eleven成长日记 never enough

elleven806

7.24

1.单词100             check
2.OG SC   60%     check
3CR                      check

完成内容：

1.Take turns to do/doing还是to do与doing的区别

……to do指开始着手进行尚未开始的事情

……doing指正在做已经开始的事情

2.except in/by/to：除了
3.总结：

1.excepting多用于否定意义的句子：The use of excepting is considered by many people to be acceptable only after not, only, always, or without.

Eg:

Everyone helped, not excepting John

We must all obey the law, not [without] excepting the king.

1. but:常可与 except互换，强调"不在其中"。

例： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary.大家都出席了这次会议，但玛丽不在其列。

2. besides:强调"除此之外，还包括"。

例： She can speak French and Japanese besides English.除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。

3.apart from:其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替besides.

例： Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me.除了外套，这帽子也不适合我戴。

120. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

(A) a phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels,

(B) a phenomenon most scientists agree that is caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,

(C) a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings’ burning of fossil fuels,

(D) which most scientists agree on as a phenomenon caused by human beings who burn fossil fuels,

(E) which most scientists agree to be a phenomenon caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,

总结：摘自prep 08 :

C:一个普遍的误读是：说most scientists agree 是插入语，虽然是没加逗号！（此解释绝对是误人子弟！！！）
    今天我翻遍章振邦的《新编英语语法》（CD上有下载），在1193—1395页赫然发现一个语法词条——嵌入式关系分句，详解如下：
    “有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。
该书举例：

In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief.
注意两点：

1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定语从句。         

2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。

综上所述，当一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句

词的平行的主要原则：

Concrete Noun（具体名词）自己平行, Action Noun可和Complex Gerunds平行，Simple Gerunds不可和前面任何平行。

Be capable of doing /capability of sb to do /capability of doing

1.claim的用法 （摘自朗文当代词典4th）

       Claim that

       Claim to do(be)

       Claim sb/sth As sth

can, able to, capable of doing的区分：                             

先说用法：can可以跟人，可以跟物，表达的是一种主观，"能或不能"；be able to一定程度上是可以和can互换的，看时态和用法；

be capable of doing表示"客观的能/可以"，就是客观上"可不可以"，并不是主观上"能不能",主语可以是人可以是物。                                              其其他用法：the ability of sb. to do sth.        capability of sb. to do/ of doing

错误用法：ability+ of doing/ ability +for sb to do/ability+ for doing的说法。

总结： 摘自prep08

一、倍数表达法

1、twice的用法：

twice as many…as;   twice as much…as;   

twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that);    twice + what从句;  

*：一个大家常误会的句子：

The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）

解读方法：可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows.

详细解读：twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many；而as it has pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clause（状语从句/副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即as it has pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说as it has pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。故，牛多猪少。

2、用动词表达倍数：

double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple  ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)

sth. double sth.;        sth. is doubled;       sth. double(adj.);

(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）

*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）

3、…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;

4、sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)

   如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

5、表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than（略有歧义），… time as +adj.+as”都正确

6、三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。

二、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：

i.    x times(twice) + the + n.     (twice还能做determiner)

ii.    x times adj. (比较形式) than

iii.   x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配

A do x times as adj. … x as B do

iv.   x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)

v.    x-fold

vi.   double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple

补充：persuade用法

      ~sb. to do sth

      ~sb. into doing sth

      ~sb. of sth

      ~sb that

elleven806

7.24

1.单词100            
2.OG SC   50%   
3.CR

完成任务：

while前后句子之结构要求并列相对, 在比较成分前后都是句子的情况下

1. 比较：

(1) whereas = while（while前后句子之结构要求并列相对）

(2) whereas连接的平行比较只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系，不要求对称位置必须是对称名词

*：但是如果whereas后面接介词短语，那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称)，如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾（或主系表），主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾（或主系表）来对应，

(3) 标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices错),句子或介短。（后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等）。

(4) like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间不能插入任何成分比如介词短语

date to 后面是ago，而date at 后面是old。

elleven806

8.7

1.单词100            check
2.OG SC  
      第一组 80%  !!!   （4—20，35 mins)
      第二组 40%       （12—20，32mins)  
3.CR      

1.   need sth. for sth.  need sth to do  
  
2.   句子完整结构 (结合前面提到的run-on)

1)   S+V1+O1 and V2+O2.是很常见的结构. and之后的主语是S, 可是被省了.

2)   S+V1+O1, and pronoun(指代S)+V2+O2. 也是很常见的结构.

一般在and之后用pronoun指代S作主语是因为and跟S的距离太远.

3)    S+V1+O1 and pronoun(指代S)+V2+O2. 被OG10列为run-onsentence，但如果这两个主谓宾的并列是同在一个分句里（而这个分句又与句子的其他成分并列），则这样的结构也是允许的。

4)   对于S+V1+O1, and V2+O2.结构，and前并不经常补出逗号，通常and前补出逗号是因为前面是插入语一定需要逗号，或者是为了让句子结构更为清晰，比如前面是定语从句，防止第二个谓语动词V2与定语从句中的动词并列；又比如本题的C选项加了逗号，the yellowjacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out andused：used和pulled自己独自成为平行，两者组成的小团体又和前面的is平行，如果都连着写，那么会给读者一个is和used平行的印象（虽然我们并不一定会那么读，但是加了逗号更为清晰了）。

**: 要提醒的一点是，GMAT中逗号不会作为判断一个选项正确与否的唯一考点。   
   
1.   搭配：

(1)  Aim, goal, intention,objective, function, way, method, purpose + be + to do当然最常用的还是method of doing/fordoing

(2)  Use, cite, function,regard, think/conceive of, view, act + as

     (3)  Consider, deem, make,call, find, elect+宾语+宾补

Unlike the shortflights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient powerin fuel cells and batteries, a permanently orbiting space station will haveto generate its own electricity.

