*携隐*小教室（继续回答大家的问题）

cocoabean

以下是引用携隐在2005-1-13 9:25:00的发言：

恩，没错，坚持下去是最重要的，而不是哪天突然看了很多，然后又松懈。

昨天看张道真的语法书，觉得深奥了些，非常的理论化。不知道该不该继续看下去。

XY MM don't need to keep on reading the Grammar book or reciting words. I feel you can check it when you meet some problems otherwise you will waste some time. Just remember all new words in TS and GWD.

satom

经管不是地方,还是喜欢小教室,  哪位知道ETS免费送分,需要多久能送到学校????

携隐

以下是引用cocoabean在2005-1-13 21:22:00的发言：

昨天作了天山9, 好不容易头一回限时完成, 错了22个, 前十题居然错了8个, 伤心欲绝, 到现在都没换过神来, 还有两周, TS9 让我都像延期了, 都不想复习了, ft,

感觉这套体的前几体的逻辑很怪异,  不知道小教室的其它XDJM做过这套题没有? 郁闷ing.

XY, 快开工亚, MM什么时候考, 不考完GMAT, 我就赖在MM这不走了!

小教室加油!!!

逻辑区有好多天山的讨论，JJ可以去看看嘛。我现在在背单词，觉得单词一定要解决掉，起码要把TOFEL单词全解决掉。语法书已经不看了，打算周末进入逻辑了。但是下周又要出差……

要是没有把握，最好不要轻易去考哦，否则我觉得成本太高了，考完想再来一次也会很痛苦的。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-14 9:35:10编辑过]

summersmile

我也经常光顾小教室，但没有跟过贴，不过看到熟悉的ID,就会感觉不孤单了。我现在在看og的RC,感觉很痛苦，我做经济类的文章错误率很高，一遍读下来，头脑中根本无法形成对各段大意的逻辑图(mumu's),感觉文章中提到的各种事物的关系理不清。比如OG的第39篇

The modernmultinational corporation(multinational corporation: 多国（跨国）公司) is described as havingoriginated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carryingon international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organizedinto hierarchies. Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms arecommonly believed to have necessitated this structural change.Nineteenth-century inventions like the steamship and the telegraph, byfacilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described as keyfactors. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies,despite the international scope of their activities, are usually consideredirrelevant to this discussion: the volume of their transactions is assumed tohave been too low and the communications and transport of their day tooprimitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.

In reality,however, early trading companies successfully purchased and outfitted ships,built and operated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for useabroad, maintained trading posts and production facilities overseas, procuredgoods for import, and sold those goods both at home and in other countries. Thelarge volume of transactions associated with these activities seems to havenecessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of moderncommunications and transportation. For example, in the Hudson’s Bay Company,each far-flung (far-flung:adj.遥远的) trading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried outthe trade with the Native Americans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversawthe post’s workers and servants. One chief agent, answerable to the Court ofDirectors (court ofdirectors: 董事会) in London through the correspondence committee, was appointed withcontrol over all of the agents on the bay.

The early tradingcompanies did differ strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects. Theydepended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thuscharacteristically acted abroad to promote national interests. Their topmanagers were typically owners with a substantial minority share (minority share: 少数股份),whereas senior managers’ holdings in modern multinationals are usuallyinsignificant. They operated in a pre-industrial world, grafting a system ofcapitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of artisan and peasantproduction. Despite these differences, however, early trading companiesorganized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study asanalogues of more modern structures.

241. Theauthor’s main point is that

(A) modernmultinationals originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with theestablishment of chartered trading companies

(B) the successof early chartered trading companies, like that of modern multinationals,depended primarily on their ability to carry out complex operations

(C) earlychartered trading companies should be more seriously considered by scholarsstudying the origins of modern multinationals

(D) scholarsare quite mistaken concerning the origins of modern multinationals（C）

(E) themanagement structures of early chartered trading companies are fundamentallythe same as those of modern multinationals

比如这片文章我就很难做出木木那样的逻辑简图，其结果就是241主题题答不对。
在读了几遍后，我才理顺第一段的逻辑关系：
transactions+inventions (ship,telegraph)==>structural change/hierarchy,而这种hierarchy是成为跨国公司所必须的。

而且再第二遍我才弄清楚第一段中的 charted trading company 就是第二段的 early trading company.

大家可以帮我分析一下该文的思路好吗？还有我应该怎样解决我这类问题呢？

谢谢

携隐

以下是引用satom在2005-1-14 9:07:00的发言：
经管不是地方,还是喜欢小教室,  哪位知道ETS免费送分,需要多久能送到学校????

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=34&ID=60693

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=34&ID=63992

从上面这两个贴子看, 学校收到成绩单的时间应该在你收到成绩单前, 那就是在一个月内.

携隐

summersmile, 呵呵, 你的名字很好听啊, "夏日的微笑"--中文名更好听些, 让我想起《原味的夏天》里漂亮的阳光沙滩……

言归正传，你的阅读问题，我相信是因为还没有熟悉阅读的方法。不知道你有没有仔细看过一些阅读笔记，无论是XDF的还是GWD的。这些阅读笔记实际上都是一样的，其实就是在反复教你GMAT阅读的方法。这些方法的精髓，可以说是“两个注意，三面分析”。两个注意是指第一注意文章类型，第二注意作者态度。三面分析是指第一分析文章主题句所在，第二分析每段的作用是什么，第三分析哪些细节容易出题。

