Olivia的阅读小分队日记

olivia瓜瓜

http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-867298-1-1.html

Time1:1m23s
       & A good and adequate sleep is needed for your everyday life.
Time2:1m42s
       & author introduce 4methods to improve our sleeping quality.
Time3:1m54s
       & Above ：
Time4:2m04s
       & people have a internal clock in accordance with the lunar rythm .
Time5:1m54s
       & sleeping pill isn't effective,somewhat more it bring us more side effect.
       & Good sleeping habits can finish your insomnia.
_______________________________________________________________
Obstacle: 5m35s
       & many people encounter difficulties of sleeping and behavior treatment are highly effective.
       & A lot of respondents faces insomnia,and the prompotion increasing  with the age.
       & Sleeping too much may be the reason why you cant sleep.
       & The attitude of whether you can have a good no-inruption sleep attribute your sleeping problems.
          so keep your faith in sleeping

Thank for sharing!!
        

olivia瓜瓜

http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-867329-1-1.html
Warm-up：1m16s
          & It introduce this history essay by talking about the main points of  it's first and second section .
Time1: 2m32s
          & The history of woman rights ; first wave ,second wave and feminism inequality.
Time2: 1m36s
          & Before the first wave, woman is legalized associated with her husband as a person,but she cant control herself.
Time3: 1m47s
          & Woman have domestic right to cultivate children, and half of 19century woman began to step into market as labor in some industries.
Time4: 2m57s
          & The first time grant woman social and economical status.
          &  Elizabeth Cady Stanton's demands for woman's political rights
          &  There are also many cities granted no political rights for woman until 1920.
Time5：2m15s
          &  The woman right orgnizations take effort to obtain the woman‘s equal right，finally win the political rights for woman in 1920.

Obstacle：6m01s
          & The president obama’s masculinity and the ability to be likeable.
          & Three important woman stands in the political stage in 2008.
          & Three women presents as the woman political power in new century.     

olivia瓜瓜

挖出来觉得适合写作用的表达：Large fraction of
大批 。。。A explain B ，A是B出现的原因。
With unprecedented speed to do sth 以绝无仅有的速度
Ramp up 增加
Jump-start 启动，助动
Trigger 引起 触发
Enigmatic 神秘莫测
Is inflated by  被夸大了
Bone of contention 争论的焦点
Get sth intact 使。。完整
Keep it that way 保持那样
Ground breaking work 开创性的文章

Strive to 尽力做某事
Do sth in the presence of 在有什么的情况下做某事
Then came the most +adj part，然后就到了最。。的部分（可做作文段开头)
Hallmark品质特点，使具有特点
Sth can give insight into 能够对。。更深入的了解
Destined to become sth 注定成为。。。
Minions on the Ground May Be Leaders in the Sky 这个可以作为不同的人在不同领域会表现出优势。。
Sort out 挑选出

olivia瓜瓜

PART I: SPEED】


Article 1: Can Giving Be Good for Getting Ahead?
By Maia Szalavitz April 05, 2013

【TIME 1】
Sharing and caring can be good for the soul, but what about the bottom line?
A recent New York Times Magazine piece explored this question, spotlighting a business professor who sees helping others as a path to the top. Adam Grant, the youngest tenured professor at Wharton, studies how generosity improves productivity, and uses his own early success and publishing record as a case in point.
In the story headlined, “Is Giving the Secret to Getting Ahead?” Susan Dominus writes:
For Grant, helping is not the enemy of productivity, a time-sapping diversion from the actual work at hand; it is the mother lode, the motivator that spurs increased productivity and creativity. In some sense, he has built a career in professional motivation by trying to unpack the puzzle of his own success. He has always helped; he has always been productive. How, he has wondered for most of his professional life, does the interplay of those two factors work for everyone else?
Grant’s research began with a personal observation. In a student job, he worked harder selling ads for a travel guide series when he considered how the company’s success allowed a close colleague to stay employed to pay for college. When he saw his work as helpful and collaborative, he put more into it. Indeed, he soon sold the largest advertising package in the company’s history and was promoted at 19 to advertising director.
Grant used that insight about his own motivation to try to increase donations collected by a college call center that solicited money for scholarships.  He brought in one of the grateful award winners, and asked him to describe to the sales staff how much the financial support had mattered to him. A study he published on the center showed that following the talk with someone who benefited from their work, the revenue raised by the workers increased by 400 percent.
Grant’s other research also supports the idea that most people are strongly motivated to help others and that tapping into this desire can help organizations meet important goals.  One publication, for example, found that doctors use 45% more soap or hand sanitizer in stations where signs emphasize that infection control helps patients, compared to those where signs focused on protecting the doctors’ own health.
【TIME 1 ENDS – 379 WORDS】


【TIME 2】
But what happens when the same impulse is used by corporations to increase labor output? The justification, and the outcome, aren’t as warm and fuzzy. Notes Dominus:
Jerry Davis, a management professor who taught Grant at the University of Michigan and is generally a fan of his former student’s work, couldn’t help making a pointed critique about its inherent limits when they were on a panel together: “So you think those workers at the Apple factory in China would stop committing suicide if only we showed them someone who was incredibly happy with their iPhone?”
It’s one thing to try to lure people into being kinder and more connected to protect their own health: studies show giving can fight loneliness, which has now been found to dramatically increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, dementia and early death and appears to be as unhealthy as smoking. Being kind and caring may also reduce stress and inflammation, which can lead to numerous mental and physical disorders. And while starting on the path to doing good by wanting to feel well isn’t quite as pure as being motivated by genuine altruism, at least it can lead there.  But that’s a far cry from selling selflessness as a way to advance in business.
All of us are already inundated daily with information that prods us to greater efficiency, which tends to place a premium on making money. Yet do we need to be sold on being kind as a way to allow us to compete better?
Motivating employees to improve the earnings of a big corporation by emphasizing their altruistic support for each other can lead exploitation, not compassion. Take, for example an example of Grant’s work noted by the Times in which Borders’ employees became more productive when they donated to an employee fund for those in need; seeing themselves as working to help each other rather than the faceless executives on top made the work appear — at least superficially — more meaningful. But, as Dominus notes, it’s a false sense of solidarity meant to hide an ugly reality.
【TIME 2 ENDS – 345 WORDS】


