8月29日含泪放狗

yehan1992

　　【版本1】第一篇是有关一个民族p, 对p为什么定义为一个族群进行了探讨。


主要有人疑惑这群人说6种截然不同的语言。这群人的同类的特征并不同时发生，他们有时候这个时期一部分人有一个特征，其他人没有，但随着时间的转移，其他人会慢慢有这个特征。
　　相关文章， 背景知识

　　二、pueblo

　　Pueblo, name given by the Spanish to the sedentary原生的/定居的 Native Americans who lived in stone or adobe communal公有的/共用的houses in what is now the SW United States. The term pueblo is also used for the villages occupied by the Pueblo. Their prehistoric settlements, known as the Anasazi and Mogollon cultures, extended southward from S Utah and S Colorado into Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent territory in Mexico. The transition from Archaic 古代的(see Americas, antiquity and prehistory of the) hunters and gatherers to sedentary agricultural populations occurred around the 1st cent. A.D., when corn玉米, squash,南瓜 and beans were widely adopted; the trio三个一组of foods is still used by the Pueblo. Although agriculture provided the bulk of the diet for these early populations, hunting and gathering was an important source of additional foodstuffs. Pottery陶器 manufacture began about A.D. 400 and was used for cooking and water storage. Clothing was woven from cotton, grown in warmer areas, and yucca 丝兰花fiber. Early houses among the Anasazi and Mogollon were pit地窖 houses, which were replaced by adobe and stone surface dwellings住所 throughout the region by the end of the first millennium A.D.

　　Villages were variable in size and architectural content, but most included circular, often subterranean structures known as kivas (apparently a derivation of the pit house) and storage pits for grains. Prior to the 14th and 15th cent., densely settled villages were more the exception than the rule. Large pueblos were found at Chaco Canyon, dating to the 11th and early 12th cent., and at Mesa Verde, where multistoried cliff houses were inhabited in the 13th and 14th cent.; a great lunar observatory was built at Chimney Rock, S Colo., in the 11th cent. Changing climatic conditions forced the abandonment of much of the region by the early 14th cent., with populations migrating to their present-day locations in the Rio Grande valley and a few other isolated areas (e.g., the Hopi mesas).

　　Initial contact with European populations came in the 16th cent., when Spaniards entered the Rio Grande area. The seven Zuñi towns were reported by the Franciscan Marcos de Niza to be the fabulous Seven Cities of Cibola, leading to the first intensive contacts—a Spanish exploration party under Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in 1540. Due to increasing pressure on the existing food supplies, the initially friendly Pueblo became hostile and then revolted; their resistance ended in a mass execution of Native Americans by Coronado. In 1598 Juan de Oñate began full-scale missionary work and moved the provincial headquarters of the Spanish colonial government to Santa Fe. By 1630, 60,000 Pueblo had been converted to Christianity, and 90 villages had chapels,小教堂 according to Father de Benavides.

　　Determined to put an end to the suffering caused by their Spanish oppressors, the Pueblo staged a successful revolt in 1680. Popé, a medicine man, led a band of Pueblo who killed 380 settlers and 31 missionaries and forced the remaining Spaniards to retreat 撤退/退却to El Paso. However, the Pueblo lost 347 of their number in one attack on Santa Fe. Fearing Spanish reprisal报复, villages were abandoned for better fortified要塞/防御 sites. In 1692 De Vargas, with the cooperation of some Pueblo leaders, reconquered the Pueblo in New Mexico. The Western Pueblo, however, including the Hopi, remained independent.

　　The Pueblo have the oldest settlements N of Mexico, dating back 700 years for the still-occupied Hopi, Zuñi, and Acoma pueblos. The Europeans who settled in the Southwest adopted the adobe structures and compact village plans of the Pueblo. The Pueblo, for their part, adopted many domestic animals and assorted分类 crafts from the Old World, including blacksmithing and woodworking.

