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7.4        PracticeQuestions
Each of the reading comprehensionquestions isbased on the content of a passage. Afterreading thepassageanswerallquestionspertainingtoitonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Foreachquestion,selectthebestanswerofthechoicesgiven.




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Biologistshaveadvancedtwotheoriestoexplainwhyschoolingoffishoccursinsomanyfishspecies.Becauseschoolingisparticularlywidespreadamongspeciesofsmallfish,boththeoriesassumethatschoolingofferstheadvantageofsomeprotectionfrompredators.
ProponentsoftheoryAdisputetheassumptionthataschoolofthousandsoffishishighlyvisible.
Experimentshaveshownthatanyfishcanbeseen,eveninveryclearwater,onlywithinasphereof200metersindiameter.Whenfishareinacompactgroup,thespheresofvisibilityoverlap.Thusthechanceofapredatorfindingtheschoolisonlyslightlygreater thanthechanceofthepredatorfindingasinglefishswimmingalone.Schoolingisadvantageoustotheindividualfishbecauseapredator’schanceoffindinganyparticularfishswimmingintheschoolismuchsmallerthanitschanceoffindingatleastoneofthesamegroupoffishifthefishweredispersedthroughoutanarea.
However,criticsoftheoryApointoutthatsomefishformschoolseveninareaswherepredatorsareabundantandthuslittlepossibilityofescapingdetectionexists.Theyarguethattheschoolcontinuestobeofvaluetoitsmembersevenafterdetection.
TheyadvocatetheoryB,the“confusioneffect,”whichcanbeexplainedintwodifferentways.
Sometimes,proponentsargue,predatorssimplycannotdecidewhichfishtoattack.Thisindecisionsupposedlyresultsfromapredator’spreferenceforstrikingpreythatisdistinctfromtherestoftheschoolinappearance.Inmanyschoolsthefisharealmostidenticalinappearance,makingitdifficultforapredatortoselectone.Thesecondexplanationfor the“confusioneffect”hastodowiththesensoryconfusioncausedbyalargenumberofpreymovingaroundthepredator.Evenifthepredator



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makesthedecisiontoattackaparticularfish,themovementofotherpreyintheschoolcanbedistracting.Thepredator’sdifficultycanbecomparedtothatofatennisplayertryingtohitatennisballwhentwoareapproachingsimultaneously.





Questions 1–4 refertothepassageabove.

1.        Accordingtothepassage,theoryBstatesthatwhichofthefollowingisafactorthatenablesaschoolingfishtoescapepredators?

(A)        Thetendencyoffishtoformcompactgroups
(B)        Themovementofotherfishwithintheschool
(C)        Theinabilityofpredatorstodetectschools
(D)        Theabilityoffishtohidebehindoneanotherinaschool
(E)        Thegreatspeedwithwhichaschoolcandisperse

2.        Accordingtothepassage,boththeoryAandtheoryBhavebeendevelopedtoexplainhow

(A)        fishhidefrompredatorsbyformingschools
(B)        formingschoolsfunctionstoprotectfishfrompredators
(C)        schoolingamongfishdiffersfromotherprotectivebehaviors
(D)        smallfishareabletomakerapiddecisions
(E)        smallfishareabletosurviveinanenvironmentdenselypopulatedbylargepredators

3.        Accordingtooneexplanationofthe“confusioneffect,”afishthatswimsinaschoolwillhavegreateradvantagesforsurvivalifit

(A)        tendstobevisiblefornomorethan200meters
(B)        staysneareitherthefrontortherearofaschool
(C)        ispartofasmallschoolratherthanalargeschool
(D)        isverysimilarinappearancetotheotherfishintheschool
(E)        ismedium-sized

4.        Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        discussingdifferenttheories
(B)        analyzingdifferenttechniques
(C)        defendingtwohypotheses
(D)        refutingestablishedbeliefs
(E)        revealingnewevidence





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Ecoefficiency(measurestominimizeenvironmentalimpactthroughthereductionoreliminationofwastefromproductionprocesses)hasbecomeagoalforcompaniesworldwide,withmanyrealizingsignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovations.PeterSengeandGoranCarstedtseethisdevelopmentaslaudablebutsuggestthatsimplyadoptingecoefficiencyinnovationscouldactuallyworsenenvironmentalstressesinthefuture.Suchinnovationsreduceproductionwastebutdonotalterthenumberofproductsmanufacturednorthewastegeneratedfromtheiruseanddiscard;indeed,mostcompaniesinvestinecoefficiencyimprovementsinordertoincreaseprofitsandgrowth.Moreover,thereisnoguaranteethatincreasedeconomicgrowthfromecoefficiencywillcomeinsimilarlyecoefficientways,sinceintoday’sglobalmarkets,greaterprofitsmaybeturnedintoinvestmentcapitalthatcouldeasilybereinvestedinold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.Evenavastlymoreecoefficientindustrialsystemcould,wereittogrowmuchlarger,generatemoretotalwasteanddestroymorehabitatandspeciesthanwouldasmaller,lessecoefficienteconomy.SengeandCarstedtarguethattopreservetheglobalenvironmentandsustaineconomicgrowth,businessesmustdevelopanewsystemicapproachthatreducestotalmaterialuseandtotalaccumulatedwaste.Focusingexclusivelyonecoefficiency,whichoffersacompellingbusinesscaseaccordingtoestablishedthinking,maydistractcompaniesfrompursuingradicallydifferentproductsandbusinessmodels.

Questions5–7refertothepassageabove.

5.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        explainwhyaparticularbusinessstrategyhasbeenlesssuccessfulthanwasonceanticipated
(B)        proposeanalternativetoaparticularbusinessstrategythathasinadvertentlycausedecologicaldamage
(C)        presentaconcernaboutthepossibleconsequencesofpursuingaparticularbusinessstrategy
(D)        makeacaseforapplyingaparticularbusinessstrategyonalargerscalethaniscurrentlypracticed
(E)        suggestseveralpossibleoutcomesofcompanies’failuretounderstandtheeconomicimpactofaparticularbusinessstrategy

6.        Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasapossibleconsequenceofcompanies’realizationofgreaterprofitsthroughecoefficiency?

(A)        Thecompaniesmaybeabletosellagreaternumberofproductsbyloweringprices.
(B)        Thecompaniesmaybebetterabletoattractinvestmentcapitalintheglobalmarket.
(C)        Theprofitsmaybereinvestedtoincreaseeconomicgrowththroughecoefficiency.
(D)        Theprofitsmaybeusedasinvestmentcapitalforindustriesthatarenotecoefficient.
(E)        Theprofitsmayencouragecompaniestomakefurtherinnovations in reducing productionwaste.




7.        Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisapossibleconsequenceofacompany’sadoptionofinnovationsthatincreaseitsecoefficiency?

(A)        Companyprofitsresultingfromsuchinnovationsmaybereinvestedinthatcompanywithnoguaranteethatthecompanywillcontinuetomakefurtherimprovementsinecoefficiency.
(B)        Companygrowthfosteredbycostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayallowthatcompanytomanufactureagreaternumberofproductsthatwillbeusedanddiscarded,thusworseningenvironmentalstress.
(C)        Acompanythatfailstorealizesignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayhavelittleincentiveto continueto minimize theenvironmentalimpactofitsproductionprocesses.
(D)        Acompanythatcomestodependonsuchinnovationstoincreaseitsprofitsandgrowthmaybevulnerableintheglobalmarkettocompetitionfromold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.
(E)        Acompanythatmeetsitsecoefficiencygoalsisunlikelytoinvestitsincreasedprofitsinthedevelopmentofnewandinnovativeecoefficiencymeasures.





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Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.
Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated. Yet
archaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation,resultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.
Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientificarchaeologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationof
archaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegalexcavator’sgriponthemarket,therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.
Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But,youmightreply,everythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.
Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclaimingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.
Irefertothethousandsofpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.Evenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownasl’melekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance
—morethan4,000examplessofar.
Thebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocatalogthefinds;asaresult,they

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cannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.Indeed,withthehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbephotographedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.
Itwouldbeunrealistictosuggestthatillegaldiggingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket.Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowouldwantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailablewhoseprovenancewasknown,andthatwasdatedstratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologistwhoexcavatedit?




Questions8–10refertothepassageabove.

8.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopropose

(A)        analternativetomuseumdisplayofartifacts
(B)        awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalprofession
(C)        awaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvaluefromthosethathavenosuchvalue
(D)        thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeologicalsites
(E)        anewsystemforcatalogingduplicateartifacts

9.        TheauthorimpliesthatallofthefollowingstatementsaboutduplicateartifactsaretrueEXCEPT

(A)        amarketforsuchartifactsalreadyexists
(B)        suchartifactsseldomhavescientificvalue
(C)        thereislikelytobeacontinuingsupplyofsuchartifacts
(D)        museumsarewellsuppliedwithexamplesofsuchartifacts
(E)        suchartifactsfrequentlyexceedinqualitythosealreadycatalogedinmuseumcollections

10.        Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseumbasements?

(A)        Museumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccesstosuchartifacts.
(B)        Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.
(C)        Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.
(D)        Suchartifactsareoftendamagedbyvariationsintemperatureandhumidity.
(E)        Suchartifactsoftenremainuncatalogedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinstorage.





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IoandEuropa,theinnertwoofJupiter’sfour largestmoons,areaboutthesizeofEarth’smoonandarecomposedmostlyorentirelyofrockandmetal.GanymedeandCallistoarelargerandroughlyhalfice.Thus,thesefourmoonsaresomewhatanalogoustotheplanetsofthesolarsystem,inwhichtherock-andmetal-richinnerplanetsaredistinctfromthemuchlargergas-andice-richouterplanets.
Jupiter’smoonsare,however,more“systematic”:manyoftheirpropertiesvarycontinuouslywithdistancefromJupiter.Forexample,Ioisice-free,Europahasasurfaceshellofice,andwhileGanymedeandCallistoarebothice-rich,outermostCallistohasmore.
Thiscompositionalgradienthasgeologicalparallels.Ioisextremelygeologicallyactive,Europaseemstobeactiveonamoremodestscale,andGanymedehasundergoneboutsofactivityinitsgeologicalpast.OnlyCallistorevealsnogeologicalactivity.Insimilarfashion,Callisto’ssurfaceisveryheavilycrateredfromtheimpactofcometsandasteroids;Ganymede,likeEarth’smoon,isheavilycrateredinparts;Europaisverylightlycratered;andnocratershavebeendetectedonIo,eventhoughJupiter’sgravityattractscometsandasteroidspassingnearit,substantiallyincreasingthebombardmentrateoftheinnermoonscomparedtothatoftheouterones.ButbecauseofIo’shighdegreeofgeologicalactivity,itssurfaceundergoesmore-or-lesscontinuousvolcanicresurfacing.

Questions11–13refertothepassageabove.

11.        Accordingtothepassage,thedifferenceintheamountofcrateringonCallisto’sandIo’srespectivesurfacescanprobablybeexplainedbythedifferencebetweenthesetwomoonswithrespecttowhichofthefollowingfactors?

(A)        Size
(B)        Icecontent
(C)        Therateofbombardmentbycometsandasteroids
(D)        TheinfluenceofJupiter’sothermoons
(E)        Thelevelofgeologicalactivity

12.        Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

(A)        ToprovidefurtherevidenceofthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter’sfourlargestmoons
(B)        TopresentacomprehensivetheorytoexplainthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter’sfourlargestmoons
(C)        ToexplainthesignificanceofthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter’sfourlargestmoons
(D)        TointroducefactsthatcontradictconventionalassumptionsaboutJupiter’sfourlargestmoons
(E)        TocontrastthecharacteristicsofJupiter’sfourlargestmoonswiththecharacteristicsoftheplanetsofthesolarsystem




13.        Theauthor’sreferencetoJupiter’sgravityinline25servesprimarilyto

(A)        indicatewhytheabsenceofcratersonIo’ssurface is surprising
(B)        explainthepresenceofcratersonthesurfaceofJupiter’sfourlargestmoons
(C)        provideanexplanationforthelackofgeologicalactivityonCallisto
(D)        contrastJupiter’scharacteristicswiththecharacteristicsofitsfourlargestmoons
(E)        illustrate thesimilaritybetweenJupiter’sfourlargestmoonsandtheplanetsofthesolarsystem





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WhenJamaican-bornsocialactivistMarcusGarveycametotheUnitedStatesin1916,hearrivedatpreciselytherighthistoricalmoment.Whatmade themomentrightwas thereturnofAfricanAmericansoldiersfromtheFirstWorldWarin1918,whichcreatedanidealconstituencyforsomeonewithGarvey’smessageofunity,pride,andimprovedconditionsforAfricanAmericancommunities.
HopingtoparticipateinthetraditionalAmericanethosofindividualsuccess,manyAfricanAmericanpeopleenteredthearmedforceswithenthusiasm,onlytofindthemselvessegregatedfromwhitetroopsandsubjectedtonumerousindignities.TheyreturnedtoaUnitedStatesthatwasassegregatedasithadbeenbeforethewar.Consideringsimilarexperiences,anthropologistAnthonyF.C.**hasarguedthatwhenaperceptiblegaparisesbetweenaculture’sexpectationsandtherealityofthatculture,theresultingtensioncaninspirearevitalizationmovement:anorganized,consciousefforttoconstructaculturethatfulfillslong-standing expectations.
SomescholarshavearguedthatGarveycreatedtheconsciousnessfromwhichhebuilt,inthe1920s,thelargestrevitalizationmovementinAfricanAmericanhistory.Butsuchanargumentonlytendstoobscuretheconsciousnessofidentity,strength,andsenseofhistorythatalreadyexistedintheAfricanAmericancommunity.Garveydidnotcreatethisconsciousness;rather,hegavethisconsciousnessitspoliticalexpression.

Questions14–17refertothepassageabove.

14.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedtoMarcusGarvey’ssuccess?

(A)        HeintroducedculturalandhistoricalconsciousnesstotheAfricanAmericancommunity.
(B)        HebelievedenthusiasticallyinthetraditionalAmericansuccess ethos.
(C)        Hisaudiencehadalreadyformedaconsciousnessthatmadeitreceptivetohismessage.
(D)        HismessageappealedtocriticsofAfricanAmericansupportforUnitedStatesmilitaryinvolvementintheFirstWorld War.
(E)        HesupportedthemovementtoprotestsegregationthathademergedpriortohisarrivalintheUnitedStates.

15.        ThepassagesuggeststhatmanyAfricanAmericanpeoplerespondedtotheirexperiencesinthearmedforcesinwhichofthefollowingways?

(A)        Theymaintainedascivilianstheirenthusiasticallegiancetothearmedforces.
(B)        TheyquestionedUnitedStatesinvolvementintheFirstWorldWar.
(C)        TheyjoinedpoliticalorganizationstoprotestthesegregationofAfricanAmericantroopsandtheindignitiestheysufferedinthemilitary.
(D)        TheybecameawareofthegapbetweentheirexpectationsandtherealitiesofAmericanculture.
(E)        TheyrepudiatedGarvey’smessageofprideandunity.




16.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“scholars”mentioned inline24believewhichofthefollowingtobetrue?