【TIME 3】
Writes Dominus:
The study is uplifting and troubling at the same time: even Grant acknowledges the possibility of corporations playing off their employees’ generous impulses, as a sop to compensate for other failings — poor pay or demeaning work. (After all, if the employees at Borders had better benefits and pay, they might not have needed the emergency fund.)
It’s worth considering what factors tend to drive altruism and generosity of spirit. Most studies suggest that economic inequality — the gap between the rich and the rest — can greatly undermine generosity and social connection. Countries with the lowest levels of inequality tend to have the strongest social connections as well as higher rates of happiness and greater life expectancy.  The United States, which is currently experiencing the largest divide in income equality since the Great Depression, currently has a lower life expectancy than most other developed countries.
Inequality reduces generosity by making people less trusting and empathetic.  Although the high dollar amounts of donations given by the wealthy make headlines, as a proportion of their income, the rich give far less. Indeed, in 2011, the top 20% of Americans donated 1.3% of their income, on average— while the poorest 20% gave more than twice as much of their income, at 3.2%.
Other studies have also found that the wealthy tend to be less generous, especially if they live in exclusive communities where they are rarely in contact with those in greater economic need. Rising inequality tends to further segregate the rich and poor, leading to even fewer chances to empathize and connect.
While helping each other is a primary, and laudable, human motivation, it is better put to use in reducing inequality than in bolstering corporate profits, especially if the goal is improving health.  Giving is good, but we also need to consider exactly who benefits from our generous impulses.
【TIME 3 ENDS – 308 WORDS】
Source: TIME
http://healthland.time.com/2013/04/05/can-giving-be-good-for-getting-ahead/#ixzz2ZUCahMi1






Article 2: Is It a Bad Idea to Friend Co-workers on Facebook? How About Your Boss?
By Dan Schawbel Jan. 17, 2012

【TIME 4】
It’s nice to have a friendly work environment. But in some cases, work friends shouldn’t be Facebook friends. Why not? A status update published on a Tuesday night can easily turn into office gossip on Wednesday morning. Even worse: co-workers and managers could take you less seriously, you could be skipped over for a promotion and you might find yourself first in line when layoffs occur, all based on your activity on Facebook.
In a new report conducted by my company, Millennial Branding, and Identified.com, we gathered information from 4 million Gen Y Facebook profiles to see how their personal and professional online identities overlap. We discovered that, to some degree, most users limit the details of their professional lives on Facebook. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of Gen Y Facebook users don’t list their employer in their profile, some likely out of worries that they could be easily searchable by co-workers — a situation they’d prefer to avoid.
We also found that the typical Gen Y Facebook user is connected to about 700 friends. But only 16 of those friends, on average, are co-workers.
Even so, are young workers today connected to too many colleagues and prone to sharing so much that it could hurt their careers? Through Facebook, one’s personality, self-image and interests are exposed, and these details can affect how we’re perceived by co-workers and managers.
There’s even reason to be careful about friending people you don’t work with. The data shows that young people are job hoppers. They spend just over two years at their first corporate job before moving on. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the average American will have about nine jobs between the ages of 18 and 32. All this job hopping increases the likelihood that a Facebook friend will someday be a colleague at work — perhaps even an in-office rival or the person who decides whether you get a promotion.
Placing friends in certain groups on Facebook is difficult because the status of your connections evolves over time. The smartest approach is to assume that what you’re sharing will eventually be seen by people you work with and to be mindful that your Facebook timeline could give an employer a reason to decide against hiring, promoting or recommending you.
【TIME 4 ENDS – 376 WORDS】


【TIME 5】
Here is more advice for using Facebook in the least-risky fashion possible:
Don’t friend co-workers you don’t trust. Gen Y is known as a competitive group in the workplace, and especially in the shaky state of the job market, every employee is looking for an edge. So be careful — paranoid, even — about which co-workers you’re friends with online lest a “friend” sabotages your career.
Avoid friending your direct manager. Your boss has a big influence on your career trajectory. He or she helps decide who gets a raise and who doesn’t, and who takes on what projects. Basically, your manager can make your work life wonderful or miserable, and to avoid the latter, it’s safer to keep Facebook out of the equation.
Set your privacy settings and review them regularly. On Facebook’s privacy-settings page, make sure to check the option that allows you to approve all tags, pictures, videos and mentions of your name. This way, you’ll have recourse when a friend shares something that you don’t want your followers to see.
Be smart about what you post. The main picture used in your profile is the first impression people will get of you, so choose wisely. It’s also, obviously, a bad idea to complain about your boss or co-workers or to say anything negative about your employer in Facebook posts. Griping online may feel therapeutic, but it can also hurt your career. With a smart phone, Facebook users can post from anywhere in the world, and they do so instantly and impulsively — greatly increasing the chance that they’ll share something they later wish remained private. What happens in Vegas, or anywhere else, will be forever exposed to the world on Facebook if you let it.
Build your network intelligently. The people you associate with have an impact on how successful you are. If you align yourself with the wrong people and they post hurtful, racist, outlandish or immature comments on your wall, it makes you look as bad as they do. Think twice before adding friends who could tarnish the reputation you’ve worked so hard to build.
【TIME 5 ENDS – 348 WORDS】
Source: TIME
http://business.time.com/2012/01/17/is-it-a-bad-idea-to-friend-co-workers-on-facebook-how-about-your-boss/#ixzz2ZVJLhCnG




【PART II: OBSTACLE】


Article 3: You’re Spending Too Much!
Why saving -- not spending -- is what the economy really needs.
By Rana Foroohar July 15, 2013