　　Among the modern Pueblo, men are the weavers and women make pottery and assist in house construction. The status of women among both the Western and the Eastern Pueblo is high, but there are differences related to the different social systems of each. The Western Pueblo, including the Hano, Zuñi, Acoma, Laguna, and, the best known, the Hopi, have exogamous异族结婚 clans氏族 with a matrilineal母系的 emphasis and matrilocal居住在女方家 residence, and the houses and gardens are owned by women; the kachina cult emphasizes weather control, and the Pueblo who follow this cult are governed by a council of clan representatives. Among the Eastern Pueblo, there are bilateral extended families, patrilineal clans, and male-owned houses and land; warfare and hunting as well as healing治疗 and exorcism驱魔术 are more important than among the Western Pueblo.

　　The Spanish added new elements to the government in the form of civil officers, but the de facto事实上的,in fact government and ceremonial organization remained native. The Bureau of Indian Affairs introduced elected officials in Santa Clara, Laguna, Zuñi, and Isleta, and the Hopi have an elected council on the tribal level. The Kachina and other secret societies dealing with war, agriculture, and healing still carry out their complicated rituals and dances: for some occasions, the public is invited. In 1990 there were some 55,000 Pueblo in the United States, the largest groups being the Hopi, Zuñi, Laguna, and Acoma.

　　旧JJ考古：

　　【版本1】很多人类学家在谈到peublo的文化的时候，都用一种peublo culture（singular form，单数）来指代，因此他们必须justify 这个有400000 something 人的部落，说着6 different languages，但是他们却用单数的culture而不是用cultures来指代他们的文化，为此必须 justify why 400000 people in this race speak 6 different languages。这些人类学者所提供的justification是一种概念化的东西：研究一个团体，他们就只去寻找这个团体中的共同，而且不变的特征。而实际上这个p根本就不是一成不变的，他们文化的特征常常在不同的部落中间转变的。他们在一个相对confined的地方生活，在英国使美国大部分地区变成殖民地的时候，他们也逃脱了英国的控制，使他们更有自己的空间survive他们的文化不同性。一个更加重要的例子就是，在文化发展之前，他们就开始在小部落之间交换货物，技术，文化，虽然他们语言不一样，但是这样的交流无疑促进了他们的文化不同性。

　　题目1：以前的人类学家用culture的单数形式 (singular form)来指代P的文化，必须要justify（辨证）什么。

　　（the nation is in a linguistically diverse group）。

　　题目2：人类学家所用的JUSTIFY的方法是怎么样子的。

　　(寻找不变和共同的特征)。

　　题目3：如果文章主题题目：指出人类学家在研究p民族的过程中一个错误的assumption有两个选项比较干扰，一个是说作者指出人类学家的ASSUMPTION，一个是说作者反对人类学家的一种APPROACH。

　　【版本2】 有一篇短文.人类学家研究居住在New Mexico和Arizona的某类人（单词不认识，Pxxxxxx）.这类人大概有40,000, 讲6种语言。还有他们的文化上的相同性等等。

　　【版本3】Mexican Culture. 以前anthropologist 把一些mexican-indian culture 统称为“the pueblo”, 而忽略了他们本身实际上都有6种语言系统。而且pueblo一般是mexican 自己来区别自己和居住在同一个community的其他culture. 后面又提到，连那些anthropologist认为是pueblo共性的什么东西(xx cult)，有些mexican也不做的. 后面还提到这些墨西哥人很大的特点就是不管怎么样都住在原驻地（我记得不是很清楚），互相之间也有联系之类。

　　【版本4】某民族Peudio(?)文化研究. 老观点认为其文化具有同一性. 作者认为应该是多元化的, 以其多语言交流为例说明其适应性.