(A)        RevitalizationresultedfromthepoliticalactivismofreturningAfricanAmericansoldiersfollowingtheFirstWorldWar.
(B)        MarcusGarveyhadtochangeanumberofprevailingattitudesinorderforhismassmovementtofindafootholdintheUnitedStates.
(C)        TheprevailingsensibilityoftheAfricanAmericancommunity provided the foundation ofMarcusGarvey’spoliticalappeal.
(D)        MarcusGarveyhopedtorevitalizeconsciousnessofculturalandhistoricalidentityintheAfricanAmericancommunity.
(E)        ThegoalofthemassmovementthatMarcusGarveyhelpedbringintobeingwastobuildontheprideandunityamongAfricanAmericans.

17.        Accordingtothepassage,manyAfricanAmericanpeoplejoinedthearmedforcesduringtheFirstWorldWarforwhichof thefollowingreasons?

(A)        TheywishedtoescapeworseningeconomicconditionsinAfricanAmericancommunities.
(B)        Theyexpectedtofulfillidealsofpersonalattainment.
(C)        TheysoughttoexpresstheirloyaltytotheUnitedStates.
(D)        Theyhopedthatjoiningthemilitarywouldhelpadvancethecauseofdesegregation.
(E)        TheysawmilitaryserviceasanopportunitytofulfillMarcusGarvey’spoliticalvision.





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Interrestrialenvironments,gravityplacesspecialdemandsonthecardiovascularsystemsofanimals.Gravitationalpressurecancausebloodtopoolinthelowerregionsofthebody,makingitdifficulttocirculatebloodtocriticalorganssuchasthebrain.Terrestrialsnakes,inparticular,exhibitadaptationsthataidincirculatingbloodagainsttheforceofgravity.
Theproblemconfrontingterrestrialsnakesisbestillustratedbywhathappenstoseasnakeswhenremovedfromtheirsupportivemedium.Becausetheverticalpressuregradientswithinthebloodvesselsarecounteractedbysimilarpressuregradientsinthesurroundingwater,thedistributionofbloodthroughoutthebodyofseasnakesremainsaboutthesameregardlessoftheirorientationinspace,providedtheyremainintheocean.Whenremovedfromthewaterandtiltedatvariousangleswiththeheadup,however,bloodpressureattheirmidpointdropssignificantly,andatbrainlevelfallstozero.
Thatmanyterrestrialsnakesinsimilarspatialorientationsdonotexperiencethiskindofcirculatoryfailuresuggeststhatcertainadaptationsenablethemtoregulatebloodpressuremoreeffectivelyinthoseorientations.
Onesuchadaptationisthecloserproximityoftheterrestrialsnake’shearttoitshead,whichhelpstoensurecirculationtothebrain,regardlessofthesnake’sorientationinspace.Theheartofseasnakescanbelocatednearthemiddleofthebody,apositionthatminimizestheworkentailedincirculatingbloodtobothextremities.Inarborealsnakes,however,whichdwellintreesandoftenassumeaverticalposture,theaveragedistance

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fromthehearttotheheadcanbeaslittleas15percentofoverallbodylength.Suchalocationrequiresthatbloodcirculatedtothetailofthesnaketravelagreaterdistancebacktotheheart,aproblemsolvedbyanotheradaptation.Whenclimbing,arborealsnakesoftenpausemomentarilytowiggletheirbodies,causingwavesofmusclecontractionthatadvancefromthelowertorsotothehead.Bycompressingtheveinsandforcingbloodforward,thesecontractionsapparentlyimprovetheflowofvenousbloodreturningto the heart.





Questions18–25refertothepassageabove.

18.        Thepassageprovidesinformationinsupportofwhichofthefollowingassertions?

(A)        Thedisadvantagesofanadaptationtoaparticularfeatureofan environment oftenoutweightheadvantagesofsuchanadaptation.
(B)        Anorganism’sreactiontobeingplacedinanenvironmenttowhichitisnotwelladaptedcansometimesillustratetheproblemsthathavebeensolvedbytheadaptationsoforganismsindigenoustothatenvironment.
(C)        Theeffectivenessofanorganism’sadaptationtoaparticularfeatureofitsenvironmentcanonlybeevaluatedbyexaminingtheeffectivenesswithwhichorganismsofotherspecieshaveadaptedtoasimilarfeatureofadifferentenvironment.
(D)        Organismsofthesamespeciesthatinhabitstrikinglydifferent environments willoften adaptinremarkablysimilarwaystothefewfeaturesofthoseenvironmentsthatarecommon.
(E)        Differentspeciesoforganismslivinginthesameenvironmentwillseldomadapttofeaturesofthatenvironmentinthesameway.

19.        Accordingtothepassage,onereasonthatthedistributionofbloodintheseasnakechangeslittlewhilethecreatureremainsintheoceanisthat

(A)        theheartoftheseasnaketendstobelocatednearthecenterofitsbody
(B)        pressuregradientsinthewatersurroundingtheseasnakecountertheeffectsofverticalpressuregradientswithinitsbloodvessels
(C)        theseasnakeassumesaverticalposturelessfrequently thando theterrestrial and thearborealsnake
(D)        theseasnakeoftenreliesonwavesofmusclecontractionstohelpmovebloodfromthetorsotothehead
(E)        theforceofpressuregradientsinthewatersurroundingtheseasnakeexceedsthatofverticalpressuregradientswithinitscirculatorysystem

20.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingistrueofspeciesofterrestrialsnakesthatoftenneedtoassumeaverticalposture?

(A)        Theyaremorelikelytobesusceptibletocirculatoryfailureinverticalposturesthanaresea snakes.
(B)        Theirheartsarelesslikelytobelocatedatthemidpointoftheirbodiesthanisthecasewithsea snakes.
(C)        Theycannotcounteractthepoolingofbloodinlowerregionsoftheirbodiesaseffectivelyassea snakes can.
(D)        Thebloodpressureattheirmidpointdecreasessignificantlywhentheyaretiltedwiththeirheadsup.
(E)        Theyareunabletorelyonmusclecontractionstomovevenousbloodfromthelowertorsotothehead.





21.        Theauthordescribesthebehaviorofthecirculatorysystemofseasnakeswhentheyareremovedfromtheocean(seelines17–20)primarilyinorderto

(A)        illustratewhatwouldoccurinthecirculatorysystemofterrestrialsnakeswithoutadaptationsthatenablethemtoregulatetheirbloodpressureinverticalorientations
(B)        explainwhyarborealsnakesinverticalorientationsmustrelyonmusclecontractionstorestorebloodpressuretothebrain
(C)        illustratetheeffectsofcirculatoryfailureonthebehaviorofarborealsnakes
(D)        illustratethesuperiorityofthecirculatorysystemoftheterrestrialsnaketothatoftheseasnake
(E)        explainhowchangesinspatialorientationcanadverselyaffectthecirculatorysystemofsnakeswithheartslocatedinrelativelycloseproximitytotheirheads

22.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutseasnakes?

(A)        Theyfrequentlyrelyonwavesofmusclecontractionsfromthelowertorsototheheadtosupplementtheworkoftheheart.
(B)        Theycannoteffectivelyregulatetheirbloodpressurewhenplacedinseawaterandtiltedatan anglewiththe head pointed downward.
(C)        Theyaremorelikelytohaveaheartlocatedincloseproximitytotheirheadsthanarearborealsnakes.
(D)        Theybecomeacutelyvulnerabletotheeffectsofgravitationalpressureontheircirculatorysystemwhentheyareplacedinaterrestrialenvironment.
(E)        Their cardiovascular system is not ascomplicatedasthatofarborealsnakes.

23.        Theauthorsuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisadisadvantagethatresultsfromthelocationofasnake’sheartincloseproximitytoitshead?

(A)        Adecreaseintheefficiencywithwhichthesnakeregulatestheflowofbloodtothebrain
(B)        Adecreaseinthenumberoforientationsinspacethatasnakecanassumewithoutlossofbloodflow to thebrain
(C)        Adecreaseinbloodpressureatthesnake’smidpointwhenitistiltedatvariousangleswithitsheadup
(D)        Anincreaseinthetendencyofbloodtopoolatthesnake’sheadwhenthesnakeistiltedatvariousangleswithitsheaddown
(E)        Anincreaseintheamountofeffortrequiredtodistributebloodtoandfromthesnake’stail

24.        Theprimarypurposeofthethirdparagraphisto

(A)        introduceatopicthatisnotdiscussedearlierinthepassage
(B)        describeamoreefficientmethodofachievinganeffectdiscussedinthepreviousparagraph
(C)        drawaconclusionbasedoninformationelaboratedinthepreviousparagraph
(D)        discusstwospecificexamplesofphenomenamentionedattheendofthepreviousparagraph
(E)        introduceevidencethatunderminesaviewreportedearlierinthepassage




25.        Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichofthefollowing?

(A)        Explainingadaptationsthatenabletheterrestrialsnaketocopewiththeeffectsofgravitationalpressureonitscirculatorysystem
(B)        Comparingthecirculatorysystemoftheseasnakewiththatoftheterrestrialsnake
(C)        Explainingwhythecirculatorysystemoftheterrestrialsnakeisdifferentfromthatoftheseasnake
(D)        Pointingoutfeaturesoftheterrestrialsnake’scardiovascularsystemthatmakeitsuperiortothatoftheseasnake
(E)        Explaininghowtheseasnakeisabletoneutralizetheeffectsofgravitationalpressureonitscirculatorysystem





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In1988servicesmovedaheadofmanufacturingasthemainproductoftheUnitedStateseconomy.Butwhatismeantby“services”?
Someeconomistsdefineaserviceassomethingthatisproducedandconsumedsimultaneously,forexample,ahaircut.Thebroader,classicaldefinitionisthataserviceisanintangiblesomethingthatcannotbetouchedorstored.Yetelectricutilitiescanstoreenergy,andcomputerprogrammerssaveinformationelectronically.Thus,theclassicaldefinitionishardtosustain.
TheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdefinitionismorepractical:servicesaretheresidualcategorythatincludeseverythingthatisnotagricultureorindustry.Underthisdefinition,servicesincludesactivitiesasdiverseasengineeringanddrivingabus.However,besideslackingastrongconceptualframework,thisdefinitionfailstorecognizethedistinctionbetweenserviceindustriesandserviceoccupations.Itcategorizesworkersbasedontheircompany’sfinalproductratherthanontheactualworktheemployeesperform.Thus,themanyserviceworkersemployedbymanufacturers—bookkeepersorjanitors,forexample—would
fallundertheindustrialratherthantheservicescategory.Suchambiguitiesrevealthearbitrarinessofthisdefinitionandsuggestthat,althoughpracticalforgovernmentpurposes,itdoesnotaccuratelyreflectthecompositionofthecurrentUnitedStateseconomy.

Questions26–30 refertothepassageabove.

26.        Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        discussingresearchdataunderlyingseveraldefinitions
(B)        arguingfortheadoptionofaparticulardefinition
(C)        exploringdefinitionsofaconcept
(D)        comparingtheadvantagesofseveraldefinitions
(E)        clarifyingsomeambiguousdefinitions

27.        IncomparingtheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdefinitionofserviceswiththeclassicaldefinition,theauthorsuggeststhattheclassicaldefinitionis

(A)        morepragmatic
(B)        more difficult toapply
(C)        less ambiguous
(D)        morewidelyused
(E)        morearbitrary

28.        ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutserviceworkersintheUnitedStates?

(A)        Thenumberofserviceworkersmaybeunderestimatedbythedefinitionofservicesusedbythegovernment.
(B)        Therewerefewerserviceworkersthanagriculturalworkersbefore1988.
(C)        Thenumberofserviceworkerswasalmostequaltothenumberofworkersemployedinmanufacturinguntil1988.
(D)        Mostserviceworkersareemployedinserviceoccupationsratherthaninserviceindustries.
(E)        Mostserviceworkersareemployedinoccupationswheretheyprovideservicesthatdonotfallundertheclassicaldefinitionofservices.




29.        TheauthorofthepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasonedisadvantageoftheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdefinitionofservices?

(A)        Itislessusefulthantheotherdefinitionsmentionedinthepassage.
(B)        Itisnarrowerinscopethantheotherdefinitionsmentionedinthepassage.
(C)        Itisbasedonthefinalproductproducedratherthanonthetypeofworkperformed.
(D)        Itdoesnotrecognizethediversityofoccupationswithintheserviceindustries.
(E)        Itmisclassifiesmanyworkerswhoareemployedinserviceindustries.

30.        Theauthorrefersto“serviceworkersemployedbymanufacturers”(line23)primarilyinordertopointout

(A)        atypeofworkernotcoveredbytheUnitedStatesgovernment’ssystemofclassifyingoccupations
(B)        aflawintheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdefinitionofservices
(C)        afactorthathasinfluencedthegrowthoftheserviceeconomyintheUnitedStates
(D)        atypeofworkerwhoisclassifiedonthebasisofworkperformedratherthanonthebasisofthecompany’sfinalproduct
(E)        thediversityoftheworkerswhoarereferredtoas  serviceworkers





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Current feministtheory,invalidatingwomen’sownstoriesoftheirexperience,hasencouragedscholarsofwomen’shistorytoviewtheuseofwomen’soralnarrativesasthemethodology,nexttotheuseofwomen’swrittenautobiography,thatbringshistoriansclosesttothe“reality”ofwomen’slives.Suchnarratives,unlikemoststandardhistories,representexperiencefromtheperspectiveofwomen,affirmtheimportanceofwomen’scontributions,andfurnishpresent-daywomenwithhistoricalcontinuitythatisessential to their identity, individually and collectively.
Scholarsofwomen’shistoryshould,however,beascautiousaboutacceptingoralnarrativesatfacevalueastheyalreadyareaboutwrittenmemories.Oralnarrativesarenomorelikelythanarewrittennarrativestoprovideadisinterestedcommentaryoneventsorpeople.Moreover,thestoriespeopletelltoexplainthemselvesareshapedbynarrativedevicesandstorytellingconventions,aswellasbyotherculturalandhistoricalfactors,inwaysthatthestorytellersmaybeunawareof.Thepoliticalrhetoricofaparticularera,forexample,mayinfluencewomen’sinterpretationsofthesignificanceoftheirexperience.ThusawomanwhoviewstheSecondWorldWaraspivotalinincreasingthesocialacceptanceofwomen’spaidworkoutsidethehomemayreachthatconclusionpartlyandunwittinglybecauseofwartimerhetoricencouragingapositiveviewofwomen’sparticipationinsuchwork.

Questions31–36refertothepassageabove.

31.        Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        contrastingthebenefitsofonemethodologywiththebenefitsofanother
(B)        describingthehistoricaloriginsandinherentdrawbacksofaparticularmethodology
(C)        discussingtheappealofaparticularmethodologyandsomeconcernsaboutitsuse
(D)        showingthatsomehistorians’adoptionofaparticularmethodologyhasledtocriticismofrecenthistoricalscholarship
(E)        analyzingtheinfluenceofcurrentfeministviewsonwomen’sinterpretationsoftheirexperience

32.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingshapestheoralnarrativesofwomenstorytellers?

(A)        Theconventionsforstandardhistoriesinthecultureinwhichawomanstorytellerlives
(B)        Theconventionsofstorytellinginthecultureinwhichawomanstorytellerlives
(C)        Awomanstoryteller’sexperiencewithdistinctivetraditionsofstorytellingdevelopedbythewomeninher family oforigin
(D)        Theculturalexpectationsandexperiencesofthosewholistentooralnarratives
(E)        Awomanstoryteller’sfamiliaritywiththestoriesthatmembersofothergroupsinherculturetelltoexplainthemselves





33.        Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytomakewhichofthefollowingrecommendationstoscholarsofwomen’shistory?