The U.S. economic recovery has, by many metrics, been gaining steam over the last few months. The most recent job numbers were stellar, consumer confidence is as high as it’s been since the financial crisis, and the real estate upswing continues. Yet there is another side to this story. Consider that while more Americans are debt free than they were in 2000, those who do carry debt have 40% more than they did back then, according to the Census Bureau. This is in large part because debt carried by vulnerable groups, like seniors and students, has burgeoned.
These topics were very much on the front burner at the Aspen Institute summit on financial security, which I attended last week.  The conversation was an unusual one in economic terms, because it focused on consumer saving, rather than spending. We live in a consumption economy, after all. Most of the time, when we hear that retail sales and consumer spending are up, we cheer – because 70% of our GDP growth is determined by what you and I buy.
But over long periods of time, low savings rates are ultimately associated with lower national investment and lower growth. Consumer spending today may bolster the economy in the short term, but it can actually cut into growth over the long haul if it depletes funds available for investment in the economy. Individuals’ savings, deposited in banks or poured into asset markets, gets funneled back into the economy via loans and capital purchases that allow companies to grow and expand and hopefully to hire better skilled workers, ultimately increasing GDP growth. “While increasing savings might dampen consumption in the short term, it can increase future consumption through the higher incomes it generates,” according to a report entitled “Savings in America,” co-authored by the Urban Institute and the Goldman Sachs Institute.
A lack of savings can also inhibit growth-stimulating risk taking. Urban Institute senior fellow Gene Steuerle believes one key reason for the declining number of jobs being created by new businesses is that people have exhausted their personal savings (which are used by most entrepreneurs, in lieu of loans, to fund small business).
Right now, our savings rate in the lowest since the Great Depression, and growth is also sluggish. Together, these factors might argue for a higher national savings rate. The problem is that the U.S. tax code is set up to reward spending over savings. It dramatically favors debt over equity, as evidenced, for example, by Apple issuing bonds to raise money for investment rather than repatriate overseas funds; and the fact that the majority of benefits from, say, the home mortgage tax deduction flow to middle and higher income people who are buying McMansions — after all, the larger the house, the bigger the tax savings.
But even the well-to-do may have to sell their homes to fund retirement. Historically low savings rates, combined with the end of traditional pensions, mean that many Americans not only have no emergency fund, they have no long term retirement plan. A 2012 study by the EBRI found that a third of American aged 45 to 54 had saved nothing for retirement. And many who have saved will end up dipping into 401(k)s to send children to school or care for aged parents.
All this has spurred a number of policy makers to start pushing a variety of new ideas that are designed to spur saving rather than spending. The state of California, for example, has passed a bill creating the California Secure Choice retirement savings program, which would establish automatic retirement accounts for the 60% of workers in the private sector who don’t have access to a company sponsored retirement plan. Other states are looking into child savings accounts, modeled on a British program which gives every child $500 at birth. (Children with savings accounts in their own name are six to 10 times more likely to attend college.)
Meanwhile, Steuerle and many other policy wonks are pushing for a rethink of the tax code that would help support low-income savings, rather than higher income spending. “Savings is non-ideological, and non-partisan,” says California state senator Kevin de Leon, who sponsored the state’s retirement bill. “To me, this is a national security issue.”
As the bifurcated recovery gains steam, and a larger group of Americans feel left behind, he may well be proven right.
【OBSTACLE ENDS – 727 WORDS】

Time1:1m59s
      & help can upgrade the productivity.
Time2:1m56s
      & The same impulse to labor output have no function,Example: telling china's iphone factory labors that this iphone will pleasure consumer isn't better than  telling them it can help themselves health.
      & when help a certain people or who have needs, employee become aptly increase their productivity.
Time3: 1m24s
      & Inequaty will lead to a less happiness country. The gap between  rich and poor will undermine generosity and social connection.
Time4: 2m09s
      & Contacting your co-worker on facebook is not good to your promotion and work affairs.
Time5:
It should be more careful to add co-workers,especially your direct manager,and uncover or post your pravicy .  
Obstacle：3m43s
      1.In the past， we always see spending not the savings are catayst the economic growth，but today‘s topic is savings.
      2 Saving’s advantage：more savings country have，more investment，then more companies，
         creating more new jobs，and have a long-range advantages.        
      3  keeping low saving, it lead us a natinal security issue ,such as retirement plan.   

olivia瓜瓜

Part I: Speed


Article 1
Growth, Public Policy, and the Economics of the Good Life
Author: Ed Dolan  •  June 24th, 2013  •  


In the first part of my review of Robert and Edward Skidelsky’s How Much is Enough? I looked at the puzzle of leisure. Why, the Skidelskys ask, do we work so hard, even when we are well enough off to afford the additional leisure we need to live a good life? Beyond that follow some even more important questions:  What is a good life, anyway? Does endless economic growth make it easier or harder to live a good life? What kinds of public policy could help us live better? These questions contain both economic and philosophical elements, a combination that the Skidelsky team—the father, an economist, the son a philosopher—are eminently qualified to take on. This second part of my review explores some of their answers.


[Time 1]

The elements of the good life
The Skidelskys see seven “basic goods” as essential to a good life:
•        Health, by which they mean all that is necessary to vitality, energy, and alertness.
•        Security, the expectation that one’s life will not be disrupted by war, crime, revolution, unauthorized government surveillance, or social and economic upheavals.
•        Friendship, in a broad sense that encompasses family, lovers, workmates, and others.
•        Respect, which means that others indicate, by some formality or otherwise, that one’s views and interests are worthy of consideration, even if they don’t agree with or like them.
•        Personality, sometimes called autonomy, which means the ability to frame and execute a plan of life according to one’s tastes, temperament, and conception of the good.
•        Leisure, not just rest and relaxation, but activities that we pursue for their own sake, not for the sake of obtaining something else.
•        Harmony with nature, which they do not define as clearly  as the others.

On the whole, I like the thinking behind this list of basic goods. I agree with its rejection of the notion that pursuit of the good life consists of nothing more than accumulating an ever greater quantity and variety of material goods and paid services—the lifestyle so aptly mocked in the bumper sticker that reads, “He Who Dies with the Most Toys Wins.”

The Skidelskys are not the first to grapple with the question of what constitutes a good life. They consider what several other thinkers have had to say, ranging from Aristotle to John Rawls. For some reason, though, they omit one of the best known treatments, one with close parallels to their own: Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In its simplest version, it includes five categories of basic needs:

•        Physiological needs, such as food, shelter, and sleep
•        Safety needs, including protection from threats of nature, crime, and war
•        Belongingness needs, which can be satisfied in relationships with family, friends, workgroups, and communities
•        Esteem needs,  including self-respect and respect from others
•        Self-actualization, a special term of Maslow’s that encompasses all aspects of fulfilling one’s potential through personal growth, creativity, and peak experiences. Maslow emphasizes that the specific content of self-actualization will vary greatly from one person to another.

[Time 1 Ends, 360 Words]


[Time 2]
These needs are hierarchical, in the sense that the next one cannot take priority until the previous one is substantially satisfied.