以上两个注意和三面分析是相互结合的。首先来看两个注意，第一是注意文章类型。为什么呢？因为不同文章类型的主题句位置是不一样的，文章的套路和架构也是不一样的。当你知道这篇文章的类型后，你就基本知道了这篇文章接下来会怎么写。GMAT文章的类型是有限的，一共就那么几个，这些类型在阅读笔记里都有详细介绍。举例来说，如果文章开头就问了一个问题，那么这篇文章就是问题回答型的，作者提出一个设问，文章后面几段必然就是对这个问题的各种回答，而主题就是：对一个××的问题的××回答（××代表形容词）。再比如开头提出了一个天文现象，或生物问题，后面肯定就是对这个现象或问题的某些解释，而主题就是：解释一个××的问题，或：××现象在现代科技中的作用，或：新科技对老发现提出了新的解释，等等。你注意了文章类型，你就解决了以下问题：1 文章的整体架构；2 主题句可能在的位置；3 作者的态度可能出现的地方。

第二要注意的就是作者态度了。一般来说，作者态度是有章可循的，比如，前面肯定后面转折，就代表“有让步的反对”；先说A和B的观点然后分别指出不足，就是“反对”，最后一段就会给出作者观点，或至少给出作者对这个问题研究方向的建议。等等。

然后让我们来看“三面分析”。第一分析主题句所在，这和第一个注意紧密结合。一般来说，主题句就是文章首句，最多也是二段首句（加入二段首句出现转折语气的话）。找到了主题句，你就可以解主题题了。第二分析每段的作用：是对观点进行解释，还是进行转折，还是给出实例，还是给出建议，作者的态度出现在哪里等等。了解了每段的作用，不但可以解段落作用题，还可以在解细节题时迅速回忆起哪一部分在哪一段。第三分析细节题可能出现的地方，比如，看到三样列举，你就要想可能出列举题，看到比较具有排比性的几个列举，你就要想可能出罗马题，看到出现“experiment、discovery”等字眼，你就要想到可能出“这个experiment/discovery是为了证明/说明什么?”题；看到一个人的引语，你就要想会出引语作用题，看到对一个单词加了引号，你就要想会出引号作用题……等等。这些细节可能出现的地方，在阅读笔记里也都有，但是同时也要靠你自己不断总结积累。

只要你掌握了“两个注意，三面分析”，你就基本可以解决所有阅读问题了：主题题、段落功能题、列举题、细节题、某某作用题、作者态度题……实际上，一篇文章平均4个题目，除了主题题、作者态度题为必出题外，一个列举题、一个作用题也就没了。后期你会感受到，不同类型的文章，后面出的题目也会有所不同的。

当然除了以上方法外，还有一些技巧。比如你要注意有一些关键词，或表达语气的词；比如在回答某种类型的题目的时候，你有一些怎样的技巧……这些，阅读笔记中也有提及。

最后，建议你如果有时间的话，听一下XDF网络课堂的课。无他，只是会不停的把以上办法在每一篇文章的分析中重复的讲，你听多了，就会形成习惯。如果没有时间，就多看几遍笔记，然后逐篇按照笔记方法总结，效果也是一样的。

草草写成，语句混乱之处，请原谅。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-14 15:13:36编辑过]

vincent0330

大家加油加油!!

billbobo

今天放假了 正是进入gmat的复习阶段了

我会经常来小教室的 嘿嘿

jerryyang

TO：summersmile

试着分析一下，首先，这篇文章是驳论文，驳斥老观点是文章的重点

The modern multinational corporation is described as having originated when the owner-managers of nineteenth-century British firms carrying on international trade were replaced by teams of salaried managers organized into hierarchies.（老观点，跨国公司的起源） Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change（老观点论据）. Nineteenth-century inventions like the steamship and the telegraph, by facilitating coordination of managerial activities, are described as key factors. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion（引申结论）: the volume of their transactions is assumed to have been too low and the communications and transport of their day too primitive to make comparisons with modern multinationals interesting.

In reality, however, （转折，即作者要提出自己观点，看到however要十分警觉）early trading companies successfully purchased and outfitted ships, built and operated offices and warehouses, manufactured trade goods for use abroad, maintained trading posts and production facilities overseas, procured goods for import, and sold those goods both at home and in other countries. The large volume of transactions associated with these activities seems to have necessitated hierarchical management structures well before the advent of modern communications and transportation.（从驳斥老论点的论据volume与hierarchical入手，提出自己观点，即驳论引申观点） For example,（后面是举例，可略看；一般For example前都是作者的重要观点） in the Hudson’s Bay Company, each far-flung trading outpost was managed by a salaried agent, who carried out the trade with the Native Americans, managed day-to-day operations, and oversaw the post’s workers and servants. One chief agent, answerable to the Court of Directors in London through the correspondence committee, was appointed with control over all of the agents on the bay.

The early trading companies did differ （让步语态，后面的转折即作者最重要的观点）strikingly from modern multinationals in many respects. They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote national interests. Their top managers were typically owners with a substantial minority share, whereas senior managers’holdings in modern multinationals are usually insignificant. They operated in a pre-industrial world, grafting a system of capitalist international trade onto a pre-modern system of artisan and peasant production. Despite these differences, however, early trading companies organized effectively in remarkably modern ways and merit further study as analogues of more modern structures.（作者最终结论，对应文章启始句organized，同时末句的modern structures对应首句的hierarchies.）

从这篇驳论文可看出，作者的论证十分严谨，从老观点的论据着手，全面对比（可留意作者用词的前后呼应），一推出，得出结论

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-14 23:01:30编辑过]

summersmile

非常感谢携隐和jerryyang给我这么详细的解释，真的真的很有启发！我竟然都没有看出这是篇新老观点对比的。