(A)        Theyshouldtakeintoaccounttheirownlifeexperienceswheninterpretingtheoralaccountsofwomen’shistoricalexperiences.
(B)        Theyshouldassumethattheobservationsmadeinwomen’soralnarrativesarebelievedbytheintendedaudienceofthestory.
(C)        Theyshouldtreatskepticallyobservationsreportedinoralnarrativesunlesstheobservationscanbeconfirmedinstandardhistories.
(D)        Theyshouldconsidertheculturalandhistoricalcontextinwhichanoralnarrativewascreatedbeforearrivingataninterpretationofsuchanarrative.
(E)        Theyshouldrelyoninformationgatheredfromoralnarrativesonlywhenequivalentinformationisnotavailableinstandardhistories.

34.        Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastsentenceofthepassage?

(A)        Itdescribesaneventthathistoriansviewascrucialinrecentwomen’shistory.
(B)        Itprovidesanexampleofhowpoliticalrhetoricmayinflncetheinterpretationsofexperiencereportedinwomen’soralnarratives.
(C)        Itprovidesanexampleofanoralnarrativethatinaccuratelydescribeswomen’sexperienceduringaparticularhistoricalperiod.
(D)        Itillustratesthepointthatsomewomenaremoreawarethanothersofthesocialforcesthatshapetheiroralnarratives.
(E)        Itidentifiesthehistoricalconditionsthatledtothesocialacceptanceofwomen’spaidworkoutsidethehome.

35.        Accordingtothepassage,scholarsofwomen’shistoryshouldrefrainfrom doing which of the following?

(A)        Relyingontraditionalhistoricalsourceswhenwomen’soralnarrativesareunavailable
(B)        Focusingontheinflnceofpoliticalrhetoriconwomen’sperceptionstotheexclusionofotherequallyimportantfactors
(C)        Attemptingtodiscovertheculturalandhistoricalfactorsthatinfluencethestorieswomentell
(D)        Assumingthattheconventionsofwomen’swrittenautobiographiesaresimilartotheconventionsofwomen’soralnarratives
(E)        Acceptingwomen’soralnarrativeslesscriticallythantheyacceptwomen’swrittenhistories

36.        Accordingtothepassage,eachofthefollowingisadifferencebetweenwomen’soralnarrativesandmoststandardhistories EXCEPT:

(A)        Women’soralhistoriesvalidatethesignificanceofwomen’sachievements.
(B)        Women’soralhistoriesdepictexperiencefromthepoint of view of women.
(C)        Women’soralhistoriesacknowledgetheinflnce ofwell-knownwomen.
(D)        Women’soralhistoriespresenttoday’swomenwithasenseoftheirhistoricalrelationshiptowomenofthepast.
(E)        Women’soralhistoriesarecrucialtothecollectiveidentityoftoday’swomen.





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Manufacturershavetodomorethanbuildlargemanufacturingplantstorealizeeconomiesofscale.Itistruethatasthecapacityofamanufacturingoperationrises,costsperunitofoutputfallasplantsizeapproaches“minimumefficientscale,”wherethecostperunitofoutputreachesaminimum,
determinedroughlybythestateofexistingtechnologyandsizeofthepotentialmarket.However,minimumefficientscalecannotbefullyrealizedunlessasteady“throughput”(theflowofmaterialsthroughaplant)isattained.Thethroughputneededtomaintaintheoptimalscaleofproductionrequirescarefulcoordinationnotonlyoftheflowofgoodsthroughtheproductionprocess,butalsooftheflowofinputfromsuppliersandtheflowofoutputtowholesalersandfinalconsumers.Ifthroughputfallsbelowacriticalpoint,unitcostsrisesharplyandprofitsdisappear.Amanufacturer’sfixedcostsand“sunkcosts”(originalcapitalinvestmentinthephysicalplant)donotdecreasewhenproductiondeclinesduetoinadequatesuppliesofrawmaterials,problemsonthefactoryfloor,orinefficientsalesnetworks.Consequently,potentialeconomiesofscalearebasedonthephysicalandengineeringcharacteristicsoftheproductionfacilities—thatis,ontangiblecapital—butrealizedeconomiesofscaleareoperationalandorganizational,anddependonknowledge,skills,experience,andteamwork—thatis,onorganizedhumancapabilities,orintangiblecapital.
Theimportanceofinvestinginintangiblecapitalbecomesobviouswhenonelooksatwhathappensinnewcapital-intensivemanufacturingindustries.Suchindustriesarequicklydominated,notbythefirstfirmstoacquiretechnologicallysophisticatedplantsoftheoreticallyoptimalsize,butratherbythefirsttoexploitthefullpotentialofsuchplants.Oncesomefirmsachievethis,amarketbecomesextremelyhardtoenter.Challengersmustconstructcomparableplantsanddosoafterthefirstmovershavealreadyworkedoutproblemswithsuppliersorwithnewproductionprocesses.Challengersmustcreatedistributionnetworksandmarketingsystemsinmarketswherefirstmovershaveallthecontactsandknow-how.Andchallengersmustrecruitmanagementteamstocompetewiththosethathavealreadymasteredthesefunctionalandstrategicactivities.

Questions37–41refertothepassageabove.

37.        Thepassagesuggeststhatinorderforamanufacturerinacapital-intensiveindustrytohaveadecisiveadvantageovercompetitorsmakingsimilarproducts,themanufacturermust

(A)        be thefirstin the industrytobuildproductionfacilitiesoftheoreticallyoptimalsize
(B)        makeeveryefforttokeepfixedandsunkcostsaslowaspossible
(C)        beoneofthefirsttooperateitsmanufacturingplantsatminimumefficientscale
(D)        producegoodsofhigherqualitythanthoseproducedbydirectcompetitors
(E)        stockpilerawmaterialsatproductionsitesinordertoensureasteadyflowofsuchmaterials

38.        Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingistrueofamanufacturer’sfixedandsunkcosts?

(A)        Theextenttowhichtheyaredeterminedbymarketconditionsforthegoodsbeingmanufacturedisfrequentlyunderestimated.
(B)        Iftheyarekeptaslowaspossible,themanufacturerisverylikelytorealizesignificantprofits.
(C)        Theyaretheprimaryfactorthatdetermineswhetheramanufacturerwillrealizeeconomiesof scale.
(D)        Theyshouldbeonaparwiththefixedandsunkcostsofthemanufacturer’scompetitors.
(E)        Theyarenotaffectedbyfluctuationsinamanufacturingplant’sthroughput.

39.        Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,thesecondparagraphservesprimarilyto

(A)        provideanexampletosupporttheargumentpresentedinthefirstparagraph
(B)        evaluatevariousstrategiesdiscussedinthefirstparagraph
(C)        introduceevidencethatunderminestheargumentpresentedinthefirstparagraph
(D)        anticipatepossibleobjectionstotheargumentpresentedinthefirstparagraph
(E)        demonstratethepotentialdangersofacommonlyusedstrategy




40.        ThepassageLEASTsupportstheinferencethatamanufacturer’sthroughputcouldbeadverselyaffectedby

(A)        amistakeinjudgmentregardingtheselectionofawholesaler
(B)        abreakdowninthefactory’smachinery
(C)        alabordisputeonthefactoryfloor
(D)        anincreaseinthecostperunitofoutput
(E)        adropintheefficiencyofthesalesnetwork

41.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        pointouttheimportanceofintangiblecapitalforrealizingeconomiesofscaleinmanufacturing
(B)        showthatmanufacturersfrequentlygainacompetitiveadvantagefrominvestmentinlargemanufacturingfacilities
(C)        arguethatlargemanufacturingfacilitiesoftenfailbecauseofinadequateinvestmentinbothtangibleandintangiblecapital
(D)        suggestthatmostnewindustriesarelikelytobedominatedbyfirmsthatbuildlargemanufacturingplantsearly
(E)        explainwhylargemanufacturingplantsusuallydonothelpmanufacturersachieveeconomiesofscale





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Intheseventeenth-centuryFlorentinetextileindustry,womenwereemployedprimarilyinlow-paying,low-skilljobs.Toexplainthissegregationoflaborbygender,economistshavereliedontheusefultheoryofhumancapital.According
tothistheory,investmentinhumancapital—theacquisitionofdifficultjob-relatedskills—generallybenefitsindividualsbymakingthemeligibletoengageinwell-paidoccupations.Women’sroleaschildbearers,however,resultsininterruptionsintheirparticipationinthejobmarket(ascomparedwithmen’s)andthusreducestheiropportunitiestoacquiretrainingforhighlyskilledwork.Inaddition,thehumancapitaltheoryexplainswhytherewasahighconcentrationofwomenworkersincertainlow-skilljobs,suchasweaving,butnotinothers,suchascombingorcarding,bypositingthatbecauseoftheirprimaryresponsibilityinchildrearingwomentookoccupationsthatcouldbecarriedoutinthehome.
Therewere,however,differencesinpayscalesthatcannotbeexplainedbythehumancapitaltheory.Forexample,maleconstructionworkerswerepaidsignificantlyhigherwagesthanfemaletaffetaweavers.Thewagedifferencebetweenthesetwolow-skilloccupationsstemsfromthesegregationoflaborbygender:becausealimitednumberofoccupationswereopentowomen,therewasalargesupplyofworkersintheirfields,andthis“overcrowding”resultedinwomenreceivinglowerwagesandmenreceivinghigherwages.

Questions42–44refertothepassageabove.

42.        Thepassagesuggeststhatcombingandcardingdifferfromweavinginthatcombingandcardingwere

(A)        low-skill jobsperformedprimarilybywomenemployees
(B)        low-skill jobs that were not performedin thehome
(C)        low-skilljobsperformedbybothmaleandfemaleemployees
(D)        high-skilljobsperformedoutsidethehome
(E)        high-skilljobsperformedbybothmaleandfemaleemployees

43.        Which ofthefollowing, iftrue, wouldmost weakentheexplanationprovidedbythehumancapitaltheoryforwomen’sconcentrationincertainoccupationsinseventeenth-centuryFlorence?

(A)        Womenwere unlikely to work outsidethehomeeveninoccupationswhosehourswereflexibleenoughtoallowwomentoaccommodatedomestictasksaswellaspaidlabor.
(B)        Parentswerelesslikelytoteachoccupationalskillstotheirdaughtersthantheyweretotheirsons.
(C)        Women’sparticipationintheFlorentinepaidlaborforcegrewsteadilythroughoutthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.
(D)        ThevastmajorityoffemaleweaversintheFlorentine wool industryhad children.
(E)        FewwomenworkedasweaversintheFlorentinesilkindustry,whichwasdevotedtomakingclothsthatrequiredahighdegreeofskilltoproduce.




44.        Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytodescribetheexplanationprovidedbythehumancapitaltheoryforthehighconcentrationofwomenincertainoccupationsintheseventeenth-centuryFlorentinetextileindustryas

(A)        wellfoundedthoughincomplete
(B)        difficulttoarticulate
(C)        plausiblebutpoorlysubstantiated
(D)        seriouslyflawed
(E)        contrarytorecentresearch








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(Thispassagewasadaptedfromanarticlewrittenin1992.)
SomeobservershaveattributedthedramaticgrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1980stoincreasedparticipationintheworkforcebycertaingroups,suchasfirst-timeorreenteringworkers,whosupposedlyprefersucharrangements.However,statisticalanalysesrevealthatdemographicchangesintheworkforcedidnotcorrelatewithvariationsinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkers.Instead,theseanalysessuggestthatfactorsaffectingemployersaccountfortheriseintemporaryemployment.Onefactorisproductdemand:temporaryemploymentisfavoredby
employerswhoareadaptingtofluctuatingdemandforproductswhileatthesametimeseeking
toreduceoveralllaborcosts.Anotherfactorislabor’sreducedbargainingstrength,which
allowsemployersmorecontroloverthetermsofemployment.Giventheanalyses,whichrevealthatgrowthintemporaryemploymentnowfarexceedsthelevelexplainablebyrecentworkforceentryratesofgroupssaidtoprefertemporaryjobs,firmsshouldbediscouragedfromcreatingexcessivenumbersoftemporarypositions.Governmentpolicymakersshouldconsidermandatingbenefitcoveragefortemporaryemployees,promotingpayequitybetweentemporaryandpermanentworkers,assistinglaborunionsinorganizingtemporaryworkers,andencouragingfirmstoassigntemporaryjobsprimarilytoemployeeswhoexplicitlyindicatethatpreference.

Questions45–51refertothepassageabove.

45.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        presenttheresultsofstatisticalanalysesandproposefurtherstudies
(B)        explainarecentdevelopmentandpredictitseventualconsequences
(C)        identifythereasonsforatrendandrecommendmeasurestoaddressit
(D)        outlineseveraltheoriesaboutaphenomenonandadvocateoneofthem
(E)        describethepotentialconsequencesofimplementinganewpolicyandargueinfavorofthatpolicy

46.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofthe“factorsaffectingemployers”thatarementionedinlines10–19?

(A)        Mostexpertscitethemashavinginitiatedthegrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredduringthe1980s.
(B)        Theymayaccountfortheincreaseinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkersduringthe1980s.
(C)        Theywerelessimportantthandemographicchangeinaccountingfortheincreaseoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980s.
(D)        Theyincludedasharpincreaseinthecostoflaborduringthe1980s.
(E)        Theyaremoredifficulttoaccountforthanareotherfactorsinvolvedinthegrowthoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980s.





47.        Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheuseoftemporaryemploymentbyfirmsduringthe1980s?

(A)        Itenabledfirmstodealwithfluctuatingproductdemandfarmoreefficientlythantheydidbeforethe 1980s.
(B)        Itincreasedasaresultofincreasedparticipationintheworkforcebycertaindemographicgroups.
(C)        Itwasdiscouragedbygovernment-mandatedpolicies.
(D)        Itwasaresponsetopreferencesindicatedbycertainemployeesformoreflexibleworkingarrangements.
(E)        Itincreasedpartlyasaresultofworkers’reducedabilitytocontrolthetermsoftheiremployment.

48.        Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheworkerswhotooktemporaryjobsduringthe1980s?

(A)        Theirjobsfrequentlyledtopermanentpositionswithinfirms.
(B)        Theyconstitutedalessdemographicallydiversegroupthanhasbeensuggested.
(C)        Theywereoccasionallyinvolvedinactionsorganizedbylaborunions.
(D)        Theirpaydeclinedduringthedecadeincomparisonwiththepayofpermanentemployees.
(E)        Theydidnotnecessarilyprefertemporaryemploymenttopermanentemployment.

49.        Thefirstsentenceinthepassagesuggeststhatthe“observers”mentionedinline1wouldbemostlikelytopredictwhichofthefollowing?