Most of the Skidelsky’s seven needs fit easily into Maslow’s  hierarchy: Health is an outcome of meeting physiological needs, security and safety needs are the same, friendship is an element of belongingness needs, and respect is necessary to meeting esteem needs. Both personality and leisure, as defined by the Skidelskys, are necessary conditions for achieving what Maslow calls self-actualization. Really, it would not be too much to say that the Skidelsky’s list of basic needs is little but a reinvention of Maslow’s scheme, which social scientists of all stripes have been debating, criticizing, and putting to daily use for seventy years in applications from clinical psychology to sales training.

True, “harmony with nature” does not fit neatly into Maslow’s hierarchy, but then, it does not fit very well into the Skidelskys’ list, either. The fact that it is the only one of their seven basic goods for which they provide no definition is one indication. It is also hard to reconcile harmony with nature as a basic need with the Skidelskys’ view of mainstream environmentalism as essentially nonrational and romantic. Somewhat condescendingly, they write that:

the covertly religious character of the Green movement is often viewed, by friends and foes alike, as an embarrassment, a scandal, even. . . That is not our view. We respect and share the religious feeling at the heart of environmentalism. But we believe that this feeling is best expressed openly rather than hidden under the fig leaf of science.

[Time 2 Ends, 266 Words]


[Time 3]
Yet later, in laying out the criteria for selecting their basic goods, they consider but then reject religion, on the following grounds:

Now, while we might consider a culture devoid of religion or aesthetic experience to be impoverished, we would not call an individual who lacked either of these two things seriously harmed. There are many people who are simply “tone deaf” to art or religion but lead otherwise healthy, flourishing lives. . . our own goal . . . requires us to treat as basic only those goods whose lack constitutes a serious loss or harm.


Very well, but since there are also many people who are “tone deaf” to harmony with nature, why not dismiss that on the same grounds, especially after going out of their way to equate environmental and religious values? On the Skidelskys’ own terms, it makes no sense to consider harmony with nature a “basic need.” By comparison, Maslow’s more flexible framework allows people to fulfill the need for self-actualization in a variety of ways—through aesthetic experience for some, through religion for others, and through harmony with nature for others still.

[Time 3 Ends, 188 Words]


[Time 4]

The case against growth
Let’s turn now from psychology and philosophy to economics. The first question is, how much economic growth do we need to attain the good life?

The Skidelskys have a straightforward answer to this question: None.

The continued pursuit of growth is not only unnecessary to realizing the basic goods; it may actually damage them. The basic goods are essentially non-marketable: they cannot properly be bought or sold. An economy geared to maximizing market value will tend to crowd them out or to replace them with marketable surrogates


They follow this up with examples of ways in which growth has failed to contribute to achievement of the basic goods, or has seen them decline. Many of their examples are unconvincing, however. For example, they concede that life expectancy has increased. However, they say that the increase owes little to growth, but rather, to advances in medical technology and infrastructure. Are we to understand that economic growth has nothing to do with advances in technology and infrastructure? They cite increased divorce rates as evidence of a decline in friendship, without considering whether greater ease in escaping the domination of a spouse might facilitate women’s (and occasionally men’s) search for personality and autonomy. They lament the advance of industrial farming but sneer at organic food and farmers’ markets as “middle-class baubles.”

Details aside, however, there is one point on which I do agree with the Skidelskys. If we are concerned with making our lives better, we need to be concerned with the quality of growth, not just the rate of growth— “Growth for what, not of what,” as they put it. It is clearly the case that in many respects, the content of economic growth, as recently experienced, is not helping us get any closer to the good life, at least as far as anyone whose thinking has advanced beyond the “most toys win” stage understands it.
[Time 4 Ends, 314 Words]


[Time 5]
One problem is the bias of recent growth trends toward the already wealthy. (For some numbers to back this up, check out the clever interactive chart that you can find here.) For the already wealthy, added income goes largely toward buying positional goods, those that are valued mainly because they demonstrate one’s wealth relative to that of others. Even if we grant that moving up the positional goods ladder (for example, by ownership of one’s own jet rather than mere time-share access to a jet) helps satisfy a basic need for respect or esteem, not everyone can become relatively richer at the same time. Instead of contributing to a better life, then, pursuit of positional goods only adds to stress and subtracts from the leisure needed to pursue self-actualization.

Environmental externalities are another issue that raises the question, “growth of what?” Logically, if what we want is growth of goods, we should subtract growth of bads, like pollution, but conventional GDP accounting does not do that. True, believers in the environmental Kuznets curve will point out that some kinds of pollution, at least, reach a peak at middle levels of GDP and decrease thereafter.

As an example, consider that there is now more smog in Beijing than in Los Angeles, the world’s former smog capital. However, the environmental Kuznets curve does not arise entirely from market forces. To the extent that pollution decreases in wealthy societies, it does so because of increasing demand for public policies that internalize the externalities through regulations, taxes, emission trading, or whatever. China has so far been willing to accept the smog in return for keeping its export order book full, but now that it is getting richer, it is experimenting with pollution control policies, too.

The bottom line: Economic growth is not a sufficient condition for progress toward a good life as philosophers and psychologists see it. For countries that are already wealthy, it is probably not even a necessary condition.

[Time 5 Ends, 327 Words]

Source: Econo Monior
http://www.economonitor.com/dola ... s-of-the-good-life/


Part II: Obstacle

Article 2
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Economic Growth
Posted on November 6, 2012

  
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, first proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation,” is often illustrated as a pyramid like the one above. The idea is that human beings will not be able to focus on satisfying their higher level needs, such as creativity and respect, until they have satisfied their most basic needs, like food and sleep. Once they have taken care of their physiological needs, they can move on to worrying about their safety needs; once those have been met, they move on to their love/belonging needs, and so on.

Economists have already shown that economic growth can help people reach higher levels on the pyramid (The Wealth of Nations Revisited: Income and Quality of Life, 1995). This makes sense because as national income grows, people can afford to buy more food, water, housing, and other basic necessities. Rich nations can afford to build sanitation systems and basic infrastructure that people depend on to pursue their life goals. Clearly, causation runs one way, but it does it go the other way too? In other words, if the government were to design its domestic policy to meet all the physiological and safety needs of its citizens, then would its labor force be more productive?

A cursory look at the world GDP per capita rankings, as determined by the World Bank, reveals much about what types of policies might lead to higher productivity (GDP per capita is a measure of productivity). In the top ten, there are five countries that can aptly be described as social democracies, i.e. countries whose governments provide generous, universally-accessible public services, including education, health care, child care, and workers’ compensation. These five countries are Norway, Australia, Denmark, Sweden, and Canada. The other five are very small countries that depend on a single industry for outsized incomes. There are the petrostates, Kuwait and Qatar; the financial centers and international tax havens, Switzerland and Luxembourg; and the East Asia gambling mecca, Macao. If the United States, currently ranked 14th, wants to improve its workers’ productivity, it should look to the five large countries, rather than anomalous small countries, for guidance.

