05年01月AWAJJ——讨论--->beautywawa轉移

evaqin2000

原版范文一篇

“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

The speaker asserts that an international effort is needed to preserve the world’s energy resources for future generations. While individual nations, like people, are at times willing to make voluntary sacrifices for the benefit of others, my view is that international coordination is nevertheless necessary in light of the strong propensity of nations to act selfishly, and because the problem is international in scope.

The main reason why an international effort is necessary is that, left to their own devices, individual nations, like people, will act according to their short-term motives and self-interest. The mere existence of military weapons indicates that self-interest and national survival are every nation’s prime drivers. And excessive consumption by industrialized nations of natural resources they know to be finite, when alternatives are at hand demonstrates that self-interest and short-sightedness extend to the use of energy resources as well. Furthermore, nations, like people, tend to rationalize their own self-serving policies and actions. Emerging nations might argue, for example, that they should be exempt from energy conservation because it is the industrialized nations who can better afford to make sacrifices and who use more resources in the first place.

Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example, has each nation independently recognized the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? N only by way of an international effort, based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors, along with an appeal to self-interest, have we made some progress. By the same token (adv. 出于同样原因), efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile, because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly, the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will ultimately suffer.

In conclusion, nations are made up of individuals who, when left unconstrained, tend to act in their own self-interest and with short-term motives. In light of how we have dealt, or not dealt, with other global problems, it appears that an international effort is needed to ensure the preservation of natural resources for future generations.

evaqin2000

. 39 (黄金80题)
“It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
题目类型分类(概括性陈述类)：直接表明立场并给出论据进行阐述
题目专题分类─Success: the relation of professional success and personal sacrifices

39. “人们要在不牺牲实现个人生活的重要方面的情况下达到专业成功是很难的。” (成功)
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。

(cuteishere)
Main Point: Disagreement
1,On my point of view, 那个professional success和fulfilling personal life其实本不该放在同一level上作比较的，后者应为前者的base. personal life包括很多个人的性格塑造，品味嗜好，生活习惯等，这些所有生活中的Process，都会直接affect到一个人是否具有在professional area成功的potential. 例子呢，可以说说钓鱼。
2,Personal life的拥有，同时可以帮助和提供更多的机会给professional development.比如同嗜好人的交际圈。
3,如果说，为了事业发展而不放弃个人生活很难，那么单纯追求事业本身而没有其他入口的选择就更不accessible了。并且，能够处理好balance和其中的互促机制的能力，对于professional success的取得也是必备的。(这个呢，随便找个名人的例子说说吧)
最后总结一下，我们应该给出professional  success的定义，不仅是单纯事业上的成绩，更是融合很多人格魅力的一个superior level的成功。

Ans：I agree with it. Take Jack for example，in his early career he devoted all his time，energy to GE to achieve his goal，but sacrificed the time to be with his wife.
Although his wife was really a considerable and supported Jack with all her strength，still owing to less and less time together with each other，they divorced finally.
Other example like Dr. Sun Yet-Sen>>health
還有很多例子一時想不出來，請大家一起想吧

Position: In our increasingly competitive society today, it is more and more difficult to achieve both professional success and personal fulfillment.
A. Undeniably, today’s professionals must work long hours to keep their heads above water ,let alone to get ahead in life financially.
B. In addition, professionals have to work under great pressure to survive the severe competition, to say nothing of achieving professional success.
C. The encouraging news is that more and more people have come to see the interdependence of a fulfilled personal life and a successful career.

evaqin2000

129. (黄金80题) X12
“Instead of relying on the advice of outside experts, organizations should place greater value on the advice that can come only from their own highly experienced employees.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
题目类型分类(两类进行比较类)
题目专题分类─About Management and Business: advice of outside experts vs. advice of inside highly experienced employees

129. “与其依赖外部专家的建议，一个组织更应该看重那些只能来自它的内部的资深员工的建议。”(如何管理)
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。

Position: Generally speaking, I agree that organizations should rely more on their own experts for advice and decision-making.
A. In the first place, highly experienced employees may know better the real problems of their company and hence can offer valuable advice on management issues.
B. In the second place, respecting employees’ options and suggestions can generate enthusiasm, initiative and a sense of responsibility among them.
C. Yet, outside experts, in some cases, can provide solutions to a company’s problems from fresh perspective.

蜡笔小西

嗨，Eva,

说一个我个人的观点，仅供参考：“黄金80”我还没开始看，不过我看你好象已经做了题目的分类。不知你有否有意识地收集一些例子并且把它们分类？我在备考GRE时试过，把例子分为，例如教育类，社会类，经济类，励志类等等。我发现一个好的例子无论在文章结构及字数都会起到很大的作用。

你已经做得很好了，继续加油！

evaqin2000

谢谢小西的提醒，我也觉得这样挺慢的，好像是入门教材。嘻嘻，分类也是前面的高人做的，我现在的感觉是一颗一颗的数珍珠，还没有把它们都串起来，没有看到一条项链的光芒。下星期贴AA入门,弄清格式和所需的内容后，我试着在后期收集一下材料。多多给意见！

evaqin2000

1. (黄金80题)x4
The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.

“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.”

