The United States After 9/11.”

A fellow passenger who reported him to police, however, saw only a bearded Muslim toting a mysterious bag and a how-to book on terror. Frantic Danish authorities launched a citywide manhunt after getting the tip. Ceran’s face — captured by closed-circuit cameras — was flashed across the Internet and national television, terrifying family and friends who feared he might be arrested or shot on sight.

“It was the first time I ever saw my father cry, he was so worried about me,” said Ceran, who called police when he saw himself in the news, then hid in a university bathroom until they arrived. “I think what happened to me shows that fear of Islam is growing here. Everybody thinks we’re all terrorists.”

Ceran’s ordeal is a sign of the times in Europe, where Muslims are facing what some community leaders are comparing to the atmosphere in the United States following the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.Then, fears were linked to al-Qaeda. Today, they are tied to the Islamic State — and, more specifically, to the hundreds of Muslim youths from Europe who have streamed into Syria and Iraq to fight. Though dozens of Americans are believed to have signed up, far more — at least 3,000 — are estimated to have come from Europe, according to the Soufan Group, a New York-based intelligence firm.

One French returnee staged a lethal attack in Belgium last year. After more alleged terror plots were recently disrupted in Norway and Britain, concern over the very real risk posed by homegrown militants is now building to a crescendo among European politicians, the media and the public.
“It’s a clash of civilizations,” said Marie Krarup, a prominent lawmaker from the Danish People’s Party, the nation’s third-largest political force. “Islam is violence. Moderate Muslims are not the problem, but even they can become extreme over time. In Islam, it is okay to beat your wife. It is okay to kill those who are not Muslims. This is the problem we have.”

Muslim leaders point to a string of high-profile incidents and a renewed push for laws restricting Islamic practices such as circumcision that suggest those fears are crossing the line into intolerance.
[428 words]

[Time 5]
In Germany, a protest against Islamic fundamentalism in Cologne last Sunday turned violent when thousands of demonstrators yelling “foreigners out” clashed with police, leaving dozens injured.Muslim leaders also cite a string of recent incidents in Germany, ranging from insults of veiled women on the streets to a Molotov cocktail thrown at a mosque in late August.

In Britain, Mayor Boris Johnson was recently quoted as saying “thousands” of Londoners are now under surveillance as possible terror suspects. In Paris last week, a woman in Islamic garb that obscured her face was unceremoniously ejected from a performance of La Traviata at the Opéra Bastille. Although France passed a ban on the wearing of full Muslim veils in public in 2010, the incident involved a rare enforcement of the law by private management who did not take the necessary legal step of calling police first.

Even moderate Muslims say they are increasingly coming under fire, particularly in the European media. A recent commentary in Germany’s Bild tabloid, for instance, condemned the “disproportionate crime rate among adolescents with Muslim backgrounds” as well as the faith’s “homicidal contempt for women and homosexuals.”

“This is the hour when critics of Islam are engaging in unchecked Muslim-bashing,” said Ali Kizilkaya, chairman of the Islamic Council of Germany.
The current mood, Muslim leaders say, is less a sudden shift than a worsening of a climate that had already been eroding for years.

After the horrific transit bombings that killed hundreds in Madrid and London in the mid-2000s, Muslims in Europe faced increased pressure and scrutiny. The Islamic community has been increasingly challenged for the inability — or unwillingness — of many Muslim immigrants and their children to assimilate into progressive European societies. In recent years, France and Belgium passed laws banning full Muslim veils. Switzerland barred the construction of new mosque minarets.
[304 words]

[Time 6]
In Britain, negative sentiments spiked last May after the slaying of a British Army soldier in London by two homegrown radicals. After the killing, Asimah Sheikh, 36, a mother of two who helps out at her brother’s Islamic clothes shop in northwest London, said the tires were slashed on her car and “go back home” was written on the windshield. This year, she said, the rise of the Islamic State — a group known for beheadings, crucifixions and mass executions — has again worsened the climate.

“They call me ‘Batman’; they call me ‘jihadi.’ They ask, ‘What have you got hiding under that scarf?’ ” she said.

Few countries in the region have seen a fiercer debate over Islam than Denmark, which became the target of Muslim rage in 2006 after the publication of satirical caricatures depicting the prophet Muhammad in a Danish newspaper. More recently, nearly 100 mostly young Muslims have left Denmark to fight in Syria and Iraq.