Note that all I have shown so far is that there is a correlation between GDP per capita and the level of public services provided by the state. Some people might even argue that a few of the social democracies would be more appropriately placed in the “anomalies” category. There is an argument to be made that Australia’s wealth is derived from the combination of its abundant natural resources and China’s insatiable thirst for raw materials. But then again, maybe not. The Scandinavian countries have their fair share of natural resources as well, not least among them oil, so maybe that’s how they manage to fund a generous welfare state while maintaining a high GDP per capita.

To make the case for causation, we need to examine one of the basic principles of economics: risk aversion. Economists observe that in the presence of uncertainty, people are usually risk averse, meaning given the choice between investing in a risky investment with a high rate of return and a less risky investment with a relatively lower rate of return, they will choose the less risky option. This risk aversion is compounded by the relatively new discovery from behavioral economics that people have a loss aversion bias, which means they care more about preventing losses than acquiring gains. For example,one study showed that if you want to motivate students to perform well on tests, you should give them the reward before the test and then threaten to take it away if they fail to achieve a certain score. The study found that this incentive is more powerful than telling the students they will be given the same reward after the test is completed if they meet the threshold.

So people inherently don’t like taking risks and they don’t want to lose what they already have. This presents a clear and present danger to economic growth, as most economists believe entrepreneurship, also known as risk taking, is an important driver of innovation and increases in productivity. To help illustrate this theory, let’s consider the hypothetical case of Joe the Plumber. Let’s assume Joe works 40 hours a week at a mid-sized plumbing company in Cleveland, Ohio. Joe currently makes enough money to feed his family of four, maintain their health insurance coverage, and save for his kids’ college education. Now suppose that Joe wants to start his own plumbing company. To do this he will have to take business classes at a community college, take out a loan from the bank, and decide which tools, office space, technology, and transportation to invest in, just to name a few. Joe will also have to devote a lot of time to working on the new business, so he will need to spend more money on child care services. If this business were to fail, it would be a serious financial hardship for Joe’s family and he would have to discontinue the family’s health insurance and stop adding to his children’s college funds. Not wanting to lose what he already has by taking unnecessary risks, Joe forgoes the opportunity to start his own business. The economy stagnates.

But if Joe were to start his business in say, Norway, he wouldn’t have to worry about many of these downside risks. His whole family would be entitled to health care, education, child care, and other public services, no matter the fate of his new business. What does Joe do then? He takes the plunge and signs up for business classes, knowing that failure won’t irrevocably harm his family. The economy now has one more entrepreneur hoping to strike it rich. If he succeeds, the economy will grow larger than it otherwise would have been able to.
Now many would argue that the possibility of grave personal financial hardship is an important motivator for a businessman to succeed. This may be true on some level, but let’s not exclude the other reasons people start businesses. Being the owner of your own business merits a certain level of respect in the community and gives you a sense of achievement that is difficult to find elsewhere. Furthermore, a successful business would undoubtedly boost its owner’s confidence and self-esteem. There are myriad reasons to work toward making a business successful, aside from avoiding personal financial catastrophe.

This simplification is not meant to be a dispositive example of the effects of social democracies on economic growth in all cases, or that the total economic benefits of a large welfare system outweigh the total economic costs. I merely wanted to show that by securing the lowest levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, it is possible there will bemore, not less, economic growth than without doing so. Indeed, there seems to be much evidence to recommend this framework for domestic policy and proponents of a stronger welfare state would stand to benefit from adopting it.

[Obstacle Ends, 1167 Words]


Introduction：39s
Time1：2m16s
        & Skidelskys see  seven basic good as essential to the good life, but he is not the only person who have said this idea ,
           maslow also has modeled  a five hierarchy needs.
Time2: 1m22s
        & Skidelsky's seven basic goods somehow fit the maslow's five hierarchy needs models.Skidelsky's seven basic goods ,not
           the maslow's hierarchy needs are harmonious with nature.
Time3: 1m01s  
        &maslow's work is more flexible for people to fulfill the the need for self-actualization.
Time4: 1m43s
明天继续
       &Economic growth didn't contribute to these basic goods.
Time5: 2m22s
        &Economic growth isn't mean to life's quality increasing, growth what is the critical point ?
Obstacle: 6m16s
        1 maslow's hierarchy of needs or the pyramid is going up step by step.
        2 An experiment show that people is more fear that losing something which have already possess,
          rather than cant attain something reward.  
        3 If there have complete welfare system, the person who run a business will be more stick into their
          business,with the productivity increasing.  
        4 Maslow's needs pyramid will be a guidence for government to make domestic policy and welfare system.   

olivia瓜瓜

哇哇哇哇哇,终于看懂PPX是什么意思了，原来是胖胖xiang，谢谢PPX的科技文

Time1:1m01s
          & when the creations of IPS,  it can reprogram cells only by CPIS  without any gene.
Time2:1m14s
          & Study in CPIs can give a sight into the mechanize of reprogram.
Time3:1m54s
          &SAll4 is seen in frogs and is earlier than IPS cells reprogram.
Time4: 2m04s
          & X chromosome also play an important role in male evolution.
Time5: 1;56s
          &different researcher have varie ideas about what the functions of X chromosome.

Obstacle: 3m58s
         1 the introduction of this fact that the leaders in the sky may be the minions on the ground.
         2 First research is about the large animals groups
         3 research findings about pegion when they are on ground have a leader, but when they fly in the sky ,there will have another leader.
         4 how the animals choose the leaders.

————————————————————————
今日积累：
Strive to 尽力做某事
Do sth in the presence of 在有什么的情况下做某事
Then came the most +adj part，然后就到了最。。的部分（可做作文段开头)
Hallmark品质特点，使具有特点
Sth can give insight into 能够对。。更深入的了解
Destined to become sth 注定成为。。。
Minions on the Ground May Be Leaders in the Sky 这个可以作为不同的人在不同领域会表现出优势。。
Sort out 挑选出

—————————————————————————

继续继续

Part I：Speed

【Time 1】
Article 1
Stem cells reprogrammed using chemicals alone
Patient-specific cells could be made without genetic manipulation.