(A)        Thatthenumberofnewtemporarypositionswoulddeclineasfewerworkerswhopreferredtemporaryemploymententeredtheworkforce
(B)        Thatthetotalnumberoftemporarypositionswouldincreaseasfewerworkerswereabletofindpermanentpositions
(C)        Thatemployerswouldhavelesscontroloverthetermsofworkers’employmentasworkersincreasedtheirbargainingstrength
(D)        Thatmoreworkerswouldbehiredfortemporarypositionsasproductdemandincreased
(E)        Thatthenumberofworkerstakingtemporarypositionswouldincreaseasmoreworkersinanygivendemographicgroupenteredtheworkforce

50.        Inthecontextofthepassage,theword“excessive”(line23)mostcloselycorrespondstowhichofthefollowingphrases?

(A)        Farmorethancanbejustifiedbyworkerpreferences
(B)        Farmorethancanbeexplainedbyfluctuationsinproductdemand
(C)        Farmorethancanbebeneficialtothesuccessofthefirmsthemselves
(D)        Farmorethancanbeaccountedforbyanexpandingnationaleconomy
(E)        Farmorethancanbeattributedtoincreasesinthetotalnumberofpeopleintheworkforce

51.        ThepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanappropriatekindofgovernmentalactionEXCEPT

(A)        gettingfirmstooffertemporaryemploymentprimarilytoacertaingroupofpeople
(B)        encouragingequitablepayfortemporaryandpermanentemployees
(C)        facilitatingtheorganizationoftemporaryworkersbylaborunions
(D)        establishingguidelinesontheproportionoftemporaryworkersthatfirmsshouldemploy
(E)        ensuringthattemporaryworkersobtainbenefitsfromtheiremployers





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Amongthemythstakenasfactbytheenvironmentalmanagersofmostcorporationsisthebeliefthatenvironmentalregulationsaffectallcompetitorsinagivenindustryuniformly.Inreality,regulatorycosts—andthereforecompliance—fallunevenly,economicallydisadvantagingsomecompaniesandbenefitingothers.Forexample,
aplantsituatednearanumberoflargernoncompliantcompetitorsislesslikelytoattracttheattentionoflocalregulatorsthanisanisolatedplant,andlessattentionmeanslowercosts.
Additionally,largeplantscanspreadcompliancecostssuchaswastetreatmentacrossalargerrevenuebase;ontheotherhand,somesmallerplantsmaynotevenbesubjecttocertainprovisionssuchaspermitorreportingrequirementsbyvirtueoftheirsize.Finally,olderproductiontechnologiesoftencontinuetogeneratetoxicwastesthatwerenotregulatedwhenthetechnologywasfirstadopted.Newregulationshaveimposedextensivecompliancecostsoncompaniesstillusingolderindustrialcoal-fiedburnersthatgeneratehighsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxideoutputs,forexample,whereasnewfacilitiesgenerallyavoidprocessesthatwouldcreatesuchwasteproducts.Byrealizingthattheyhavediscretionandthatnotallindustriesareaffectedequallybyenvironmentalregulation,environmentalmanagerscanhelptheircompaniestoachieveacompetitiveedgebyanticipatingregulatorypressureandexploringallpossibilitiesforaddressinghowchangingregulationswillaffecttheircompaniesspecifically.

Questions52–55refertothepassageabove.

52.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalargeplantmighthavetospendmorethanasimilarbutsmallerplantonenvironmentalcompliancebecausethelargerplantis

(A)        morelikelytoattractattentionfromlocalregulators
(B)        lesslikelytobeexemptfrompermitandreportingrequirements
(C)        lesslikelytohaveregulatorycostspassedontoitbycompaniesthatsupplyitsrawmaterials
(D)        morelikelytoemployolderproductiontechnologies
(E)        morelikelytogeneratewastesthataremoreenvironmentallydamagingthanthosegeneratedbysmallerplants

53.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxideoutputsistrue?

(A)        Olderproductiontechnologiescannotbeadaptedsoastoreduceproductionoftheseoutputsaswasteproducts.
(B)        Under themostrecentenvironmentalregulations,industrialplantsarenolongerpermittedtoproducetheseoutputs.
(C)        Althoughthese outputs are environmentallyhazardous,someplantsstillgeneratethemaswasteproductsdespitethehighcompliancecoststheyimpose.
(D)        Many older plantshave developed innovativetechnologicalprocessesthatreducetheamountsoftheseoutputsgeneratedaswasteproducts.
(E)        Sincetheproductionprocessesthatgeneratetheseoutputsarelesscostlythanalternativeprocesses, these less expensive processes aresometimesadopteddespitetheiracknowledgedenvironmentalhazards.




54.        Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipofthestatementaboutlargeplants(lines12–17)tothepassageasawhole?

(A)        Itpresentsahypothesisthatisdisprovedlaterinthepassage.
(B)        Ithighlightsanoppositionbetweentwoideasmentionedinthepassage.
(C)        Itprovidesexamplestosupportaclaimmadeearlierinthepassage.
(D)        Itexemplifiesamisconceptionmentionedearlierinthepassage.
(E)        Itdrawsananalogybetweentwosituationsdescribedinthepassage.

55.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        addressawidespreadenvironmentalmanagementproblemandsuggestpossiblesolutions
(B)        illustratevaryinglevelsofcompliancewithenvironmentalregulationamongdifferentcorporations
(C)        describethevariousalternativestotraditionalmethodsofenvironmentalmanagement
(D)        advocateincreasedcorporatecompliancewithenvironmental regulation
(E)        correctacommonmisconceptionabouttheimpactofenvironmentalregulations





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InWintersv.UnitedStates(1908),theSupremeCourtheldthattherighttousewatersflowingthroughoradjacenttotheFortBelknapIndianReservationwasreservedtoAmericanIndiansbythetreatyestablishingthereservation.Althoughthistreatydidnotmentionwaterrights,theCourtruledthatthefederalgovernment,whenitcreatedthereservation,intendedtodealfairlywith AmericanIndiansbyreservingforthemthewaterswithoutwhichtheirlandswouldhavebeenuseless.Laterdecisions,citingWinters,establishedthatcourtscanfindfederalrightstoreservewaterforparticularpurposesif(1)thelandinquestionlieswithinanenclaveunderexclusivefederaljurisdiction,(2)thelandhasbeenformallywithdrawnfromfederalpubliclands—i.e.,withdrawnfromthestockoffederallandsavailableforprivateuseunderfederallanduselaws—andsetasideorreserved,and(3)thecircumstancesrevealthegovernmentintendedtoreservewateraswellaslandwhenestablishingthereservation.
SomeAmericanIndiantribeshavealsoestablishedwaterrightsthroughthecourtsbasedontheirtraditionaldiversionanduseofcertainwaterspriortotheUnitedStates’acquisitionofsovereignty.Forexample,theRioGrandepueblosalreadyexistedwhentheUnitedStatesacquiredsovereigntyoverNewMexicoin1848.AlthoughtheyatthattimebecamepartoftheUnitedStates,thepueblolandsneverformallyconstitutedapartoffederalpubliclands;inanyevent,notreaty,statute,orexecutiveorderhaseverdesignatedorwithdrawnthepueblosfrompubliclandsasAmericanIndianreservations.Thisfact,however,hasnotbarredapplicationof theWintersdoctrine.WhatconstitutesanAmericanIndianreservationisaquestionofpractice,notoflegaldefinition,andthepuebloshavealwaysbeentreatedasreservationsbytheUnitedStates.ThispragmaticapproachisbuttressedbyArizonav.California(1963),whereintheSupremeCourtindicatedthatthemannerinwhichanytypeoffederalreservationiscreateddoes not affectthe application to it of the Wintersdoctrine.Therefore,thereservedwaterrightsofPuebloIndianshavepriorityoverothercitizens’waterrightsasof1848,theyearinwhichpueblosmustbeconsideredtohavebecomereservations.

Questions56–62refertothepassageabove.

56.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwastrueofthetreatyestablishingtheFortBelknapIndianReservation?

(A)        ItwaschallengedintheSupremeCourtanumberoftimes.
(B)        Itwasrescindedbythefederalgovernment,anactionthatgaverisetotheWinterscase.
(C)        ItcitedAmericanIndians’traditionaluseoftheland’s resources.
(D)        Itfailedtomentionwaterrightstobeenjoyedbythereservation’sinhabitants.
(E)        ItwasmodifiedbytheSupremeCourtin
Arizonav.California.

57.        Thepassagesuggeststhat,ifthecriteriadiscussedinlines10–20weretheonlycriteriaforestablishingareservation’swaterrights,whichofthefollowingwouldbetrue?

(A)        ThewaterrightsoftheinhabitantsoftheFortBelknapIndianReservationwouldnottakeprecedenceoverthoseofothercitizens.
(B)        Reservationsestablishedbefore1848wouldbejudgedtohavenowaterrights.
(C)        TherewouldbenolegalbasisforthewaterrightsoftheRioGrandepueblos.
(D)        ReservationsotherthanAmericanIndianreservationscouldnotbecreatedwithreservedwaterrights.
(E)        Treatiesestablishingreservationswouldhavetomentionwaterrightsexplicitlyinordertoreservewaterforaparticularpurpose.





58.        WhichofthefollowingmostaccuratelysummarizestherelationshipbetweenArizonav.Californiainlines38–42,andthecriteriacitingtheWintersdoctrineinlines  10–20?

(A)        Arizonav.CaliforniaabolishesthesecriteriaandestablishesacompetingsetofcriteriaforapplyingtheWintersdoctrine.
(B)        Arizonav.CaliforniaestablishesthattheWintersdoctrineappliestoabroaderrangeofsituationsthanthosedefinedbythesecriteria.
(C)        Arizonav.CaliforniarepresentsthesoleexampleofanexceptiontothecriteriaastheyweresetforthintheWintersdoctrine.
(D)        Arizonav.CaliforniadoesnotrefertotheWintersdoctrinetojustifywaterrights,whereasthesecriteriadorelyontheWintersdoctrine.
(E)        Arizonav.CaliforniaappliesthecriteriaderivedfromtheWintersdoctrineonly to federal landsotherthanAmericanIndianreservations.

59.        The“pragmaticapproach”mentionedinlines37–38ofthepassageisbestdefinedasonethat

(A)        grantsrecognitiontoreservationsthatwereneverformallyestablishedbutthathavetraditionallybeentreatedassuch
(B)        determinesthewaterrightsofallcitizensinaparticularregionbyexaminingtheactualhistoryofwaterusageinthatregion
(C)        givesfederalcourtstherighttoreservewateralongwithlandevenwhenitisclearthatthegovernmentoriginallyintendedtoreserveonlytheland
(D)        basesthedecisiontorecognizethelegalrightsofagrouponthepracticaleffectsucharecognitionislikelytohaveonothercitizens
(E)        dictatesthatcourtsignoreprecedentssetbysuchcasesasWintersv.UnitedStatesindecidingwhatwaterrightsbelongtoreservedland

60.        TheauthorcitesthefactthattheRioGrandepuebloswereneverformally withdrawn frompubliclandsprimarilyin orderto dowhich of thefollowing?

(A)        SuggestwhyitmighthavebeenarguedthattheWintersdoctrineoughtnottoapplytopueblolands
(B)        ImplythattheUnitedStatesneverreallyacquiredsovereigntyoverpueblolands
(C)        Arguethatthepueblolandsoughtstilltobeconsideredpartoffederalpubliclands
(D)        SupporttheargumentthatthewaterrightsofcitizensotherthanAmericanIndiansarelimitedbytheWintersdoctrine
(E)        SuggestthatfederalcourtscannotclaimjurisdictionovercasesdisputingthetraditionaldiversionanduseofwaterbyPuebloIndians

61.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        tracethedevelopmentoflawsestablishingAmericanIndianreservations
(B)        explainthelegalbasisforthewaterrightsofAmericanIndiantribes
(C)        questionthelegalcriteriaoftenusedtodeterminethewaterrightsofAmericanIndiantribes
(D)        discussevidenceestablishingtheearliestdateatwhichthefederalgovernmentrecognizedthewaterrightsofAmericanIndians
(E)        point out alegaldistinction between differenttypesofAmericanIndianreservations

62.        ThepassagesuggeststhatthelegalrightsofcitizensotherthanAmericanIndianstotheuseofwaterflowingintotheRioGrandepueblosare

(A)        guaranteed bytheprecedent set inArizonav.
California
(B)        abolishedbytheWintersdoctrine
(C)        deferredtothePuebloIndianswhenevertreatiesexplicitlyrequirethis
(D)        guaranteedbyfederalland-uselaws
(E)        limitedbythepriorclaimsofthePuebloIndians





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MilankovitchproposedintheearlytwentiethcenturythattheiceageswerecausedbyvariationsintheEarth’sorbitaroundtheSun.Forsome
timethistheorywasconsidereduntestable,largelybecausetherewasnosufficientlyprecisechronologyoftheiceageswithwhichtheorbitalvariationscouldbematched.
Toestablishsuchachronologyitisnecessarytodeterminetherelativeamountsoflandicethat
existedatvarioustimesintheEarth’spast.Arecentdiscoverymakessuchadeterminationpossible:relativeland-icevolumeforagivenperiodcanbededucedfromtheratiooftwooxygenisotopes,
16and18,foundinoceansediments.Almostalltheoxygeninwaterisoxygen16,butafew
moleculesoutofeverythousandincorporatetheheavierisotope18.Whenaniceagebegins,thecontinentalicesheetsgrow,steadilyreducingtheamountofwaterevaporatedfromtheoceanthat

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thousandyearshaveapattern:aniceageoccursroughlyonceevery100,000years.ThesedatahaveestablishedastrongconnectionbetweenvariationsintheEarth’sorbitandtheperiodicityoftheiceages.
However,itisimportant tonotethatotherfactors,suchasvolcanicparticulatesorvariationsintheamountofsunlightreceivedbytheEarth,couldpotentiallyhaveaffectedtheclimate.TheadvantageoftheMilankovitchtheoryisthatit
istestable;changesintheEarth’sorbitcanbecalculatedanddatedbyapplyingNewton’slawsofgravitytoprogressivelyearlierconfigurationsofthebodiesinthesolarsystem.Yetthelackofinformationaboutotherpossiblefactorsaffectingglobalclimatedoesnotmakethemunimportant.

Questions63–68refertothepassageabove.

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willeventuallyreturntoit.Becauseheavierisotopestendtobeleftbehindwhenwaterevaporates
fromtheoceansurfaces,theremainingoceanwaterbecomesprogressivelyenrichedinoxygen
18.Thedegreeofenrichmentcanbedeterminedbyanalyzingoceansedimentsoftheperiod,becausethesesedimentsarecomposedofcalciumcarbonateshellsofmarineorganisms,shellsthatwereconstructedwithoxygenatomsdrawnfromthesurroundingocean.Thehighertheratioofoxygen18tooxygen16inasedimentaryspecimen,themorelandicetherewaswhenthesedimentwaslaiddown.
AsanindicatorofshiftsintheEarth’sclimate,theisotoperecordhastwoadvantages.First,itisaglobalrecord:thereisremarkablylittlevariationinisotoperatiosinsedimentaryspecimenstakenfromdifferentcontinentallocations.Second,itisamorecontinuousrecordthanthattakenfromrocksonland.Becauseoftheseadvantages,sedimentaryevidencecanbedatedwithsufficientaccuracybyradiometricmethodstoestablishaprecisechronologyoftheiceages.Thedatedisotoperecordshowsthatthefluctuationsinglobalicevolumeoverthepastseveralhundred

63.        Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyinterestedin

(A)        suggestinganalternativetoanoutdatedresearchmethod
(B)        introducinganewresearchmethodthatcallsanacceptedtheoryintoquestion
(C)        emphasizingtheinstabilityofdatagatheredfromtheapplicationofanewscientificmethod
(D)        presentingatheoryanddescribinganewmethodtotestthattheory
(E)        initiatingadebateaboutawidelyacceptedtheory

64.        Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagree withwhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheMilankovitchtheory?