1. 下面摘自一家冷冻食品处理商（processor）奥林匹克食品提交给股东的年报：随着时间流逝，由于机构了解了做好事情的方法进而提高了效率，处理的成本会降低。比如在彩色胶卷处理方面，3/5英寸照片的成本从1970年的5天50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同样的规律适用于食品处理方面。由于奥林匹克食品即将庆祝它的25岁生日，我们可以指望我们长期的经验会使我们达到最小的成本和最大的利润。

ANS:
First -- experience 並非唯一決定獲利的因素
Second – film co.不能拿來和food co.(labor intensive)做比較且如創新也很重要
Conclusion—doubt annual report.

All things Equal-- The author assumes that film processing is like food processing.  Notice that food processing is really old and film is new, so innovations have already happened in food making it not like film.
Gratuitous Assumption--"once a company has 25 years of experience it will come up with new innovations"  in reality these things happen slowly and the if the author wants to convince us that innovations are coming up he should talk about the R&D the company is doing now.

A. First, the arguer fails to provide sufficient evidence to prove that the long experience of Olympic Foods will guarantee minimal costs and maximum profits.
B. Second, the argument is based on a fales analogy.

evaqin2000

Part II: Analysis of Argument: Structure and Template

TEMPLATE
As with the Issue essay, there is no single "correct," way to organize an Argument essay. In our view, however, your essay should include separate "introduction" and "conclusion" paragraphs, as well as at least two "body" paragraphs in which you develop your critique of the stated argument.

The following template spells out this structure in more detail, and each of the sample Analysis of Argument essays in this book follow this basic pattern.
You do not have to adhere strictly to this format in order to write an effective Argument essay.

You may find that some other form works better for you, especially for the body of your essay.

Also, the numbers of sentences indicated for each paragraph here are merely suggestions or

guidelines, not hard-and-fast rules.
(Note: The transitional phrases used here are purposely simplistic; do not simply "parrot" them

word-for-word in your essay or adopt a mechanistic fill-in the blank approach. If you do, your

essay might appear stilted or contrived.)

Introductory Paragraph (2-4 sentences)
Try to accomplish three goals in your introductory paragraph:
· Briefly restate the argument.
· Briefly trace the argument's line of reasoning.
· Indicate the extent to which the argument is logically convincing.
· If possible, sum up your arguments in one sentence (or two brief sentences).
Here's a sample template for the first paragraph that accomplishes these goals:

The author concludes that____________, because ________. The author's line of reasoning is that

______________. This argument is unconvincing for several reasons; it is____________ and it uses

_____________.

First Body Paragraph (3-5 sentences)
In the first body paragraph your goal is to critique one of the following:
· The reasoning of the argument
· One of the premises of the argument
· One of the assumptions of the argument
Here's a sample template for this paragraph that accomplishes this goal:
First of all, ____________________________ is based upon the questionable assumption

________________________________. That _______________,
however, _________________. Moreover, ________________________.

Second Body Paragraph (3-4 sentences)
The purpose of the second paragraph is to address one of the following:
· The reasoning of the argument
· One of the premises of the argument
· One of the assumptions of the argument

Here's a sample template for this paragraph that accomplishes this goal:

Secondly, the author assumes that_________________________.
However, __________________________. It seems equally reasonable to assume that

____________________.

Third (and optional Fourth) Body Paragraph
In this paragraph your goal is to critique one of the following:
· The reasoning of the argument
· One of the premises of the argument
· One of the assumptions of the argument
Here's a sample template for this paragraph that accomplishes this goal:

Finally, _______________________________________. The author fails to consider

__________________________________. For example, __________________. Because the author's argument

_________________.

Final Paragraph (2-3 sentences)
In the final paragraph your goals are t
· Summarize your critique of the argument
· State the main point of your essay
The final paragraph is not the placer to introduce new arguments or issues. Sample template:
In sum, I agree that______________________. However, ____________________; on balance,

evaqin2000

Argument范文

1. The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.

“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.”

Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.

Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, the author argues that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costs and thus maximize profits in the future. In support of this conclusion the author cites the general principle that “as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient.” This principle, coupled with the fact that Olympic Foods has had 25 years of experience in the food processing industry leads to the author’s rosy prediction. This argument is unconvincing because it suffers from two critical flaws.

First, the author’s forecast of minimal costs and maximum profits rests on the gratuitous assumption that Olympic Foods’ “long experience” has taught it how to do things better. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Just as likely, Olympic Foods has learned nothing from its 25 years in the food-processing business. Lacking this assumption, the expectation of increased efficiency is entirely unfounded.

Second, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from the color-film processing industry are applicable to the food processing industry. Differences between the two industries clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, problems of spoilage, contamination, and timely transportation all affect the food industry but are virtually absent in the film-processing industry. Problems such as these might present insurmountable obstacles that prevent lowering food-processing costs in the future.

As it stands the author’s argument is not compelling. To strengthen the conclusion that Olympic Foods will enjoy minimal costs and maximum profits in the future, the author would have to provide evidence that the company has learned how to do things better as a result of its 25 years of experience. Supporting examples drawn from industries more similar to the food-processing industry would further substantiate the author’s view.

蜡笔小西

Eva，年过得还好吧？

我也很快开始作文了，加油喔！