A.    the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carriedsufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,

B.    the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuelcells and batteries for their short flights,

C.    the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which enabledthem to carry sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries,

D.     the shuttle and earlierspacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells andbatteries for their short flights,           (D)

E.    the flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whose shortnessallowed them to carry sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,

Not one of the potentialinvestors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until amerger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the dealwere not to be concluded.

A.    is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a mergeragreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were

B.    is expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until theysign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal was

C.    is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a mergeragreement be signed by them with a provision for penalties if the deal were

D.   are expected to make anoffer for buying First Interstate Bank until it signs a merger agreement with aprovision for penalties included if the deal was           (A)

E.    are expected to be making an offer to buy First Interstate Bank untilthey sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the dealwere

  prep.+one’s+doing往往是不简洁的，要多加留意

elleven806

8.8

Turningaway from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life andlandscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist whobecame the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win theNobel Prize for Literature.

A.Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasantlife and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win

B. She turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasantlife and landscape of northern Sweden, and novelist Selma Lagerlöf in 1909 becamethe first woman as well as the first Swedish writer that won She无指代，and novelist Selma使得两个分句分裂成两个人的事

C. SelmaLagerlöf was a novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romanticstories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and in 1909she became the first woman in addition to the first Swedish writer winning

D. Anovelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories aboutthe peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win

E. As anovelist, Selma Lagerlöf turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 becoming the first woman and also the first Swedish writer that won

1.there are表示的是自然存在，不能用于concerns之前

1. 时间状语通常位于句首或句尾，即便无法位于句首或句尾，也应该尽量靠向两边，不过注意一点：放句尾要小心，因为很可能前面就是个名词，然后就变定语了。

2. prep.+ n.的位置非常容易引起歧义，因为它既可以做定语也可以做状语，不管在句中还是句尾，只要是在名词后面都要特别小心。

3. 另外还见过S1 V1 that S2 V2 at thesame time引起歧义的：如果atthe same time逻辑上要修饰V1，而距离上却离V2更近，所以产生了修饰V2的歧义（或者有时被形容为既可以修饰V1，也可以修饰V2）。

238. (GWD-4-4)

A new hair-growth drugis being sold for three times the price, per milligram, as the drug'smaker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.

A.    as

B.    than

C.    that

D.     of what       (C)

E.    at which

239. (GWD-12-Q3)

Were it not for thefusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its ownweight would cause a star to collapse.

A.    instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse

B.    instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight

C.    a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight

D.     a star would collapseunder its own weight        (D)

E.    its own weight would have caused a star’s collapse

1.   虚拟语气：

虚拟条件句的四种形式：

But for N, S +should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….

= If it were not / (hadnot been) for N

= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)

= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气

242. (GWD-1-Q38)

Retail sales rose 8/10of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending inthe July-September quarter more than doubled that of the 1.4 percent growthrate in personal spending for the previous quarter.

A.    that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubledthat of

B.    that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more thandouble

C.    of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it more thandoubled

D.     of personal spending inthe July-September quarter more than doubling that of   (B)

E.    of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it would morethan double that of

especially强调严重性，specially强调特殊性

especially是表示程度

specially表示特殊

1.   "an overwhelming proportion of ..."是一个数量表达，逻辑上本身虽然是单数，但是语法上却视为复数，，因为它所代表的women是复数的，还有很多类似的表达比如percentages,proportions, fractions等。

Researchers agreed thatthe study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely importantbut more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty precededwith ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients thanthe balloon procedure by itself.

A.    more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty precededwith ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients than

B.    more research was needed for determining whether or not balloonangioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients thanis

C.    that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplastypreceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than

D.     that more research wasneeded to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was anybetter for heart attack patients than     (C)

E.    that more research was needed for determining that balloon angioplastypreceded by ultrasound is or is not any better for heart attack patients thanis

1.   whether or not的使用：

在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether，而不能加or not，否则累赘；

在引导状从的时候必须加上ornot，即whether or not。

1.   一般的介词只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句，不能接that引导的宾语从句。但是but that=except that；in that=because(还是有不同)  这三个介词+that从句属于例外，约定俗成的用法。-----from 白勇语法

2.   whether表示列举时候的用法：whetherA, B, or C.

1.   estimate的固定用法：

estimate (that)（不需加原V）

estimate + N + to beN(adj)   (prep 2-51)

estimate + N + at/to be+数量词

        *：Manhattan中认为估价的话要用to be，

           比如RIGHT:  She ESTIMATES the cost TO BE ten dollars.

               WRONG: She ESTIMATES the cost ATten dollars.

如：40 to 44 million years是时间概念，要用estimated to be 40 to 44million years old.

1.   conclude的固定搭配：

(1) conclude by doingsth./ conclude with sth.：以……结束，借此后面接的是结束的方式、行为

file:///C:/Users/APPLE/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.pngShe concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford.

file:///C:/Users/APPLE/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.pngEach chapter concludes with a short summary.

(2) conclude to ：达成……而结束

*:conclude可以做及物动词也可以做不及物动词

be known to have done sth的问题：当be known 和 do sth的发生的时间一致时，用be known to do sth；而do sth发生在be known之前时，则要用be known to have donesth。