(A)        Itistheonlypossibleexplanationfortheiceages.
(B)        Itistoolimitedtoprovideaplausibleexplanationfortheiceages,despiterecentresearchfindings.
(C)        Itcannotbetestedandconfirmeduntilfurtherresearchonvolcanicactivityisdone.
(D)        Itisoneplausibleexplanation,thoughnottheonlyone,fortheiceages.
(E)        Itisnotaplausibleexplanationfortheiceages,althoughithasopeneduppromisingpossibilitiesforfutureresearch.





65.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheisotoperecordtakenfromoceansedimentswouldbelessusefultoresearchersifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?

(A)        Itindicatedthatlighterisotopesofoxygenpredominatedatcertaintimes.
(B)        Ithadfarmoregapsinitssequencethantherecordtakenfromrocksonland.
(C)        Itindicatedthatclimateshiftsdidnotoccurevery100,000years.
(D)        Itindicatedthattheratiosofoxygen16andoxygen18inoceanwaterwerenotconsistentwith thosefoundinfreshwater.
(E)        Itstretchedbackforonlyamillionyears.

66.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheratiosofoxygenisotopesinoceansediments?

(A)        Theyindicatethatsedimentsfoundduringaniceagecontainmorecalciumcarbonatethansedimentsformedatothertimes.
(B)        Theyarelessreliablethantheevidencefromrocksonlandindeterminingthevolumeoflandice.
(C)        Theycanbeusedtodeducetherelativevolumeoflandicethatwaspresentwhenthesedimentwaslaiddown.
(D)        Theyaremoreunpredictableduringaniceagethaninotherclimaticconditions.
(E)        Theycanbeusedtodetermineatmosphericconditionsatvarioustimesinthepast.

67.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatprecipitationformedfromevaporatedoceanwaterhas

(A)        thesameisotopicratioasoceanwater
(B)        less oxygen 18thandoes oceanwater
(C)        lessoxygen18thanhastheicecontainedincontinentalicesheets
(D)        adifferentisotopiccompositionthanhasprecipitationformedfromwateronland
(E)        moreoxygen16thanhasprecipitationformedfromfreshwater

68.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatcalciumcarbonate shells

(A)        arenotassusceptibletodeteriorationasrocks
(B)        arelesscommoninsedimentsformedduringanice  age
(C)        arefoundonlyinareasthatwereoncecoveredbylandice
(D)        containradioactivematerialthatcanbeusedtodetermineasediment’sisotopiccomposition
(E)        reflecttheisotopiccompositionofthewateratthetimetheshellswereformed





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Twoworkspublishedin1984demonstratecontrastingapproachestowritingthehistoryofUnitedStateswomen.BuelandBuel’sbiographyofMaryFish(1736–1818)makeslittleefforttoplaceherstoryinthecontextofrecenthistoriographyonwomen.Lebsock,meanwhile,attemptsnotonlytowrite the history of womeninonesoutherncommunity,butalsotoredirecttwodecadesofhistoriographicaldebateastowhetherwomengainedorloststatusinthenineteenthcenturyascompared withtheeighteenthcentury.Althoughbothbooksofferthereadertheopportunitytoassessthiscontroversyregardingwomen’sstatus,onlyLebsock’sdealswithitdirectly.Sheexaminesseveraldifferentaspectsofwomen’sstatus,helpingtorefineandresolvetheissues.Sheconcludesthatwhilewomengainedautonomyinsomeareas,especiallyintheprivatesphere,theylostitinmanyaspectsoftheeconomicsphere.Moreimportantly,sheshowsthatthedebateitselfdependsonframeofreference:inmanyrespects,womenlostpowerinrelationtomen,forexample,ascertainjobs(deliveringbabies,supervisingschools)weretakenoverbymen.Yetwomenalsogainedpowerincomparisonwiththeirpreviousstatus,owningahigherproportionofrealestate,forexample.Incontrast,BuelandBuel’sbiographyprovidesamplerawmaterialforquestioningthemyth,fosteredbysomehistorians,ofacolonialgoldenageintheeighteenthcenturybutdoesnotgivethereadermuchguidanceinanalyzingthecontroversyoverwomen’sstatus.

Questions69–74refertothepassageabove.

69.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        examinetwosidesofahistoriographicaldebate
(B)        callintoquestionanauthor’sapproachtoahistoriographicaldebate
(C)        examineoneauthor’sapproachtoahistoriographicaldebate
(D)        discusstwoauthors’worksinrelationshiptoahistoriographicaldebate
(E)        explaintheprevalentperspectiveonahistoriographicaldebate

70.        Theauthorofthepassagementionsthesupervisionofschoolsprimarilyinorderto

(A)        remindreadersoftheroleeducationplayedintheculturalchangesofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates
(B)        suggestanareainwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwererelativelyfreetoexercisepower
(C)        provideanexampleofanoccupationforwhichaccuratedataaboutwomen’sparticipationaredifficulttoobtain
(D)        speculateaboutwhichoccupationswereconsideredsuitableforUnitedStateswomenofthenineteenthcentury
(E)        illustratehowtheanswerstoquestionsaboutwomen’sstatusdependonparticularcontexts





71.        WithwhichofthefollowingcharacterizationsofLebsock’scontributiontothecontroversyconcerningwomen’sstatusinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

(A)        Lebsockhasstudiedwomenfromaformerlyneglectedregionandtimeperiod.
(B)        Lebsockhasdemonstratedtheimportanceofframeofreferenceinansweringquestionsaboutwomen’sstatus.
(C)        Lebsockhasaddressedthecontroversybyusingwomen’scurrentstatusasaframeofreference.
(D)        Lebsockhasanalyzedstatisticsaboutoccupationsandpropertythatwerepreviouslyignored.
(E)        Lebsockhasappliedrecenthistoriographicalmethodsto the biographyofa nineteenth-centurywoman.

72.        According to the passage,Lebsock’swork differs fromBuelandBuel’sworkinthatLebsock’swork

(A)        usesalargenumberofprimarysources
(B)        ignoresissuesofwomen’slegalstatus
(C)        refusestotakeapositiononwomen’sstatusintheeighteenthcentury
(D)        addresseslargerhistoriographicalissues
(E)        failstoprovidesufficientmaterialtosupportitsclaims

73.        ThepassagesuggeststhatLebsockbelievesthatcompared to nineteenth-century Americanwomen,eighteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwere

(A)        inmanyrespectslesspowerfulinrelationtomen
(B)        morelikelytoownrealestate
(C)        generallymoreeconomicallyindependent
(D)        moreindependentinconducting theirprivatelives
(E)        lesslikelytoworkasschoolsuperintendents

74.        ThepassagesuggeststhatBuelandBuel’sbiographyofMaryFishprovidesevidenceforwhichofthefollowingviewsof women’shistory?

(A)        Womenhavelostpowerinrelationtomensincethecolonialera.
(B)        Womenofthecolonialerawerenotaslikelytobeconcernedwiththeirstatusaswerewomeninthenineteenthcentury.
(C)        Thecolonialerawasnotasfavorableforwomenassomehistorianshavebelieved.
(D)        Womenhadmoreeconomicautonomyinthecolonial era than inthe nineteenth century.
(E)        Women’soccupationsweregenerallymorerespectedinthecolonialerathaninthenineteenthcentury.





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Itwasoncebelievedthatthebrainwasindependentofmetabolicprocessesoccurringelsewhereinthebody.Inrecentstudies,however,wehavediscoveredthattheproductionandreleasein brainneuronsof the neurotransmitter serotonin(neurotransmittersarecompoundsthatneuronsusetotransmitsignalstoothercells)dependdirectlyonthefoodthatthebodyprocesses.
Ourfirststudiessoughttodeterminewhethertheincreaseinserotoninobservedinratsgivenalargeinjectionoftheaminoacidtryptophan
mightalsooccurafterratsatemealsthatchangetryptophan levels in theblood. We foundthat,immediatelyaftertheratsbegantoeat,parallelelevationsoccurredinbloodtryptophan,braintryptophan,andbrainserotoninlevels.Thesefindingssuggestedthattheproductionandreleaseofserotonininbrainneuronswerenormallycoupledwithblood-tryptophanincreases.Inlaterstudieswefoundthatinjectinginsulinintoarat’sbloodstreamalsocausedparallelelevationsinbloodandbraintryptophanlevelsandinserotoninlevels.Wethendecidedtoseewhetherthesecretionoftheanimal’sowninsulinsimilarlyaffectedserotoninproduction.Wegavetheratsacarbohydrate-containingmealthatweknewwouldelicitinsulinsecretion.Aswehadhypothesized,thebloodtryptophanlevelandtheconcentrationsoftryptophanandofserotonin
inthebrainincreasedafterthemeal.
Surprisingly,however,whenweaddedalargeamountof protein tothe meal, brain tryptophanandserotoninlevelsfell.Sinceproteincontainstryptophan,whyshoulditdepressbraintryptophanlevels?Theanswerliesinthemechanismthatprovidesbloodtryptophantothebraincells.Thissamemechanismalsoprovidesthebraincellswithotheraminoacidsfoundinprotein,suchastyrosineandleucine.Theconsumptionofproteinincreasesbloodconcentrationoftheotheraminoacidsmuch
more,proportionately,than it doesthatoftryptophan.Themoreproteinisinameal,theloweristheratioof the resultingblood-tryptophan concentration totheconcentrationofcompetingaminoacids,andthemoreslowlyistryptophanprovidedtothebrain.Thusthemoreproteininameal,thelessserotoninsubsequentlyproducedandreleased.

Questions75–83 refertothepassageabove.

75.        Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthecontentsofthepassage?

(A)        Neurotransmitters:TheirCrucialFunctioninCellularCommunication
(B)        DietandSurvival:AnOldRelationshipReexamined
(C)        TheBloodSupplyandtheBrain:AReciprocalDependence
(D)        AminoAcidsandNeurotransmitters:TheConnectionbetweenSerotoninLevelsandTyrosine
(E)        TheEffectsofFoodIntakeontheProductionandReleaseofSerotonin:SomeRecentFindings

76.        Accordingtothepassage,thespeedwithwhichtryptophanisprovidedtothebraincellsofaratvarieswiththe

(A)        amountofproteinpresentinameal
(B)        concentrationofserotonininthebrainbeforeameal
(C)        concentrationofleucineinthebloodratherthanwith theconcentrationoftyrosinein thebloodafterameal
(D)        concentrationoftryptophaninthebrainbeforeameal
(E)        numberofserotonin-containingneurons

77.        Accordingtothepassage,whentheauthorsbegantheirfirststudies,theywereawarethat

(A)        theywouldeventuallyneedtodesignexperimentsthatinvolvedfeedingratshighconcentrationsofprotein
(B)        tryptophan levels in the blood weredifficult tomonitorwithaccuracy
(C)        serotoninlevelsincreasedafterratswerefedmealsrichintryptophan
(D)        thereweremanyneurotransmitterswhoseproductionwasdependentonmetabolicprocesseselsewhereinthebody
(E)        serotoninlevelsincreasedafterratswereinjected withalargeamount oftryptophan





78.        Accordingtothepassage,onereasonthattheauthorsgaveratscarbohydrateswasto

(A)        depresstherats’tryptophanlevels
(B)        preventtheratsfromcontractingdiseases
(C)        causetheratstoproduceinsulin
(D)        demonstratethatinsulinisthemostimportantsubstancesecretedbythebody
(E)        comparetheeffectofcarbohydrateswiththeeffectofproteins

79.        Accordingtothepassage,themoreproteinaratconsumes,thelowerwillbethe

(A)        ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophanconcentrationtotheamountofserotoninproducedandreleasedintherat’sbrain
(B)        ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophanconcentrationtotheconcentrationinitsbloodoftheotheraminoacidscontainedintheprotein
(C)        ratiooftherat’sblood-tyrosineconcentrationtoitsblood-leucineconcentration
(D)        number of neurotransmitters ofany kindthat theratwillproduceandrelease
(E)        numberofaminoacidstherat’sbloodwillcontain

80.        Theauthors’discussionofthe“mechanismthatprovidesbloodtryptophantothebraincells”(lines34–35)ismeantto

(A)        stimulatefurtherresearchstudies
(B)        summarizeanareaofscientificinvestigation
(C)        helpexplainwhyaparticularresearchfindingwasobtained
(D)        providesupportingevidenceforacontroversialscientifictheory
(E)        refutetheconclusionsofapreviouslymentionedresearch study

81.        Accordingtothepassage,aninjectionofinsulinwasmostsimilarinitseffectonratstoaninjectionof

(A)        tyrosine
(B)        leucine
(C)        blood
(D)        tryptophan
(E)        protein

82.        ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwouldbeLEASTlikelytobeapotentialsourceofaidtoapatientwhowasnotadequatelyproducingandreleasingserotonin?

(A)        Mealsconsistingalmostexclusivelyofprotein
(B)        Mealsconsistingalmostexclusivelyofcarbohydrates
(C)        Mealsthatwouldelicitinsulinsecretion
(D)        Mealsthathadverylowconcentrationsoftyrosine
(E)        Mealsthathadverylowconcentrationsofleucine

83.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorsinitiallyheld which ofthefollowing hypotheses aboutwhatwouldhappenwhentheyfedlargeamountsofproteintorats?

(A)        Therats’brainserotoninlevelswouldnotdecrease.
(B)        Therats’braintryptophanlevelswoulddecrease.
(C)        Therats’tyrosinelevelswouldincreaselessquicklythanwouldtheirleucinelevels.
(D)        Theratswouldproducemoreinsulin.
(E)        Theratswouldproduceneurotransmittersotherthanserotonin.





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ActingontherecommendationofaBritishgovernmentcommitteeinvestigatingthehighincidenceinwhiteleadfactoriesofillnessamongemployees,mostofwhomwerewomen,theHomeSecretaryproposedin1895thatParliamentenactlegislationthatwouldprohibitwomenfromholdingmostjobsinwhiteleadfactories.AlthoughtheWomen’s Industrial DefenceCommittee (WIDC),formedin1892inresponsetoearlierlegislativeattemptstorestrictwomen’slabor,didnotdiscountthewhiteleadtrade’spotentialhealthdangers,itopposedtheproposal,viewingitasyetanotherinstanceoflimitingwomen’sworkopportunities.
AlsoopposingtheproposalwastheSocietyforPromotingtheEmploymentofWomen(SPEW),whichattemptedtochallengeitbyinvestigatingthecausesofillnessinwhiteleadfactories.SPEWcontended,andWIDCconcurred,thatcontrollableconditionsinsuchfactorieswereresponsibleforthedevelopmentofleadpoisoning.SPEWprovidedconvincingevidencethatleadpoisoningcouldbeavoidedifworkerswerecarefulandcleanandifalreadyextantworkplacesafetyregulationswerestringentlyenforced.However,theWomen’sTradeUnionLeague(WTUL),whichhadceasedinthelate1880stoopposerestrictionsonwomen’slabor,supportedtheeventuallyenactedproposal,inpartbecausesafetyregulationsweregenerallynotbeingenforcedinwhiteleadfactories,wheretherewerenounions(andlittleprospectofany)topressureemployerstocomplywithsafetyregulations.

Questions84–86refertothepassageabove.