Progressives have hailed a program in one city — Aarhus — that is trying to aid returning Islamist fighters by finding them jobs and places in school. But nationwide, Muslim leaders and progressive Danish politicians say tensions are rising amid an increasingly toxic public debate over Islam itself.

Earlier this year, Denmark set new curbs on the Muslim tradition of halal slaughter, and national lawmakers are now debating a law that could set new limits on religious circumcision, a move that could impact Muslims and Jews alike. Some politicians are calling for a new ban on immigration from Muslim countries.

Some young Muslims like Ceran — an English and Mandarin major who works as a mentor to underprivileged youths and is the son of Turkish immigrants to Denmark — are beginning to contemplate whether it’s wise to stay.

“The stigma against Muslims is just getting worse, and I have considered moving across the border to Sweden,” he said. “I feel that here, they are saying that integration means forgetting your religious values. I don’t agree with that.”
[330 words]

Source: Washingtonpost
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/europes-muslims-feel-under-siege/2014/10/31/24c909e9-2e62-41b0-8b4f-3a6070b27eeb_story.html

cyndichiang

Part III: Obstacle

ISIS Is a Part-Time Terrorist Group

By Joshua Keating｜OCT.27.2014

[Paraphrase 7]

Even if it’s not the actual reason why the U.S. and its allies have launched a campaign of airstrikes against ISIS, most Americans support the operation due to fear that the group could carry out terrorist attacks here at home. (Rightly or wrongly, those fears will only increase after last week’s events in Canada.) Public awareness of ISIS also grew here thanks to the videotaped beheadings of American journalists—indisputably acts of terrorism.

At the same time, most of what ISIS does is not traditionally considered terrorism. (Before you skip straight to the comments, this is a discussion of tactics, not morality. Let’s stipulate that ISIS is an abominable organization.) Most of the violence it commits is in the context of fights for territory with rival national militaries and militia groups, though civilians are often targeted by both sides. Its primary goal is to expand and administer its territory. Purely terrorist groups don’t run consumer protection bureaus.

This distinction is discussed in a recent article in the journal Perspectives on Terrorism. That article categorizes ISIS, along with Hezbollah and Hamas, as organizations classified as terrorist groups by the United States and its allies but that spend most of their time and resources on activities other than terrorism. The authors, Assaf Moghadam, a counterterrorism researcher at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) in Herzliya, Israel (whose work I’ve previously written about here), Ronit Berger, a Ph.D. candidate at Syracuse University, and Polina Blieakova, an M.A. student at IDC, go further, arguing that most groups we consider to be terrorist organizations only spend part of their time on terrorism.

Even al-Qaida, which undoubtedly made its reputation with acts of international terrorism, spends most of its time as a militia group fighting in various civil conflicts around the world. It “conducts terrorism on the side—almost certainly its least-resourced component,” as the counterterrorism researcher J.M. Berger puts it.

The authors looked at the data on terrorist attacks between 2002 and 2012 in the START database at the University of Maryland, the most comprehensive listing of terrorist activity around the world. The 119 active groups in the Maryland data set target civilians 32.33 percent of the time—the rest are a combination of military, government, and police targets.

Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula both targeted the military more than any other target. Interestingly, the most active non-Islamist movements—including Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army and the Fatah-linked Al-Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade—target civilians more often than the Islamists.

The only group in the database that exclusively attacked civilians was Angola’s UNITA, which attacked six civilian targets during the period. For what it’s worth, UNITA was once a major recipient of U.S. military aid during the Cold War and today is a major political party.

Obviously, many attacks on government targets would still be considered acts of terrorism by most people. But this data, combined with the fact that the vast majority of acts of “terrorism” take place in the context of civil wars and insurgencies, makes it clear that the distinction between terrorists and rebels or guerilla fighters is a blurry one. Many of the enemies in the U.S.-led war on terror may be worthy targets, but they’re only part-time terrorists.

The authors argue that “by conceiving of its opponents as insurgent groups [rather than simply as terrorists], governments can also widen the scope of their policy efforts. Besides aiming at the tactical defeat of the adversary using military means, the insurgency framework highlights the necessity of simultaneously focusing on reestablishing governmental credibility and gaining popular support in problematic areas. In this regard, addressing the social grievances upon which the insurgents' political agenda is based should move to the top of the policy agenda.”