Scientists have demonstrated a new way to reprogram adult tissue to become cells as versatile as embryonic stem cells — without the addition of extra genes that could increase the risk of dangerous mutations or cancer.

Researchers have been striving to achieve this since 2006, when the creation of so-called induced pluripotent (iPS) cells was first reported. Previously, they had managed to reduce the number of genes needed using small-molecule chemical compounds, but those attempts always required at least one gene, Oct4.

Now, writing in Science, researchers report success in creating iPS cells using chemical compounds only — what they call CiPS cells.

Hongkui Deng, a stem-cell biologist at Peking University in Beijing, and his team screened 10,000 small molecules to find chemical substitutes for the gene. Whereas other groups looked for compounds that would directly stand in for Oct4, Deng's team took an indirect approach: searching for small-molecule compounds that could reprogram the cells in the presence of all the usual genes except Oct4.

Then came the most difficult part. When the group teamed the Oct4 replacements with replacements for the other three genes, the adult cells did not become pluripotent, or able to turn into any cell type, says Deng.

字数[208]

【Time 2】

Fine-tuning

The researchers tinkered with the combinations of chemicals for more than a year, until they finally found one that produced some cells that were in an early stage of reprogramming. But the cells still lacked the hallmark genes indicating pluripotency. By adding DZNep, a compound known to catalyse late reprogramming stages, they finally got fully reprogrammed cells, but in only very small numbers. One further chemical increased efficiency by 40 times. Finally, using a cocktail of seven compounds, the group was able to get 0.2% of cells to convert — results comparable to those from standard iPS production techniques.

The team proved that the cells were pluripotent by introducing them into developing mouse embryos. In the resulting animals, the CiPS cells had contributed to all major cell types, including liver, heart, brain, skin and muscle.

“People have always wondered whether all factors can be replaced by small molecules. The paper shows they can,” says Rudolf Jaenisch, a cell biologist at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who was among the first researchers to produce iPS cells. Studies of CiPS cells could give insight into the mechanisms of reprogramming, says Jaenisch.

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【Time 3】

The frog's secret

The achievement could even help regenerative biologists to work out how amphibians grow new limbs. Deng’s group found that one gene indicative of pluripotency, Sall4, was expressed much earlier in the CiPS-cell reprogramming process than in iPS-cell reprogramming. The same Sall4 involvement is seen in frogs that regenerate a lost a limb4: before the regeneration, cells in the limb de-differentiate, a process akin to reprogramming, and Sall4 is active early in that process.

The discovery “provides an important framework to decipher the signalling pathways leading to Sall4 expression” in regulating limb regeneration, says Anton Neff, who studies organ regeneration at Indiana University in Bloomington.

Sheng Ding, a reprogramming researcher at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California, says that the study marks “significant progress” in the field, but notes that chemical reprogramming is unlikely to be used widely until the team can show that it can work for human cells, not just mouse ones. Other strategies, including one that uses RNA, can complete reprogramming with less risk of disturbing the genes than the original iPS-generation method, and are already in use in humans. Indeed, clinical trials with iPS cells derived through such means are already being planned.

Deng has made some progress towards using his method in human cells, but it will require tweaks. ”Maybe some additional small molecules are needed,” he says.

If it the technique is found to be safe and effective in humans, it could be useful for the clinic. It does not risk causing mutations, and the compounds themselves seem to be safe — four of them are in fact already in clinical use. The small molecules can easily pass through cell membranes, so they can be washed away after they have initiated the reprogramming.

字数[291]

Resource:
http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cells-reprogrammed-using-chemicals-alone-1.13416

【Time 4】
Article 2
'Female' Chromosome May Leave a Mark on Male Fertility


Behind every great man, the saying goes, there's a great woman. And behind every sperm, there may be an X chromosome gene. In humans, the Y chromosome makes men, men, or so researchers have thought: It contains genes that are responsible for sex determination, male development, and male fertility. But now a team has discovered that X—"the female chromosome"—could also play a significant role in maleness. It contains scores of genes that are active only in tissue destined to become sperm. The finding shakes up our ideas about how sex chromosomes influence gender and also suggests that at least some parts of the X chromosome are playing an unexpectedly dynamic role in evolution.

Each mammal has a pair of sex chromosomes. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, and males have one, along with a Y chromosome. The body needs only one active copy of the X chromosome, so in females, the second copy is disabled. Almost 50 years ago, a geneticist named Susumu Ohno proposed that this shutdown slowed the evolution of the X chromosome, and he predicted that its genes would be very similar across most mammals. David Page, a geneticist at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, wanted to check if that was true between mice and humans, which are separated by 80 million years of evolution.

Although the genomes of both species had already been decoded, there were gaps and mistakes in the DNA sequence of the human X chromosome that first needed to be filled in or fixed. Using a special sequencing technique that it developed, Page's research team determined the order of the DNA bases in those gaps—many contained multiple duplicated regions of DNA that were impossible to decipher with the technology available when the X chromosome was first sequenced. Then the researchers compared the genes in the mouse and human versions of the chromosome.

The two share a majority of their 800 or so genes, Page and his colleagues report online today in Nature Genetics. Those shared, relatively stable genes are active in both males and females and exist as single copies on the chromosomes. Mutations in these previously described genes are responsible for the so-called X-linked recessive diseases such as hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. "These are the genes of the X chromosome of textbooks," Page says.

字数[392]

【Time 5】

But his team's search uncovered a different, wilder side to this chromosome as well. There are 144 human X chromosome genes with no counterparts in mice, and 197 such mice genes are unique. Of the 144 human ones, 107 exist in multiple copies in the newly sequenced duplicated regions of the X and seem to be changing rapidly. Based on such evidence, Page concludes that these genes have appeared since the ancestors of mice and humans split off from each other.

"I am surprised by the large number of unshared genes between the human X and mouse X," says Jianzhi Zhang, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, who was not involved with the work. "The finding suggests that X chromosome gene content is probably changing all the time."

When genes change, they have the opportunity to influence evolution, and Page thinks that the new X chromosome genes may be particularly potent. Some previously identified X chromosome genes, for example, seem to have played a role in mouse speciation. He and his colleagues surveyed eight human male and female tissues to begin to see what the genes do. Unlike the textbook X genes, "in many cases these [unshared] genes are not even expressed in females," Page says. Instead, they are active in the testis, primarily in tissue destined to become sperm, Page's team reports. "We think the X chromosome is leading a double life," he says, with one part being stable and behaving as the textbooks say, and another part changing and influencing male traits.