84.        ThepassagesuggeststhatWIDCdifferedfromWTULinwhichofthefollowing ways?

(A)        WIDCbelievedthattheexistingsafetyregulationswereadequatetoprotectwomen’shealth,whereasWTULbelievedthatsuchregulationsneededtobestrengthened.
(B)        WIDCbelievedthatunionscouldnotsucceedinpressuringemployerstocomplywithsuchregulations,whereasWTULbelievedthatunionscouldsucceedindoingso.
(C)        WIDCbelievedthatleadpoisoninginwhiteleadfactoriescouldbeavoidedbycontrollingconditionsthere,whereasWTULbelievedthatleadpoisoninginsuchfactoriescouldnotbeavoidednomatterhowstringentlysafetyregulationswereenforced.
(D)        Atthetimethatthelegislationconcerningwhiteleadfactorieswasproposed,WIDCwasprimarilyconcernedwithaddressinghealthconditionsinwhiteleadfactories,whereasWTULwasconcernedwithimprovingworkingconditionsinalltypesoffactories.
(E)        AtthetimethatWIDCwasopposinglegislativeattemptstorestrictwomen’slabor,WTULhadalreadyceasedtodoso.




85.        Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlysupportthecontentionattributedtoSPEWinlines17–20?

(A)        Thosewhiteleadfactoriesthatmoststronglyenforcedregulationsconcerningworkersafetyandhygienehadthelowestincidencesofleadpoisoningamongemployees.
(B)        Theincidenceofleadpoisoningwasmuchhigheramongwomenwhoworkedinwhiteleadfactoriesthanamongwomenwhoworkedinothertypesoffactories.
(C)        Thereweremanyhouseholdsourcesofleadthatcouldhavecontributedtotheincidenceofleadpoisoningamongwomenwhoalsoworkedoutsidethehomeinthelatenineteenthcentury.
(D)        Whiteleadfactoriesweremorestringentthanwerecertainothertypesoffactoriesintheirenforcement ofworkplacesafety regulations.
(E)        Evenbriefexposuretotheconditionstypicallyfoundinwhiteleadfactoriescouldcauseleadpoisoningamongfactoryworkers.

86.        Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        presentingvariousgroups’viewsofthemotivesofthoseproposingcertainlegislation
(B)        contrastingthereasoningofvariousgroupsconcerningtheirpositionsoncertainproposedlegislation
(C)        tracingtheprocesswherebycertainproposedlegislationwaseventuallyenacted
(D)        assessingthesuccessoftacticsadoptedbyvariousgroupswithrespecttocertainproposedlegislation
(E)        evaluatingtheargumentsofvariousgroupsconcerningcertainproposedlegislation





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In1955MauriceDuvergerpublishedThePoliticalRoleofWomen,thefirstbehavioralist,multinationalcomparisonofwomen’selectoralparticipationevertouseelectiondataandsurvey
datatogether.Hisstudyanalyzedwomen’spatternsofvoting,politicalcandidacy,andpoliticalactivisminfourEuropeancountriesduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Duverger’sresearchfindingswerethatwomenvotedsomewhatlessfrequentlythanmen(thedifferencenarrowingthelongerwomenhadthevote)andwereslightlymoreconservative.
Duverger’sworksetanearlystandardforthesensitiveanalysisofwomen’selectoralactivities.Moreover,toDuverger’scredit,heplacedhisfindingsinthecontextofmanyofthehistoricalprocessesthathadshapedtheseactivities.
However,sincethesecontextshavechangedovertime,Duverger’sapproachhasprovedmoredurablethanhisactualfindings.Inaddition,
Duverger’sdiscussionofhisfindingswashamperedbyhisfailuretoconsidercertainspecificfactorsimportant towomen’selectoralparticipation
atthetimehecollectedhisdata:theinfluenceofpoliticalregimes,theeffectsofeconomicfactors,andtheramificationsofpoliticalandsocialrelationsbetweenwomenandmen.Giventhisfailure,Duverger’sstudyforeshadowedthe
enduringlimitationsofthebehavioralistapproachtothemultinationalstudyofwomen’spoliticalparticipation.

Questions87–92refertothepassageabove.

87.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        evaluatearesearchstudy
(B)        summarizethehistoryofaresearcharea
(C)        reportnewresearchfindings
(D)        reinterpretoldresearchfindings
(E)        reconcileconflictingresearchfindings

88.        Accordingtothepassage,Duverger’sstudywasuniquein1955inthatit

(A)        includedbothelectiondataandsurveydata
(B)        gathereddatafromsourcesneverbeforeusedinpoliticalstudies
(C)        includedananalysisofhistoricalprocesses
(D)        examined the influenceonvotingbehaviorof therelationshipsbetweenwomenandmen
(E)        analyzednotonlyvotingandpoliticalcandidacybutalsootherpoliticalactivities

89.        WhichofthefollowingcharacteristicsofacountryismostclearlyanexampleofafactorthatDuverger,asdescribedinthepassage,failedtoconsiderinhisstudy?

(A)        Alargepopulation
(B)        ApredominantlyProtestantpopulation
(C)        Apredominantlyurbanpopulation
(D)        Aone-partygovernment
(E)        LocationintheheartofEurope




90.        TheauthorimpliesthatDuverger’sactualfindingsare

(A)        limitedbecausetheyfocusononlyfourcountries
(B)        inaccurateintheirdescriptionofthefourcountriesintheearly1950s
(C)        out-of-dateinthattheyareinapplicableinthefourcountriestoday
(D)        flawedbecausetheyarebasedonunsounddata
(E)        biasedbyDuverger’spoliticalbeliefs

91.        Thepassageimpliesthat,incomparingfourEuropeancountries,Duvergerfoundthatthevotingratesofwomenandmenweremost differentinthecountryinwhichwomen

(A)        weremostpoliticallyactive
(B)        ranforofficemostoften
(C)        heldthemostconservativepoliticalviews
(D)        hadthemostegalitarianrelationswithmen
(E)        hadpossessedtherighttovotefortheshortesttime

92.        Theauthorimpliesthatsomebehavioralistresearchinvolvingthemultinationalstudyofwomen’spoliticalparticipationthatfollowedDuverger’sstudydidwhichofthefollowing?

(A)        IgnoredDuverger’sapproach
(B)        SufferedfromfaultssimilartothoseinDuverger’sstudy
(C)        Focusedonpoliticalactivism
(D)        Focusedontheinfluencesofpoliticalregimes
(E)        Focusedonthepoliticalandsocialrelationsbetweenwomenandmen





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Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed“intuition”tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.
Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,such
writersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.

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companiesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.
Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.

Questions93–98 refertothepassageabove.






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Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.
Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,oftenin
an“Aha!”experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethods
forreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.
Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat“thinking”is
inseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften“know”whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheir

93.        Accordingtothepassage,seniormanagersuse
intuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto

(A)        speedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem
(B)        identifyaproblem
(C)        bringtogetherdisparatefacts
(D)        stipulatecleargoals
(E)        evaluatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem

94.        Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“writersonmanagement”mentionedinline12?

(A)        Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.
(B)        Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.
(C)        Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.
(D)        Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.
(E)        Theyhavenotacknowledgedtheroleofintuitioninmanagerialpractice.





95.        Whichofthefollowingbestexemplifies“an‘Aha!’experience”(line30)asitispresentedinthepassage?

(A)        Amanagerriskstakinganactionwhoseoutcomeisunpredictabletodiscoverwhethertheactionchangestheproblemathand.
(B)        Amanagerperformswell-learnedandfamiliarbehaviorpatternsincreativeanduncharacteristicwaystosolveaproblem.
(C)        Amanagersuddenlyconnectsseeminglyunrelatedfactsandexperiencestocreateapatternrelevanttotheproblemathand.
(D)        Amanagerrapidlyidentifiesthemethodologyusedtocompiledatayieldedbysystematicanalysis.
(E)        Amanagerswiftlydecideswhichofseveralsetsoftacticstoimplementinordertodealwiththecontingenciessuggestedbyaproblem.

96.        Accordingtothepassage,theclassicalmodelofdecisionanalysisincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT

(A)        evaluationofaproblem
(B)        creationofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem
(C)        establishmentofcleargoalstobereachedbythedecision
(D)        actionundertakeninordertodiscovermoreinformationaboutaproblem
(E)        comparisonoftheprobableeffectsofdifferentsolutionstoaproblem

97.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajor
differenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?

(A)        ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.
(B)        ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.
(C)        ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.
(D)        ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.
(E)        ManagerYdependsonday-to-daytacticalmaneuvering;ManagerXdoesnot.

98.        Thepassageprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?

(A)        Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.
(B)        Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.
(C)        Managers’intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.
(D)        Logicalanalysisofaproblemincreasesthenumberofpossiblesolutions.
(E)        Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.





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FrazierandMostellerassertthatmedicalresearchcouldbeimprovedbyamovetowardlarger,simplerclinicaltrialsofmedicaltreatments.Currently,researcherscollectfarmorebackgroundinformationonpatientsthanisstrictlyrequiredfortheirtrials—substantiallymorethanhospitalscollect—therebyescalatingcostsofdatacollection,storage,andanalysis.Althoughlimitinginformationcollectioncouldincreasetheriskthatresearcherswilloverlookfactsrelevanttoastudy,FrazierandMostellercontendthatsuchrisk,neverentirelyeliminablefromresearch,wouldstillbesmallinmoststudies.Onlyinresearchonentirelynewtreatmentsarenewandunexpectedvariableslikelytoarise.
FrazierandMostellerproposenotonlythatresearcherslimitdatacollectiononindividualpatientsbutalsothatresearchersenrollmorepatientsinclinicaltrials,therebyobtainingamorerepresentativesampleof thetotalpopulation withthediseaseunderstudy.Oftenresearchersrestrictstudyparticipationtopatientswhohavenoailmentsbesidesthosebeingstudied.Atreatmentjudgedsuccessfulundertheseidealconditionscanthenbeevaluatedundernormalconditions.
Broadeningtherangeoftrialparticipants,FrazierandMostellersuggest,wouldenableresearcherstoevaluateatreatment’sefficacyfordiversepatientsundervariousconditionsandtoevaluateitseffectivenessfordifferentpatientsubgroups.Forexample,thevalueofatreatmentforaprogressivediseasemayvaryaccordingtoapatient’sstageofdisease.Patients’agesmayalsoaffectatreatment’sefficacy.

Questions 99–103refertothepassageabove.

99.        Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        identifyingtwopracticesinmedicalresearchthatmayaffecttheaccuracyofclinicaltrials
(B)        describingaspectsofmedicalresearch thattendtodriveupcosts
(C)        evaluatingananalysisofcertainshortcomingsofcurrentmedicalresearchpractices
(D)        describingproposedchangestothewaysinwhichclinicaltrialsareconducted
(E)        explaininghowmedicalresearchershavetraditionallyconductedclinicaltrialsandhowsuchtrialsarelikelytochange

100.        Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutastudyofthecategoryofpatientsreferredtoinlines21–23?

(A)        Itsfindingsmighthavelimitedapplicability.
(B)        It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempttocreateidealconditions.
(C)        Itwouldbethebestwaytosamplethetotalpopulationofpotentialpatients.
(D)        It would allow researcherstolimit informationcollectionwithoutincreasingtheriskthatimportantvariablescouldbeoverlooked.
(E)        Itsfindingswouldbemoreaccurateifitconcernedtreatmentsforaprogressivediseasethanifitconcernedtreatmentsforanonprogressive disease.





101.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatastudylimitedtopatientslikethosementionedinlines21–23wouldhavewhichofthefollowingadvantagesoverthekindofstudyproposedbyFrazierandMosteller?

(A)        Itwouldyieldmoredataanditsfindingswouldbemoreaccurate.
(B)        Itwouldcostlessinthelongterm,thoughitwouldbemoreexpensiveinitsinitialstages.
(C)        Itwouldlimitthenumber of variablesresearcherswouldneedtoconsiderwhenevaluating thetreatmentunderstudy.
(D)        Itwouldhelpresearcherstoidentifysubgroupsofpatientswithsecondaryconditionsthatmightalsobetreatable.
(E)        Itwouldenableresearcherstoassessthevalueofanexperimentaltreatmentfortheaveragepatient.

102.        Theauthormentionspatients’ages(line33)primarilyinorderto

(A)        identifythemostcriticalvariabledifferentiatingsubgroupsofpatients
(B)        castdoubtontheadvisabilityofimplementingFrazierandMosteller’sproposalsaboutmedicalresearch
(C)        indicatewhyprogressivediseasesmayrequiredifferenttreatmentsatdifferentstages
(D)        illustrateapointaboutthevalueofenrollingawiderangeofpatientsinclinicaltrials
(E)        substantiateanargumentabouttheproblemsinherentinenrollinglargenumbersofpatientsinclinicaltrials

103.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdescribesaresultofthewayinwhichresearchersgenerallyconductclinicaltrials?

(A)        Theyexpendresourcesonthestorageofinformation likely tobeirrelevant tothestudytheyareconducting.
(B)        Theysometimescompromisetheaccuracyoftheirfindingsbycollectingandanalyzingmoreinformationthanisstrictly requiredfortheirtrials.
(C)        Theyavoidtheriskofoverlookingvariablesthatmightaffecttheirfindings,eventhoughdoingsoraises  theirresearch costs.
(D)        Becausetheyattempttoanalyzetoomuchinformation,theyoverlookfactsthatcouldemergeasrelevanttotheirstudies.
(E)        Inordertoapproximatetheconditionstypicalofmedicaltreatment,theybasetheirmethodsofinformationcollectiononthoseusedbyhospitals.





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Accordingtoarecenttheory,Archean-agegold-quartzveinsystemswereformedmorethantwobillionyearsagofrommagmaticfluidsthatoriginatedfrommoltengranite-likebodiesdeepbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth.Thistheoryiscontrarytothewidelyheldviewthatthesystemsweredepositedfrommetamorphicfluids,thatis,fromfluidsthatformedduringthedehydrationofwetsedimentaryrocks.
Therecentlydevelopedtheoryhasconsiderablepracticalimportance.MostofthegolddepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrusheswereexposedattheEarth’ssurfaceandwerefoundbecausetheyhadshedtrailsofalluvialgold
thatwereeasilytracedbysimpleprospectingmethods.Althoughthesesamemethodsstillleadtoanoccasionaldiscovery,mostdepositsnotyetdiscoveredhavegoneundetectedbecausetheyareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression.
Thechallengeinexplorationisthereforetounravelthesubsurfacegeologyofanareaandpinpointthe position of buriedminerals. Methodswidelyusedtodayincludeanalysisofaerialimagesthatyieldabroadgeologicaloverview;geophysicaltechniquesthatprovidedataonthemagnetic,electrical,andmineralogicalpropertiesoftherocksbeinginvestigated;andsensitivechemicalteststhatareabletodetectthesubtlechemicalhalosthatoftenenvelopmineralization.However,noneofthesehigh-technologymethodsareofanyvalueifthesitestowhichtheyareappliedhavenevermineralized,andtomaximizethechancesofdiscoverytheexplorermustthereforepayparticularattentiontoselectingthegroundformationsmost
likelytobemineralized.Suchgroundselectionreliestovaryingdegreesonconceptualmodels,whichtakeintoaccounttheoreticalstudiesofrelevantfactors.
Thesemodelsareconstructedprimarilyfromempiricalobservationsofknownmineraldepositsandfromtheoriesofore-formingprocesses.
Theexplorerusesthemodelstoidentifythosegeologicalfeaturesthatarecriticaltotheformationofthemineralizationbeingmodeled,andthentriestoselectareasforexplorationthatexhibitasmanyofthecriticalfeaturesaspossible.

