伐木、商标法、帝王蝶，google的英文背景靠谱表述，看一下应该还是有好处的吧

chenxiquana

1.        伐木业对森林的影响
【主题思路】
传统观点认为logging可以防止森立大火，但作者解释为什么伐木业对森林大火没有影响；
Logging 砍伐
现象提出观点Logging并没有帮助大火；
P1野外火灾烧掉很多树后，logging被用来作为补救手段。但是专家认为logging并没有达到预期的效果。因为logging一方面降低了植物的seeding,一方面增加了short-term 火灾的隐患。.然后列出数字，说植物在火灾后的自然seeding率是76%，而logging 后的seeding 率降低到了30%。
Our data show that postfire logging, by removing naturally seeded conifers and increasing surface fuel loads, can be counterproductive to goals of forest regeneration and fuel reduction

Natural conifer regeneration on sites that experienced high severity fire was variable but generally abundant, with a median stocking density of 767 seedlings per hectare,

Postfire logging subsequently reduced regeneration by 71% to 224 seedlings perhectare (Fig. 1A) due to soil disturbance and physical burial by woody material during logging operations. Thus, if postfire logging is conducted in part to facilitate reforestation, replanting could result in no net gain in early conifer establishment.

第二段：作者的观点解释证明；
P2 发生火灾后，logging 使得一些小树枝和大的树干掉在了地上，而这二者温度都很高，很有可能引发短期的火灾。最好的办法就是在人为控制火灾后让这些燃烧剩下的树自生自灭，这些树的灰烬又可以当成肥料。

Commercial logging removes the least flammable portion of trees-their main stems or "trucks," while leaving behind their most flammable portions-their needles and limbs, directly on the ground.

the lowest fire risk strategy maybe to leave dead trees standing as long as possible (where they are less available to surface flames), allowing for aerial decay and slow, episodic input to surface fuel loads over decades.

https://www.humboldt.edu/wildlife/faculty/johnson/431/readings/Donato_binder.pdf
2. trademark
讲了两个东西
Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 （FTDA）
Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006(TDRA)
【主题思路】
作者介绍了1995年法规的不足，然后推出了2006年的好处，美国法律的演变

大意应该就是2006年的弥补了1995年的规定，细节有待考证

1.        TDRA使一个trademark更难被认为是famous的，所以对于Court来说，更容易筛选famous的 （跟整理稿类似）
First, the TDRA changes the very manner in which courts determine whether a mark qualifies as “famous.”  The FTDA previously set forth eight factors relevant to “fame,” and courts often deemed to be “famous” trademarks that were well known only in niche markets.  In contrast, the TDRA provides that “a mark is famous if it is widely recognized by the general consuming public of the United States as a designation of source of the goods or services of the mark’s owner.”  Courts now are directed to consider four factors in analyzing whether a mark is famous:  (1) the duration, extent, and geographic reach of advertising and publicity of the mark; (2) the amount, volume, and geographic extent of sales of goods or services offered under the mark; (3) the extent of actual recognition of the mark; and (4) whether the mark was registered.  Thus, the TDRA’a standards generally appear to make it more difficult for a mark to qualify as “famous.”
2. FTDA只针对dilution by blurring，TDRA针对both dilution by blurring and dilution by tarnishment
Second, prior to the enactment of the TDRA, some courts held that the only actionable dilution was dilution by blurring; dilution by tarnishment was not actionable.  The TDRA provides that both dilution by blurring and dilution by tarnishment are actionable.  Dilution by blurring arises from a similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that impairs the distinctiveness of the famous mark. Dilution by tarnishment arises from the similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that harms the reputation of the famous mark.
3.
Third, prior to the enactment of the TDRA, some courts held that the famous mark at issue must be inherently distinctive.  The TDRA clarifies that remedies for dilution are also available to the owners of marks with acquired (rather than inherent) distinctiveness.
4.FTDA不允许news reporting, noncommercial use等等情况，但是TDRA于允许这些fair use（ 跟整理稿相同）
Fourth, the FTDA stated that certain uses of famous marks, including news reporting, noncommercial use, and “fair use…in comparative commercial advertising,” were not actionable.  The TDRA expands these exceptions, retaining the references to news reporting and noncommercial use, but also protecting “any” fair use of a famous mark.

Fifth, the TDRA clarifies the conditions under which monetary damages are available.  Monetary damages are now available when the junior user’s first use in commerce occurred after October 6, 2006, and the user willfully intended to trade on the recognition of the famous mark (in blurring cases) or willfully intended to harm the reputation of the famous mark (in tarnishment cases).