Elsewhere in the genome, duplicated regions "are already known to be of immense biomedical significance" in cancer and other diseases, Page says. He is hoping that other researchers will start looking more closely at whether genes in the duplicated regions of the X chromosome are likewise important, particularly with respect to male fertility and testis cancer.
Zhang is cautious. "We must first know the function of these genes," he says, to understand their impact on health and on speciation. One thing is for certain, however: "People will start paying attention to the recent evolution of the X chromosome."
字数[356]

Resource:
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2013/07/female-chromosome-may-leave-a-ma.html

Part II： Obstacle


【Time 6】
Article 3
Minions on the Ground May Be Leaders in the Sky


When a flock of birds changes direction on a dime, it's easy to imagine that the group is controlled by a single, collective mind. But in reality, the individual matters. That's the message of new research on group navigation in homing pigeons. The study used computer tracking to reveal a complex hierarchy, where even birds with a low social rank on the ground may be trusted leaders in the air.
In research on animal social dynamics, large mammals such as wolves and gorillas have received a lot of attention, because their groups' smaller numbers make them easier to study, says Andrew King, a behavioral ecologist at Swansea University in the United Kingdom who was not involved in the study. But when hundreds or thousands of creatures synchronize their movements, the decision-making process is harder to sort out. King says that these big groups have traditionally been viewed as hoards of anonymous agents in a democracy. "Five or so years ago, papers were saying that you should be finding consensus decisions where everybody has an equal say."

And yet elaborate synchronized movements arise from individuals with various abilities and social roles. Zoologist Dora Biro of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom wanted to investigate how a flock of pigeons manages to stay organized as it navigates the skies. "Different individuals within these flocks might have different ideas about where they want to go," she says "but at the same time, they want to maintain a kind of cohesive flock, because there's safety in numbers." Computerized tracking methods make this type of research possible. Remote visual sensors and GPS units on the birds can keep tabs on every bird at every moment, and complex data analysis can tease out meaningful social patterns.

Biro teamed up with a group of statistical physicists at Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest to search for a leadership structure in flight and to find how it relates to the overall social structure of the flock. The team followed a single flock of pigeons in two different situations: competitive feeding on the ground and navigating in the air. This cross-context approach is "a really important contribution to the field," says behavioral ecologist Darren Croft of the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom who was not involved in the work. "We knew about dominance and we knew about flight, but no one has put those two things together."

The team first identified the birds more likely to win out in confrontations and gain access to food. In the lab, each bird wore a unique three-colored barcode on its back, and a camera attached to the ceiling tracked the animals as they clambered around a cup of grain. A program evaluated birds in pairs and picked the dominant one based on how quickly he or she approached or avoided the other birds and who ended up reaching the snack. Dominant birds tended to be both larger and more aggressive.

When the same birds took to the air in a flock of 30, each wore a tiny GPS unit on its back, which took 10 position readings every second. Every time the flock made a decision—to shift directions, for example—the researchers compared the movement of each bird to the others to find who shifted first, and by how much time. "You can draw an arrow between Bird A and Bird B to show which one tends to lead the other," Biro says, "and you can draw up, basically, a network of these interactions to cover the entire flock."

The network that emerged was far from a perfect democracy. The birds formed a stable hierarchy, where certain individuals made decisions and others waited for cues. A leading bird might swerve first, prompting a neighbor to adopt the same direction. (Some in-between birds were both trusted leaders and devoted followers.) What's more, the leaders in flight weren't the dominant birds on the ground, meaning that the pigeons ignore their land-based social structure while in the air, the team reports online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

An individual's leadership role in the air remained constant, regardless of the composition of its flock, suggesting that certain qualities inspire the trust and obedience of others. But exactly what makes a natural leader isn't yet clear. Biro thinks there are likely multiple factors at play, from better navigational skills and more decisive movements to motivational factors, such as eagerness to get back to a nest. Croft points out that the physical demands of flight make it more difficult to display aggression and that when birds collectively decide how to move on the ground, they might stick to their dominance structure.

The same approach could be used to find out how other species, from insects to primates, choose leaders to form stable and successful groups, Biro says. "We know that who you're going to elect as your next president or your prime minister is going to make a huge difference for how happy people will be in the country." The team now hopes to sort out which traits are most valuable for leadership in the animal world。

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olivia瓜瓜

Part I：Speed

【Time 1】
Article 1
Glacier melt causes large fraction of sea level rise
Thawing ice contributes nearly as much water to oceans as massive sheets at poles do

Melting glaciers around the world, discrete from the polar ice sheets, accounted for 29 percent of sea level rise from 2003 to 2009, scientists report in the May 17 Science. That’s almost as much sea level rise as the ice sheets themselves contributed during that time.
Glaciers, including those in Greenland and Antarctica that aren’t part of the ice sheets, lost 259 billion tons of ice per year, raising sea level 0.71 millimeters annually. Alex Gardner of Clark University in Worcester, Mass., and colleagues calculated the ice losses using satellite data and ground measurements of glaciers. Most of the melting occurred in Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, the southern Andes and the Himalayas and other high mountains of Asia.
The team estimates that, together, the glacier and ice sheet losses explain 60 percent of sea level rise from 2003 to 2009. Other sources include expansion of the ocean as its waters warm.

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Resource:
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/350478/description/News_in_Brief_Glacier_melt_causes_large_fraction_of_sea_level_rise
【Time 2】
Article 2
Sponges boom thanks to Antarctic ice shelf bust
Previously thought to grow at a slow pace, the sea creatures exploded in number


When a catastrophic ice shelf collapse in Antarctica opened up prime ocean real estate, enterprising delicate creatures called glass sponges showed up with unprecedented speed to stake their claim. The finding suggests that even in frigid places, sea life may adapt rapidly to climate change.
Cloaked in darkness and cut off from the photosynthetic power of the sun, the waters beneath Antarctic ice shelves host sparse signs of life. But when a giant shelf collapses — as Larsen A and B did in 1995 and 2002 — solar-powered plankton production ramps up, and scientists think it could jump-start a complex food web of diverse marine life.
A 2007 expedition revealed that sea squirts had taken over the area of the seafloor once shaded by Larsen A. When Claudio Richter, of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany, and his team went to the same spot in 2011 to see how the squirt coup had progressed, they were shocked at what they found instead.
“The sea squirts were gone, and all of a sudden the glass sponges had tripled,” Richter says.
The discovery, published July 11 in Current Biology, surprised Richter because scientists had previously seen the vase-shaped sponges known as hexactinellids growing at a slow pace, sometimes taking decades to mature. The signals that triggered the sponge boom remain enigmatic.
“This sudden expansion of a glass sponge is unprecedented,” says Paul Dayton of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Dayton, who has studied the sponges for decades, sees the boom as a temporary pulse. Other predators will likely take over, he predicts.