Questions104–110refer to thepassage above.

104.        Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        advocatingareturntoanoldermethodology
(B)        explainingtheimportanceofarecenttheory
(C)        enumeratingdifferencesbetween twowidelyusedmethods
(D)        describingeventsleadingtoadiscovery
(E)        challengingtheassumptionsonwhichatheoryis based

105.        Accordingtothepassage,thewidelyheldviewofArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemsisthatsuchsystems

(A)        wereformedfrommetamorphicfluids
(B)        originatedinmoltengranite-likebodies
(C)        wereformedfromalluvialdeposits
(D)        generallyhavesurfaceexpression
(E)        arenotdiscoverablethroughchemicaltests

106.        Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingstepswouldbethefirstperformedbyexplorerswhowishtomaximizetheirchancesofdiscoveringgold?

(A)        Surveyingseveralsitesknowntohavebeenformedmorethantwobillionyearsago
(B)        Limitingexplorationtositesknowntohavebeenformedfrommetamorphicfluid
(C)        Usinganappropriateconceptualmodeltoselectasiteforfurtherexploration
(D)        Usinggeophysicalmethodstoanalyzerocksoverabroadarea
(E)        Limitingexplorationtositeswherealluvialgoldhaspreviouslybeenfound





107.        Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdiscoveriesofgolddepositsissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?

(A)        Thenumberofgolddiscoveriesmadeannuallyhasincreasedbetweenthetimeoftheoriginalgoldrushesandthepresent.
(B)        Newdiscoveriesofgolddepositsarelikelytobetheresultofexplorationtechniquesdesignedtolocateburiedmineralization.
(C)        Itisunlikelythatnewlydiscoveredgolddepositswilleveryieldasmuchasdidthosedepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrushes.
(D)        Modernexplorersaredividedonthequestionoftheutilityofsimpleprospectingmethodsasasourceofnewdiscoveriesofgolddeposits.
(E)        Modelsbasedonthetheorythatgoldoriginatedfrommagmaticfluidshavealreadyledtonewdiscoveriesofgolddeposits.

108.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingiseasiesttodetect?

(A)        Agold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmagmaticfluids
(B)        Agold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmetamorphicfluids
(C)        Agolddepositthatismixedwithgranite
(D)        Agolddepositthathasshedalluvialgold
(E)        Agolddepositthatexhibitschemicalhalos

109.        Thetheorymentionedinlines1–5relatestotheconceptualmodelsdiscussedinthepassageinwhichofthefollowing ways?

(A)        Itmayfurnishavalidaccountofore-formingprocesses,and, hence, cansupport conceptualmodelsthathavegreatpracticalsignificance.
(B)        Itsuggeststhatcertaingeologicalformations,longbelievedtobemineralized,areinfactmineralized,thusconfirmingcurrentconceptualmodels.
(C)        ItsuggeststhattheremaynotbeenoughsimilarityacrossArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemstowarranttheformulationofconceptualmodels.
(D)        Itcorrectsexistingtheoriesaboutthechemicalhalosofgolddeposits,andthusprovidesabasisforcorrectingcurrentconceptualmodels.
(E)        Itsuggeststhatsimpleprospectingmethodsstillhaveahighersuccessrateinthediscoveryofgolddepositsthandomoremodernmethods.

110.        Accordingtothepassage,methodsofexploringforgoldthatarewidelyusedtodayarebasedonwhichofthefollowingfacts?

(A)        MostoftheEarth’sremaininggolddepositsarestillmolten.
(B)        MostoftheEarth’sremaininggolddepositsareexposedatthesurface.
(C)        MostoftheEarth’sremaininggolddepositsareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression.
(D)        Onlyonetypeofgolddepositwarrantsexploration,sincetheothertypesofgolddepositsarefoundinregionsdifficulttoreach.
(E)        Onlyonetypeofgolddepositwarrantsexploration,sincetheothertypesofgolddepositsareunlikelytoyieldconcentratedquantitiesofgold.





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Whilethemostabundantanddominantspecieswithinaparticularecosystemisoftencrucialinperpetuatingtheecosystem,a“keystone”species,heredefinedasonewhoseeffectsaremuchlargerthanwouldbepredictedfromitsabundance,canalsoplayavitalrole.Butbecausecomplexspeciesinteractionsmaybeinvolved,identifyingakeystonespeciesbyremovingthespeciesandobservingchangesintheecosystemisproblematic.Itmightseemthatcertaintraitswouldclearlydefineaspeciesasakeystonespecies;forexample,Pisasterochraceusisoftenakeystonepredatorbecauseitconsumesandsuppressesmusselpopulations,whichintheabsenceofthisstarfishcanbeadominantspecies.Butsuchpredationonadominantorpotentiallydominantspeciesoccursinsystemsthatdoaswellasinsystemsthatdonothavespeciesthatplaykeystoneroles.Moreover,whereasP.ochraceusoccupiesanunambiguouskeystoneroleonwave-exposedrockyheadlands,inmorewave-shelteredhabitatstheimpactof
P.ochraceuspredationisweakornonexistent,andatcertainsitessandburialisresponsibleforeliminatingmussels.Keystonestatusappearstodependoncontext,whetherofparticular geographyorofsuchfactorsascommunitydiversity(forexample,areductioninspeciesdiversitymaythrustmoreoftheremainingspeciesintokeystoneroles)andlengthofspeciesinteraction(sincenewlyarrivedspeciesinparticularmaydramaticallyaffectecosystems).

Questions111–114refer to thepassage above.

111.        ThepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasafactorthataffectstheroleofP.ochraceusasakeystonespecieswithindifferenthabitats?

(A)        Thedegreetowhichthehabitatisshelteredfromwaves
(B)        Thedegreetowhichotheranimalswithinahabitatpreyonmussels
(C)        Thefactthatmusselpopulationsareoftennotdominantwithinsomehabitatsoccupiedby
P.ochraceus
(D)        ThesizeoftheP.ochraceuspopulationwithinthehabitat
(E)        ThefactthatthereisgreatspeciesdiversitywithinsomehabitatsoccupiedbyP.ochraceus

112.        Whichofthefollowinghypotheticalexperimentsmostclearlyexemplifiesthemethodofidentifyingspecies’rolesthattheauthorconsidersproblematic?

(A)        ApopulationofsealsinanArctichabitatiscountedinordertodeterminewhetheritisthedominantspeciesinthatecosystem.
(B)        Aspeciesoffishthatisakeystonespeciesinonemarineecosystemisintroducedintoanothermarineecosystemtoseewhetherthespecieswillcometooccupyakeystonerole.
(C)        Inordertodeterminewhetheraspeciesofmonkeyisakeystonespecieswithinaparticularecosystem,themonkeysareremovedfromthatecosystemandtheecosystemisthenstudied.
(D)        Differentmountainecosystemsarecomparedtodeterminehowgeographyaffectsaparticularspecies’abilitytodominateitsecosystem.
(E)        Inagrasslandexperiencingachangingclimate,patternsofspeciesextinctionaretracedinordertoevaluatetheeffectofclimatechangesonkeystonespeciesinthatgrassland.




113.        Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlysupporttheargumentaboutkeystonestatusadvancedinthelastsentenceofthepassage(lines24–31)?

(A)        Aspeciesofbatisprimarilyresponsibleforkeepinginsectpopulationswithinanecosystemlow,andthesizeoftheinsectpopulationinturnaffectsbirdspecieswithinthatecosystem.
(B)        Aspeciesofiguanaoccupiesakeystoneroleoncertaintropicalislands,butdoesnotplaythatroleonadjacenttropicalislandsthatareinhabitedbyagreaternumberofanimalspecies.
(C)        Closeobservationofasavannahecosystemrevealsthatmorespeciesoccupykeystoneroleswithinthatecosystemthanbiologistshadpreviouslybelieved.
(D)        Asakeystonespeciesofbeebecomesmoreabundant,ithasalargereffectontheecosystemitinhabits.
(E)        Aspeciesofmoththatoccupiesakeystoneroleinaprairiehabitatdevelopscolorationpatternsthatcamouflageitfrompotentialpredators.

114.        Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheidentificationofaspeciesasakeystonespecies?

(A)        Suchanidentificationdependsprimarilyonthespecies’relationshiptothedominantspecies.
(B)        Suchanidentificationcanbestbemadebyremovingthespeciesfromaparticularecosystemandobservingchangesthatoccurintheecosystem.
(C)        Suchanidentificationislikelytobelessreliableasanecosystembecomeslessdiverse.
(D)        Suchanidentificationseemstodependonvariousfactorswithintheecosystem.
(E)        Suchanidentificationcanbestbemadebyobservingpredationbehavior.





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Afterevidencewasobtainedinthe1920sthattheuniverseisexpanding,itbecamereasonabletoask:Willtheuniversecontinuetoexpandindefinitely,oristhereenoughmassinitforthemutualattractionofitsconstituentstobringthisexpansiontoahalt?Itcanbecalculatedthat
thecriticaldensityofmatterneededtobraketheexpansionand“close”theuniverseisequivalenttothreehydrogenatomspercubicmeter.Butthe
densityoftheobservableuniverse—luminousmatterintheformofgalaxies—comestoonlyafractionofthis.Iftheexpansionoftheuniverseistostop,theremustbeenoughinvisiblematterintheuniversetoexceedtheluminousmatterindensitybyafactorofroughly70.
Ourcontributiontothesearchforthis“missingmatter”hasbeentostudytherotationalvelocityofgalaxiesatvariousdistancesfromtheircenterofrotation.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatoutsidethebrightnucleusofatypicalspiralgalaxyluminosityfallsoffrapidlywithdistancefromthecenter.Ifluminositywereatrueindicatorofmass,mostofthemasswouldbeconcentratedtowardthecenter.Outsidethenucleustherotational
velocitywoulddecreasegeometricallywithdistancefromthecenter,inconformitywithKepler’slaw.
Instead wehave found that the rotational velocityinspiralgalaxieseitherremainsconstantwithincreasingdistancefromthecenterorincreasesslightly.Thisunexpectedresultindicatesthatthefalloffinluminousmasswithdistancefromthecenterisbalancedbyanincreaseinnonluminousmass.
Ourfindingssuggestthatasmuchas90percentofthemassoftheuniverseisnotradiatingat anywavelength with enough intensity tobedetectedontheEarth.Suchdarkmattercouldbeintheformofextremelydimstarsoflowmass,
oflargeplanetslikeJupiter,orofblackholes,eithersmallormassive.Whileithasnotyetbeendeterminedwhetherthismassissufficienttoclosetheuniverse,somephysicistsconsideritsignificantthatestimatesareconvergingonthecriticalvalue.

Questions115–119refertothepassage above.

115.        Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)        defendingacontroversialapproach
(B)        criticizinganacceptedview
(C)        summarizingresearchfindings
(D)        contrastingcompetingtheories
(E)        describinganinnovativetechnique

116.        Theauthors’studyindicatesthat,incomparisonwiththeoutermostregionsofatypicalspiralgalaxy,theregionjustoutsidethenucleuscanbecharacterizedashaving

(A)        higherrotationalvelocityandhigherluminosity
(B)        lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(C)        lowerrotationalvelocityandlowerluminosity
(D)        similarrotationalvelocityandhigherluminosity
(E)        similarrotationalvelocityandsimilarluminosity

117.        Theauthors’suggestionthat“asmuchas90percentofthemassoftheuniverseisnotradiatingatanywavelengthwithenoughintensitytobedetectedontheEarth”(lines34–37)wouldbemostweakenedifwhichofthefollowingwerediscoveredtobetrue?

(A)        Spiralgalaxiesarelesscommonthantypesofgalaxiesthatcontainlittlenonluminousmatter.
(B)        Luminousandnonluminousmatterarecomposedofthesamebasicelements.
(C)        Thebrightnucleusofatypicalspiralgalaxyalsocontainssomenonluminousmatter.
(D)        Thedensityoftheobservableuniverseisgreaterthanmostpreviousestimateshavesuggested.
(E)        Somegalaxiesdonotrotateorrotatetooslowlyfortheirrotationalvelocitytobemeasured.




118.        Itcanbeinferredfrominformationpresentedinthepassagethatifthedensityoftheuniversewereequivalenttosignificantlylessthanthreehydrogenatomspercubicmeter,whichofthefollowingwouldbetrueasaconsequence?

(A)        Luminositywouldbeatrueindicatorofmass.
(B)        Differentregionsinspiralgalaxieswouldrotateatthesamevelocity.
(C)        Theuniversewouldcontinuetoexpandindefinitely.
(D)        Thedensityoftheinvisiblematterintheuniversewouldhavetobemorethan70timesthedensityoftheluminousmatter.
(E)        Moreoftheinvisiblematterinspiralgalaxieswouldhavetobelocatedin theirnucleithanintheirouterregions.

119.        Theauthorsproposeallofthefollowingaspossiblycontributingtothe“missingmatter”inspiralgalaxiesEXCEPT

(A)        massive black holes
(B)        smallblackholes
(C)        small, dim stars
(D)        massivestars
(E)        largeplanets





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JonClark’sstudyoftheeffectofthemodernizationofatelephoneexchangeonexchangemaintenanceworkandworkersisasolidcontributiontoadebatethatencompassestwolivelyissuesinthehistoryandsociologyoftechnology:technologicaldeterminismandsocialconstructivism.
Clarkmakesthepointthatthecharacteristicsofatechnologyhaveadecisiveinfluenceonjobskillsandworkorganization.Putmorestrongly,technologycanbeaprimarydeterminantofsocialandmanagerialorganization.Clarkbelievesthispossibilityhasbeenobscuredbytherecentsociologicalfashion,exemplifiedbyBraverman’sanalysis,thatemphasizesthewaymachineryreflectssocialchoices.ForBraverman,theshapeofatechnologicalsystemissubordinatetothemanager’sdesiretowrestcontrolofthelaborprocessfromtheworkers.Technologicalchangeisconstruedastheoutcomeofnegotiationsamonginterestedpartieswhoseektoincorporatetheirowninterestsintothedesignandconfigurationofthemachinery.Thispositionrepresentsthenewmainstreamcalledsocialconstructivism.
Theconstructivistsgainacceptancebymisrepresentingtechnologicaldeterminism:technologicaldeterministsaresupposedtobelieve,forexample,thatmachineryimposesappropriateformsoforderonsociety.Thealternativetoconstructivism,inotherwords,istoviewtechnologyasexistingoutsidesociety,capableofdirectlyinfluencingskillsandworkorganization.
Clarkrefutestheextremesoftheconstructivistsbyboththeoreticalandempiricalarguments.
Theoreticallyhedefines“technology”intermsofrelationshipsbetweensocialandtechnicalvariables.Attemptstoreducethemeaningoftechnologytocold,hardmetalareboundtofail,formachineryisjustscrapunlessitisorganizedfunctionallyandsupportedbyappropriatesystemsofoperationandmaintenance.AttheempiricallevelClarkshowshowachangeatthetelephoneexchangefrommaintenance-intensiveelectromechanicalswitchestosemielectronicswitchingsystemsalteredworktasks,skills,trainingopportunities,administration,andorganizationofworkers.SomechangesClarkattributestotheparticularwaymanagementandlaborunionsnegotiated theintroduction of thetechnology,whereasothersareseenasarisingfrom

(50)thecapabilitiesandnatureofthetechnologyitself.ThusClarkhelpsanswerthequestion:“Whenissocialchoicedecisiveandwhenaretheconcretecharacteristicsoftechnologymoreimportant?”
Questions120–127refer to thepassage above.