2006年，FTDA被修改，新法律保护likely dilution，剔除掉了要提供actual dilution proof的要求 （跟整理稿相反）
Amendments to the FTDA took effect on October 6, 2006. The Act still protects only famous marks. However, Congress amended the act so that it expressly provides protection against a use of a mark that is "likely" to cause dilution. The new statute thus eliminates the requirement of proving "actual dilution."

The Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006 clarifies the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995. Most important for owners of famous marks, TDRA makes clear that mark owners can act to stop diluting uses without showing that the diluting use is actually causing harm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trademark_Dilution_Act

https://www.gsblaw.com/news/legal_update/trademark_dilution_revision_act_of_2006_improves_protection_for_famous_marks/

https://www.gsblaw.com/news/legal_update/trademark_dilution_revision_act_of_2006_improves_protection_for_famous_marks/

5.帝王蝶
【主题思路】
蝴蝶的迁移要经过几个generation才能完成;
西部的蝴蝶如何过冬 → 墨西哥的蝴蝶发现基因 → 为什么会在墨西哥 → 通过几代完成

【文章结构】
现象：帝王蝶在墨西哥过冬；
疑问：为什么帝王在墨西哥过冬；
解释：几代人完成

【段落大意】
第一段：探究东部的蝴蝶如何过冬;
说北美有一种蝴蝶是Monarch butterfly，它分为两种，被落基山脉隔开，落基山脉西边的Monarch butterfly在冬天时会飞的加州过冬，If the monarch butterfly lives west of the Rocky Mountains, then it will hibernate in and around Pacific Grove, California in eucalyptus trees然而东边的Monarch butterfly却不知道它们去哪里过冬。1870年，于是researchers开始研究东边的Monarch butterfly到哪里过冬，researchers在蝴蝶的翅膀上装了探测器，通过多年的追踪，画出了一张蝴蝶飞行路径的路线图，然后发现，这些落基山脉以东的Monarch butterfly飞去了墨西哥过冬。
1937, Canadian zoologist F. A. Urquhart started tracking the trails of the butterflies by tagging the wings of thousands of individual Monarchs. 38 years later, and with the help of thousands of volunteers across the country, Urquhart located the first known wintering refuge on a mountaintop in Michoacán, Mexico, more than 4,000 kilometers from the starting point of their migration.

第二段：他们为什么会在墨西哥过冬;？？？？？
然而，大家猜想说，有几个debate，whether，具体的记不清了大约是它们怎么会跑那么远吧，反正这一段很短的。
P2就三句话，两个疑问句。大概是说这些落基山脉以东边Monarch butterfly是在墨西哥过冬之后，春天是如何飞回北边的，给出了结论：说是总共要经历four generation Monarch butterfly才能飞回原来的地方。The Monarchs are the only butterfly that migrates both north and south as the birds do regularly, but no individual makes the entire round trip, because the migration period spans the life of three to four generations of the butterfly.


Did you know that monarch butterflies go through four generations each year? The first three generations hatch from their cocoon state (also known as the pupa or chrysalis state) and live for up to six weeks, but the fourth generation continues to live on for up to six or eight months so that they can migrate to a warmer climate, hibernate, and then start a new first generation in the spring time.
第三段：毒素证明他们是通过几代完成的;
针对第二段的讲科学家的新发现，原来啊，在M某某里面有一种chemical，是保护它们不受天敌侵害的东西，他们就检测这种Chemical，因为milkweed中的一种化学物质，这种poison随着milkweed所在地的不同而有不同的特性，当milkweed被虫子（蝴蝶的幼体）吃了后，这种物质去到一个叫puna的器官，然后在虫子（蝴蝶的幼体）体内积淀下来。因此研究一只抓到的虫子（蝴蝶的幼体）身上所含有的这个物质的特性就知道他在哪里生活过。利用这个性质他们发现帝王蝶要过冬，飞来飞去的要花好几代才能来回一次。
Did you know that monarch butterflies are poisonous? T hey won’t harm humans, but the chemicals from the milkweed plant that they eat when they are in the larvae stage builds up inside of them and gives them a poisonous defense against predators like frogs, birds, mice and lizards.
.As they return north in the spring, the monarchs mate, lay eggs on milkweed in the South, and die. After hatching, the next generation of caterpillars metamorphose and finish the journey.



http://www.monarch-butterfly.com/monarch-butterflies-facts.html

violinistxu

http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/04/monarch-butterfly-migration.html

Kimoforlife

谢谢，辛苦了！！

chenxiquana

Kimoforlife 发表于 2014-4-23 15:03
谢谢，辛苦了！！

觉得应该好少人会看吧，保佑我428不换库！！！！！