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阅读法国妇女做衣服，求确认~~~

【V1】
法国女裁缝。
原文：
In particular, the late-seventeenth-century introduction of a new style of dress called the
manteau or mantua, and its increasing popularity, offered female seamstresses a "wedge " to
loosen the tailors' monopoly over the production of more formal, elite, and expensive women's
fashions. This new product and more generally the exploding market for clothing, in particular
women's clothing, provided seamstresses with the income and market niche from which to
expand their numbers and to organize politically within the previously male-dominated trade.
Furthermore, they could generally rely on the French state, with its agenda of economic
development, to aid in this expansion and organization.
In contrast with much of the prevailing historiography, Crowston demonstrates that when it
was in the interest of the French state, authorities were happy to work with and encourage
women workers as autonomous producers and not merely as family appendages to guild
patriarchs. Crowston thus reinforces Hesse's claim that market expansion brought new
opportunities for some women, but she locates these expanding opportunities in the political
economy of the late Ancient Regime, rather than in the Revolution's overthrow of it.
In Crowston's history, the seamstresses of Ancien Regime France emerge as relatively
powerful and autonomous figures whose work, civic, and gender identities drew upon many
sources, but were institutionalized in important ways because of the existence and practices of
their guild. The destruction of the guild system during the Revolution thus represents a critical
moment in the history of women's work and gender relations—from the perspective of women
working in the garment trades, the "freeing" of the market from political constraints brought a
largely negative transformation. A closer look at each of these works helps to reveal the origins of
the tensions between these two interpretations.
我把已有jj 再总结一下：
第一段大概意思，一个新式以m 打头的一个单词的东西的兴起使法国女裁缝打破男裁缝（tailor）垄
断的现状。什么原本是比较高级的衣服，给比较有地位的人穿。但是现在m 这个单词的东西开始使
women's clothing market 变得流行。并且行会（guild）的兴起，谋求经济和政治的影响力。
第二段，说某个人H 分析了一些原因，说政治经济市场等因素促成了以上现象。然后某人C 也同意
这个原因。但是他认为它的兴起是在法国大革命前出现的（有题问他们之间的分歧是什么）。因为，大革
命虽然带来了一些市场机会，free 了什么什么东西，但是大革命也摧毁了一些行会（guild）,而Guild 对
于保护seamstresses 是positive 的。
以下引用考古考出来的jj 原话：
另外还有推论题是比较难的，就是from the message can infer 学者A would agree…这题很难，我
删到剩两个选项要去比对文章用字，留意！
Question 1：主题题（请牛牛补充）
Question 2：What is the function of the new style of French women's clothes?（牛牛补充答案，
题目我自己写的）
备选答案：Meatu 这种服饰的引入，大大提升了女性cloth-marketing（应该对的，可以回到原文第
一段定位到某句话的）
Question 3：What is / What causes the disagreement/dispararity between the two opposing
views of female tailors?（牛牛提供选项和思路，我自己写的题目）
我考到了上面问题3，
另外一个问题：好像问对于m 那个单词的那个东西的兴起，下面哪个正确。
我选的是使women's clothesing market 开始兴旺。
这是题里原话，定位第一段。
其他题目不记得。

【V2】
更新1：法国女裁缝的文章（感谢网友flutemama 提供关键的第二段信息）
第一段，讲法国pre-Revolution 时的女裁缝做出了一种新式服装，叫manteau (不知道是不是这样
写的)很流行，导致女裁缝的market niche，opportunities 提高，威胁了男裁缝的地位。一方观点因为一
个新式女服装的兴起，给了法国女裁缝打破男裁缝垄断的现状，并且行会（guild）的兴起，谋求经济和政
治的影响力。（有题，问说那个新式女士服装的例子是什么作用）
第二段，两个历史学家的观点，一个叫CC，一个叫CH。先论述其中一个的观点，然后另外一个部分
同意她的观点，但更进一步的阐述了女裁缝的地位变化是有经济，政治意义的。
第二段，两个历史学家的观点，一个叫CC，一个叫CH。先论述其中一个的观点，然后另外一个部分
同意她的观点，但更进一步的阐述了女裁缝的地位变化是有经济，政治意义的。
第三段，双方的观点都是一样的对于女裁缝经济的扩张，but 路人甲认为它是在法国大革命前（有题
问他们之间的分歧是什么）。因为，大革命的兴起摧毁了传统的经济制度，并且是市场经济兴旺。但是。。。。
（牛牛补充）。并且，行会的作用也受到的影响。逐渐削弱。
第三段，双方的观点都是一样的对于女裁缝经济的扩张，but 路人甲认为它是在法国大革命前（有题
问他们之间的分歧是什么）。因为，大革命的兴起摧毁了传统的经济制度，并且是市场经济兴旺。但是。。。。
（牛牛补充）。并且，行会的作用也受到的影响。逐渐削弱。

【V3】
法国女裁缝
3．服裝與法國婦女（F9）高頻考題！！！！
Version9 第一段學者A 提到，一種服飾的興起，有利於seamstresses 們如何如何(服飾有題，the
author mentioned 服飾in order to 之類的…)
第二段說學者A 的觀點與學者B 相同，但是有一點並不同，學者B 認為法國大革命是與第一段的主張
緊密相關，但學者A 並不這麼認為，學者A 認為主因仍與政治經濟構面相關….(有點忘了，反正A 不認同
是法國大革命促進了第一段的主張，這裏也有題)，學者A 進一步解釋Guild 因為革命被催毀，而Guild
對於保護seamstresses 是positive 的。
另外還有推論題是比較難的，就是from the message can infer 學者A would agree…這題很難，我
刪到剩兩個選項要去比對文章用字，留意！
ADAM:主要關鍵在於有一題考女裁縫主要受什麼影響：法國大革命（有三個選項有提到）
記得要此細看……… 推論題問下面哪一個會是A 學者同意的..我選的是法國大革命給女裁縫帶來的好
處小於壞處
背景信息：
In her analysis of seamstresses and their world and work, Crowston links the evolution of
fashion with the skills required to make certain types of clothing and the claims of specific guilds
and artisans upon the rights to make and sell articles of clothing.
In particular, the late-seventeenth-century introduction of a new style of dress called the
manteau or mantua, and its increasing popularity, offered female seamstresses a "wedge " to
loosen the tailors' monopoly over the production of more formal, elite, and expensive women's
fashions. This new product and more generally the exploding market for clothing, in particular
women's clothing, provided seamstresses with the income and market niche from which to
expand their numbers and to organize politically within the previously male-dominated trade.
Furthermore, they could generally rely on the French state, with its agenda of economic
development, to aid in this expansion and organization.
In contrast with much of the prevailing historiography, Crowston demonstrates that when it
was in the interest of the French state, authorities were happy to work with and encourage
women workers as autonomous producers and not merely as family appendages to guild
patriarchs. Crowston thus reinforces Hesse's claim that market expansion brought new
opportunities for some women, but she locates these expanding opportunities in the political
economy of the late Ancient Regime, rather than in the Revolution's overthrow of it.
In Crowston's history, the seamstresses of Ancien Regime France emerge as relatively
powerful and autonomous figures whose work, civic, and gender identities drew upon many
sources, but were institutionalized in important ways because of the existence and practices of
their guild. The destruction of the guild system during the Revolution thus represents a critical
moment in the history of women's work and gender relations—from the perspective of women
working in the garment trades, the "freeing" of the market from political constraints brought a
largely negative transformation. A closer look at each of these works helps to reveal the origins of
the tensions between these two interpretations.

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