120.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        advocateamorepositiveattitudetowardtechnologicalchange
(B)        discusstheimplicationsforemployeesofthemodernizationofatelephoneexchange
(C)        considerasuccessfulchallengetotheconstructivistviewoftechnologicalchange
(D)        challengethepositionofadvocatesoftechnologicaldeterminism
(E)        suggestthatthesocialcausesoftechnologicalchangeshouldbestudiedinrealsituations

121.        Which ofthefollowing statementsabout themodernizationofthetelephoneexchangeissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?

(A)        Thenewtechnologyreducedtheroleofmanagersinlabornegotiations.
(B)        Themodernizationwasimplementedwithouttheconsentoftheemployeesdirectlyaffectedbyit.
(C)        Themodernizationhadanimpactthatwentsignificantlybeyondmaintenanceroutines.
(D)        Someofthemaintenanceworkersfeltvictimizedbythenewtechnology.
(E)        Themodernizationgavecredencetotheviewofadvocates of socialconstructivism.

122.        WhichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesClark’sopinionofBraverman’sposition?

(A)        Herespectsitswide-rangingpopularity.
(B)        Hedisapprovesofitsmisplacedemphasisontheinflnceofmanagers.
(C)        Headmirestheconsiderationitgivestotheattitudesoftheworkersaffected.
(D)        Heisconcernedaboutitspotentialtoimpedetheimplementationofnewtechnologies.
(E)        Heissympathetictoitsconcernabouttheimpactofmoderntechnologyonworkers.





123.        Theinformationinthepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingstatementsfromhypothetical
sociologicalstudiesofchangeinindustrymostclearlyexemplifiesthesocialconstructivists’versionoftechnologicaldeterminism?

(A)        Itistheavailabletechnologythatdeterminesworkers’skills,ratherthanworkers’skills
inflncingtheapplicationoftechnology.
(B)        Allprogressinindustrialtechnologygrowsoutofacontinuingnegotiation betweentechnologicalpossibilityandhumanneed.
(C)        Someorganizationalchange iscausedbypeople;someis causedbycomputer chips.
(D)        Mostmajortechnologicaladvancesinindustryhavebeengeneratedthroughresearchanddevelopment.
(E)        Someindustrialtechnologyeliminatesjobs,buteducatedworkerscancreatewholenewskillsareasbytheadaptationofthetechnology.

124.        TheinformationinthepassagesuggeststhatClarkbelieves thatwhichof thefollowingwouldbe trueifsocialconstructivismhadnotgainedwidespreadacceptance?

(A)        Businesseswouldbemorelikelytomodernizewithoutconsideringthesocialconsequencesoftheiractions.
(B)        Therewouldbegreaterunderstandingoftheroleplayedbytechnologyinproducingsocialchange.
(C)        Businesseswouldbelesslikelytounderstandtheattitudesofemployeesaffectedbymodernization.
(D)        Modernizationwouldhaveoccurredataslowerrate.
(E)        Technologywouldhaveplayedagreaterpartindeterminingtheroleofbusinessinsociety.

125.        Accordingtothepassage,constructivistsemployedwhichofthefollowingtopromotetheirargument?

(A)        Empiricalstudiesofbusinesssituationsinvolvingtechnologicalchange
(B)        Citationofmanagerssupportiveoftheirposition
(C)        Constructionofhypotheticalsituationsthatsupporttheirview
(D)        Contrastsoftheirviewwithamisstatementofanopposingview
(E)        Descriptionsofthebreadthofimpactoftechnologicalchange

126.        Theauthorofthepassageusestheexpression“aresupposedto”inline27primarilyinorderto

(A)        suggestthatacontentionmadebyconstructivistsregardingdeterministsisinaccurate
(B)        definethegenerallyacceptedpositionofdeterministsregardingtheimplementationoftechnology
(C)        engageinspeculationaboutthemotivationofdeterminists
(D)        lendsupporttoacommentcriticalofthepositionofdeterminists
(E)        contrastthehistoricalpositionofdeterministswiththeirpositionregardingtheexchangemodernization

127.        WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutClark’sstudyofthetelephoneexchangecanbeinferredfrominformationinthepassage?

(A)        Clark’sreasonforundertakingthestudywastoundermineBraverman’sanalysisofthefunctionoftechnology.
(B)        Clark’sstudysuggeststhattheimplementationoftechnologyshouldbediscussedinthecontextofconflictbetweenlaborandmanagement.
(C)        Clarkexaminedtheimpactofchangesinthetechnologyofswitchingattheexchangeintermsofoveralloperationsandorganization.
(D)        Clarkconcludedthattheimplementationofnewswitchingtechnologywasequallybeneficialtomanagementandlabor.
(E)        Clark’sanalysisofthechangeinswitchingsystemsappliesonlynarrowlytothesituationattheparticularexchangethathestudied.





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Allthecellsinaparticularplantstartoutwiththesamecomplementofgenes.Howthencanthesecellsdifferentiateandformstructuresasdifferentasroots,stems,leaves,andfruits?Theansweristhatonlyasmallsubsetofthegenesinaparticularkindofcellareexpressed,orturnedon,atagiventime.Thisis accomplishedbyacomplexsystemofchemicalmessengersthatinplantsincludehormonesandotherregulatorymolecules.Fivemajorhormoneshavebeenidentified:auxin,abscisicacid,cytokinin,ethylene,andgibberellin.Studiesofplantshavenowidentifiedanewclassofregulatorymoleculescalledoligosaccharins.
Unliketheoligosaccharins,thefivewell-knownplanthormonesarepleiotropicratherthanspecific;thatis,eachhasmorethanoneeffectonthegrowthanddevelopmentofplants.Thefivehavesomanysimultaneouseffectsthattheyarenotveryusefulinartificiallycontrollingthegrowthofcrops.Auxin,forinstance,stimulatestherateof
cellelongation,causesshootstogrowupandrootstogrowdown,andinhibitsthegrowthoflateralshoots.Auxinalsocausestheplanttodevelopavascularsystem,toformlateralroots,andtoproduceethylene.
Thepleiotropyofthefivewell-studiedplanthormonesissomewhatanalogoustothatofcertainhormonesinanimals.Forexample,hormonesfromthehypothalamus in thebrainstimulate the anteriorlobeofthepituitaryglandtosynthesizeandreleasemanydifferenthormones,oneofwhichstimulatesthereleaseofhormonesfromtheadrenalcortex.Thesehormoneshavespecificeffectsontargetorgansalloverthebody.Onehormonestimulatesthethyroidgland,forexample,anothertheovarianfolliclecells,andsoforth.Inotherwords,thereisahierarchyofhormones.
Suchahierarchymayalsoexistinplants.Oligo-saccharinsarefragmentsofthecellwallreleasedbyenzymes:differentenzymesreleasedifferentoligosaccharins.Thereareindicationsthatpleiotropicplanthormonesmayactuallyfunctionbyactivatingtheenzymesthatreleasetheseother,morespecificchemicalmessengersfromthecellwall.

Questions128–133refer to thepassage above.

128.        Accordingtothepassage,thefivewell-knownplanthormonesarenotusefulincontrollingthegrowthofcrops because

(A)        itisnotknownexactlywhatfunctionsthehormonesperform
(B)        eachhormonehasvariouseffectsonplants
(C)        none ofthe hormonescan functionwithouttheothers
(D)        eachhormonehasdifferenteffectsondifferentkindsofplants
(E)        eachhormoneworksononlyasmallsubsetofacell’sgenesatanyparticulartime

129.        Thepassagesuggeststhattheplaceofhypothalamichormonesinthehormonalhierarchiesofanimalsissimilartotheplaceofwhichofthefollowinginplants?

(A)        Plantcellwalls
(B)        Thecomplementofgenesineachplantcell
(C)        Asubsetofaplantcell’sgenecomplement
(D)        Thefivemajorhormones
(E)        Theoligosaccharins

130.        Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisafunctionlikelytobeperformedbyanoligosaccharin?

(A)        Tostimulateaparticularplantcelltobecomepartofaplant’srootsystem
(B)        Tostimulatethewallsofaparticularcelltoproduceotheroligosaccharins
(C)        Toactivateenzymesthatreleasespecificchemicalmessengersfromplantcellwalls
(D)        Toduplicatethegenecomplementinaparticularplantcell
(E)        Toproducemultipleeffectsonaparticularsubsystemofplantcells




131.        Theauthormentionsspecificeffectsthatauxinhasonplantdevelopment in orderto illustratethe

(A)        pointthatsomeoftheeffectsofplanthormonescanbeharmful
(B)        wayinwhichhormonesareproducedbyplants
(C)        hierarchicalnatureofthefunctioningofplanthormones
(D)        differencesamongthebest-knownplanthormones
(E)        conceptofpleiotropyasitisexhibitedbyplanthormones

132.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestdescribesafunctionperformedbyoligosaccharins?

(A)        Regulatingthedailyfunctioningofaplant’scells
(B)        Interactingwithoneanothertoproducedifferentchemicals
(C)        Releasingspecificchemicalmessengersfromaplant’scellwalls
(D)        Producingthehormonesthatcauseplantcellsto differentiate to performdifferentfunctions
(E)        Influencingthedevelopmentofaplant’scellsbycontrollingtheexpressionofthecells’genes

133.        Thepassagesuggeststhat,unlikethepleiotropichormones,oligosaccharinscouldbeusedeffectivelyto

(A)        tracethepassageofchemicalsthroughthewallsofcells
(B)        pinpointfunctions of other plant hormones
(C)        artificiallycontrolspecificaspectsofthedevelopmentofcrops
(D)        alterthecomplementofgenesinthecellsofplants
(E)        altertheeffectsofthefivemajorhormonesonplantdevelopment





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Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930,morethantenpercentoftheblackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,wherethe
preponderanceoftheblackpopulationhadbeenlocated,andmigratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequentlyassumed,butnotproved,thatthemajorityofthemigrantsin
whathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustryfollowingthebollweevilinfestation,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropean
immigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirst

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workersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansin theSouth. After the bollweevilinfestation,urbanblackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxof bothblackand white ruralworkers,whoweredriventoundercutthewages
formerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thus,amovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.

Questions134–139referto the passage above.






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WorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtorural
background,abackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.
ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.
In1910morethan600,000blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheblackworkforce,reportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits,”thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomove,butanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.
Aboutthirty-fivepercent oftheurban blackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmiths,masons,carpenters—whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintrades,buttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,mechanization,andobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,andrailroads.Wagesin
theSouth,however,werelow,andblackworkerswereaware,throughlaborrecruitersandtheblackpress,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilled

134.        Theauthorindicatesexplicitlythatwhichofthe
followingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation?

(A)        UnitedStatesImmigrationServicereportsfrom1914to 1930
(B)        Payrollsofsouthernmanufacturingfirmsbetween1910and1930
(C)        Thevolumeofcottonexportsbetween1898and1910
(D)        Thefederalcensusof1910
(E)        Advertisementsoflaborrecruitersappearinginsouthernnewspapersafter1910

135.        Inthepassage,theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowingasapossibleobjectiontoherargument?

(A)        ItisuncertainhowmanypeopleactuallymigratedduringtheGreatMigration.
(B)        TheeventualeconomicstatusoftheGreatMigrationmigrantshasnotbeenadequatelytraced.
(C)        Itisnotlikelythatpeoplewithsteadyjobswouldhavereasontomovetoanotherareaofthecountry.
(D)        It isnot truethat theterm “manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”actuallyencompassestheentireindustrialsector.
(E)        OftheAfricanAmericanworkerslivinginsoutherncities,onlythoseinasmallnumberoftradeswerethreatenedbyobsolescence.





136.        Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910?

(A)        Theywerebeingpushedlowerasaresultofincreasedcompetition.
(B)        Theyhadbeguntorisesothatsouthernindustrycouldattractruralworkers.
(C)        Theyhadincreasedforskilledworkersbutdecreasedforunskilledworkers.
(D)        Theyhadincreasedinlargesoutherncitiesbutdecreasedinsmallsoutherncities.
(E)        Theyhadincreasedinnewlydevelopedindustriesbutdecreasedintheoldertrades.

137.        TheauthorciteseachofthefollowingaspossibleinfluencesinanAfricanAmericanworker’sdecisiontomigratenorthintheGreatMigrationEXCEPT

(A)        wagelevelsinnortherncities
(B)        laborrecruiters
(C)        competitionfromruralworkers
(D)        votingrightsinnorthernstates
(E)        theAfricanAmericanpress

138.        Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“easyconclusion”mentionedinline58isbasedonwhichofthe followingassumptions?

(A)        Peoplewhomigratefromruralareastolargecitiesusuallydosoforeconomicreasons.
(B)        Mostpeoplewholeaveruralareastotakejobsincitiesreturntoruralareasassoonasitisfinanciallypossibleforthemtodoso.
(C)        Peoplewithruralbackgroundsarelesslikelytosucceedeconomicallyincitiesthanarethosewithurbanbackgrounds.
(D)        Mostpeoplewhowereonceskilledworkersarenotwillingtoworkasunskilledworkers.
(E)        Peoplewhomigratefromtheirbirthplacestootherregionsofacountryseldomundertakeasecondmigration.

139.        Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)        supportanalternativetoanacceptedmethodology
(B)        presentevidencethatresolvesacontradiction
(C)        introducearecentlydiscoveredsourceofinformation
(D)        challengeawidelyacceptedexplanation
(E)        arguethatadiscardedtheorydeservesnewattention




7.5        AnswerKey

1.        B        29.        C        57.        C        85.        A        113.        B
2.        B        30.        B        58.        B        86.        B        114.        D
3.        D        31.        C        59.        A        87.        A        115.        C
4.        A        32.        B        60.        A        88.        A        116.        D
5.        C        33.        D        61.        B        89.        D        117.        A
6.        D        34.        B        62.        E        90.        C        118.        C
7.        B        35.        E        63.        D        91.        E        119.        D
8.        B        36.        C        64.        D        92.        B        120.        C
9.        E        37.        C        65.        B        93.        D        121.        C
10.        E        38.        E        66.        C        94.        D        122.        B
11.        E        39.        A        67.        B        95.        C        123.        A
12.        A        40.        D        68.        E        96.        D        124.        B
13.        A        41.        A        69.        D        97.        C        125.        D
14.        C        42.        B        70.        E        98.        E        126.        A
15.        D        43.        A        71.        B        99.        D        127.        C
16.        B        44.        A        72.        D        100.        A        128.        B
17.        B        45.        C        73.        C        101.        C        129.        D
18.        B        46.        B        74.        C        102.        D        130.        A
19.        B        47.        E        75.        E        103.        A        131.        E
20.        B        48.        E        76.        A        104.        B        132.        E
21.        A        49.        A        77.        E        105.        A        133.        C
22.        D        50.        A        78.        C        106.        C        134.        D
23.        E        51.        D        79.        B        107.        B        135.        C
24.        D        52.        B        80.        C        108.        D        136.        A
25.        A        53.        C        81.        D        109.        A        137.        D
26.        C        54.        C        82.        A        110.        C        138.        C
27.        B        55.        E        83.        A        111.        A        139.        D
28.        A        56.        D        84.        E        112.        C               

ivorywan

thank you very much