　　【版本5】在Mexico 和Arizona的某民族Plupe的文化研究. 老观点（impression）认为其文化具有同一性. 作者认为应该是多元化的, 以其多语言交流为例说明其适应性. 作者认为老观点之所以有这样的impression，是因为老观点基于对某个“概念”(忘了单词了)的认同。

　　【版本6】JJ主人700说人类学家把Pueblo看作一个群体有待于证明，因为Pueblo得人说6种语言。Pueblo的人把自己看作一各群体是因为他们认为自己与Pueblo以外的人不一样。人类学家把一个群体定义为共享一种文化的人，但是在Pueblo中有好几种不同文化，而且文化不是共享的。后面忘了….

　　题目有

　　1. 主旨题

　　2. 提高的那个人类学家群体的定义什么的

　　【文章脉络】：

　　老观点:虽然mexican-indian culture有400000人，说6种不同语言，但是很多人类学家把mexican-indian culture 统称为“the pueblo”。

　　新观点：通过justify why 400000 people in this race speak 6 different languages来说明P部落根本不是一个一尘不变的整体，P部落中包含着很多小部落，以及这些小部落形成的原因。

NiccoloN

yehan1992 发表于 2014-8-30 12:47
狗主你好~！ 请问印第安人语言的是这篇吗？

不是这篇的，不过也有提及pueblo，貌似还提及了algonquin等几个部落，还说了西班牙人等对他们是否起到语言上的影响。那片阅读不难的，我实在记不大清楚，好像有细节题，在文中很容易定位找到答案的。

guown

谢谢狗主，如果想起了更多的ir麻烦通知我哟，谢谢

yehan1992

你好~请问火箭燃料的是这篇吗？
**火箭燃料
[版本1]
from   519329797
有一篇说火箭燃料的，还挺简单估计是相当低的低分库，说是以前的火箭助推器怎么不好，新研究了一种发动机什么的，最后说还有一个问题没解决
考古
V1
第一段:先说到火星的航空器的缺点, 如燃料过重, 效率太低等, 宇航员要承受很多东西,反正是现有航空器有很多问题.
第二段:说一种新设计的航空器能解决以上的缺点.
第三段:说新设计的航空器有些问题没解决, 如采用更高燃烧效率的燃料,如氢等, 将有关燃料转化成其它性状,还有就是这类高效率的燃料的燃烧可以熔化绝大多数的物质,必须解决一个问题,就是如何有一种超耐高温的容器来做燃料室,可以解决这个燃烧问题.
V2
第二篇是去MARS那个，我再补充两道题。有一个问，用新燃料去要克服的困难是什么？答：protect heat from损害设备。还有一个问，缩短航行的时间意味着什么？答：减少由于重力对宇航员带来的伤害。这两个大案应该没有错。
V3
第二篇，宇宙飞船去mars那篇，补充一第三段的内容，第二段提出的解决方案有一问题就是产生的能量温度太高，会烧坏周围零件。这里有一个问题问：解决方案存在什么问题？选温度太高会烧坏引擎。
V4
中间两边暴长，一片是宇宙飞船去mars，第一段说，传统用fuel的引擎因为有重量，达不到很快速度，要完成一个trip要60-90年（还是月，不记 得了，反正很长），如果为了减少重量，少带fuel又会减小效率。 第二段说某个人提出用一个新的好像用氢气atom什么的引擎，能解决这个问题，然后说了点东西，忘记具体说什么了。 最后一段说了这个新方法有一个困难，好像是材料什么的，然后谁提出一个解决方案。

momo1014

数学第三题是72？
要从{1,2,3,4,5}generate一个五位数的security code之类的，每个数就只能出现一次，even number还不能挨在一起，问有多少个code可以被generate出来。这题我回忆可能不准。
5!-6*4*2
把偶数相邻的减掉。6是135的排列方法，4是24的位置有四种，2是24可以换成42
我这么做对吗~
欢迎大家探讨

florachou1201

momo1014 发表于 2014-9-1 22:36
数学第三题是72？
要从{1,2,3,4,5}generate一个五位数的security code之类的，每个数就只能出现一次，even  ...

同算出来72