They argue that governments use the label terrorism less for descriptive specificity than for “emotional satisfaction.” They write: “Terrorism evokes repugnance and fear, thereby stoking an unequivocal rejection of terrorism’s means and agents alike. Populations have been trained to reject compromise with terrorists, and want to believe that terrorists are unique in their ‘evilness,’ therefore deserving a category of their own.”

For this reason, they argue, governments fighting these groups should continue to use the T-word in public statements to galvanize public opinion, even while understanding internally that it’s not the most accurate framing.

I’m not sure I’d go that far. The fear of terrorism may sometimes be used by governments to build support for reasonable public policy goals. But just as often, if not more often, it leads to restrictions of civil liberties and some seriously dumb ideas about, say, terrorists attacking the United States with the Ebola virus.

Source: Slate

http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/10/27/terrorists_or_rebels_what_do_groups_like_isis_and_al_qaida_actually_spend.html

MAGGIEHE1993

啊哦伊斯兰教。。。
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time2: The tensions are very high and will continue to be high in Sydney between Sunni and Shia but ISIS even makes the situation worse.
time3: Australian government is trying to combat the Sunni extremist group including close a lot of radical Islamic centers and round up

and put in bars well-known extremists. Rifi said that although Sunni extremists use any excuse to create division, the forces that put
them together are even stronger.
time4: Muslim are causing fearing in Europe. A Muslim student on the commuter train was reported to the police. Although some Muslim are

not terrorists, they are still considered dangerous by some European government. Muslim leaders point to a string of high-profile

incidents and a renewed push for laws restricting Islamis practices such as circumcision that suggest those fears are crossing the line

into intolerance.
time5: Even moderate Muslims say they are increasingly coming under fire. They are facing increased pressure and scrutiny. Many European

government have banned full Muslim veils and Switzerland barred the construction of new mosque minarets.
time6: The tension between European society and Muslim is continue to increase, especially in Switzerland and British. Some Muslim

consider migrate to other countries instead of giving up their religious value.
Obstacle: Introduction of the topic. Most Americans support the operation due to fear that the group could carry out terrotist attacks

here at home. However, most of what ISIS does is not traditionally considered terrorism. According to researchers, most "terrorism

organizations" considered by us only spend a small amount of time on attacking civilians. They spend much time on military, government and

police targets. The distinction between terrorists and rebels or guerilla fighters is a blurry one. Researchers argue that by conceiving

of its opponents as insurgent groups, governments can also widen the scope of their policy efforts. They argue that governments use the

label terrorism less for descriptive specificity than for "emotional satisfaction".

HaiqingYU

Thanks for sharing~
02:30->the tension between Sunni and Shia is really high after the Syrian conflict.
04:23->the situation of conflict in Australia
          authority may close the Muslim center
         For Muslim: force to be together< force to separate
04:15->The case of young Muslim: the fear for Islam in Europe
           the reason: Terror attacks caused by Europe Muslim
02:00->Increased pressure that facing Muslim in Europe
02:41->Political measures taken by Europe and the impacts on Muslim immigration
05:44->the islam group target more on the military
           Necessary measures: reestablish the governmental credibility;use more the terrorism label

cyndichiang

Speaker
The speaker,a lawyer,talks about the situation when muslim heritages challenge the foundamentalism.
The speaker thinks both right and left criticisms about islam are not ture and the extreme good traditions of Islam are acceptable.However ,foundamentalists change the Isamic tranditional heritage in order to achieve their political aims in the world,and they treaten the human rights for both non-muslims and muslims themselves.
The speaker urges that we must challege foundamentalism and protect muslims who fight against foundamentalists in frontline.-->4 e.g.s

yatina

Thanks cyndichiang, I like every articles!!!

Speaker
A women tells her family stories and four muslims' experiences to call on more attention to challenge fundamentalism.

cyndichiang

MAGGIEHE1993 发表于 2014-11-10 07:38
啊哦伊斯兰教。。。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...

啊哦..小伙伴希望你不介意哈~~~~

heavensky

Speak
TIme2:   2'34.434

TVXQashley

time2 1'30
time3 2'30
time4 2'30
time5 1'40
time6 1'55

obstacle 4'55
14/11/10