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Resource:
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/351583/description/Sponges_boom_thanks_to_Antarctic_ice_shelf_bust
【Time 3】
Article 3
The solar system has a tail
Clover-shaped clumps of charged particles extend billions of kilometers


The solar system drags along a lengthy, twisted tail as it moves through the galaxy, researchers announced July 10 in a press conference and in the Astrophysical Journal.
Scientists had always presumed that a tail existed, said Eric Christian, an astronomer at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. “But this is the first time we have data that tells us about the tail.”
The discovery comes from data gathered by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer, or IBEX, a satellite launched in 2008. It charts the trajectories of speedy atoms that originate in the outskirts of the solar system before getting an inward kick from collisions with charged particles from the sun. The distribution of those atoms helps scientists map the boundaries of the heliosphere, the bubble that contains the planets and other material in the solar system and is inflated by particles continually jetting out from the sun.
A cross section of the tail resembles a four-leaf clover, with two clumps of slow-moving solar particles and two of high-speed particles. The data also reveal that the clover shape is flattened and twisted by galactic magnetic fields acting on the sun as it whizzes through the Milky Way at around 84,000 kilometers per hour – the same magnetic fields that cause ribbons of charged particles to wrap around the edge of the heliosphere (SN 11/21/09, p. 15).
The IBEX team could not determine the exact length of the tail, said principal investigator David McComas of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, but estimated it at 150 billion kilometers, or 1,000 times the distance between Earth and the sun. The team plans to see whether the tail’s shape changes as the sun’s activity wanes.

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Resource:
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/351477/description/News_in_Brief_The_solar_system_has_a_tail

【Time 4】
Article 4
Tyrannosaurus rex hunted for live prey
Tooth found in victim's tail shows carnivorous dinosaur did not just feed on carcasses.


Audiences the world over gripped their seats as the Tyrannosaurus rex in Jurassic Park sank its teeth into velociraptors and chewed up avaricious lawyers. In spite of this portrayal, there was no hard evidence at the time that the dinosaur actually bit into anything living, and some palaeontologists have proposed that it scavenged for its meals. But now, a team has found definitive evidence that the T. rex did hunt for live prey.
The researchers found a T. rex tooth stuck between vertebrae in the tail of a herbivorous duck-billed hadrosaur. The specimen was excavated from the Hell Creek Formation, a famous fossil locality in South Dakota.
Scrapes, bites and even dislodged T. rex teeth stuck in the bones of other dinosaur species are common, but there has previously been no way to know whether these bites were made while the prey was being actively attacked by a T. rex, or whether the animal had died in some other way and then been scavenged on by the toothy dinosaur.
The latest find is different because the T. rex tooth is surrounded by bone that clearly grew after the tooth became lodged there. The only way that such a situation could arise is if a T. rex had bitten the hadrosaur, lost its tooth in the hadrosaur’s tail and then also lost its prey. In the weeks that followed the predation, the tail of the lucky hadrosaur healed up and bone regenerated around the predator’s lodged tooth, the authors report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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【Time 5】

The team argues that because the tooth is embedded in the tail bones (see picture), the wound was likely made while T. rex was chasing after its prey. “It’s a smoking gun. We finally have Tyrannosaurus rex caught in the act,” says Bruce Rothschild, a palaeopathologist at the University of Kansas in Lawrence and a co-author of the paper.
“We’ve seen plenty of re-healed bite marks attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex, but it’s hard to confirm identity with those,” says Thomas Holtz, a vertebrate palaeontologist from the University of Maryland in College Park. “Actually having the broken tooth makes it easy to determine who was doing the hunting here,”
Bone of contention
As intriguing as the fossil is, some think that it does not change much. “I’ve long argued that Tyrannosaurus rex was an opportunist like a hyena, sometimes hunting and sometimes scavenging. This provides no evidence to the contrary,” says Jack Horner, a palaeontologist at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, who served as scientific adviser on the Jurassic Park films.
In fact, many palaeontologists are getting fed up with what they consider to be a phony debate over predation and scavenging. “Great galloping lizards!” exclaims John Hutchinson, an evolutionary physiologist at the Royal Veterinary College in London. “It is so frustrating to see provocative half-baked ideas about celebrity species like Tyrannosaurus rex drawing the public’s attention when there is so much more interesting palaeontology to be talking about.”

字数[242]
Resource:
http://www.nature.com/news/tyrannosaurus-rex-hunted-for-live-prey-1.13381

Part II： Obstacle


【Time 6】
Natural defences can sharply limit coastal damage
Reefs, dunes and marshes are key to protecting lives and property against storm surges and long-term sea-level rise.


Coastal forests, coral reefs, sand dunes and wetlands are just a few of the natural habitats that protect two-thirds of of the US coastline from hazards such as hurricane storm surges — shielding not only high-value properties in New York and California but also the poor in Texas and the elderly in Florida.

By the end of the century, 2.1 million people and US$400 billion to US$500 billion of residential property will be exposed to the highest hazard risk. But if protective habitats are lost, the number of people and total property value at risk could double, according to work published today in Nature Climate Change.

“Where we’ve got these ecosystems intact, we need to keep it that way. Otherwise, massive investments will be required to protect people and property,” says author Katie Arkema, a marine ecologist in Seattle, Washington with the Natural Capital Project, headquartered in Stanford, California. The work presents the first map of the US coastline that identifies where and how much protection comes from different habitats.

“This is ground-breaking work to show the extent to which habitats may protect property and people along the coastlines of the entire United States under different climate-change scenarios — no one’s done that before,” says Edward Barbier, a natural-resource economist at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, who published a study in March demonstrating that the presence of marshes in Louisiana could reduce storm property damage.

This study comes at a time when coastal-defence planning is under way in areas, such as New York city and Louisiana, that were hit hard by recent hurricanes. Increasingly, plans are moving beyond solely engineered solutions, such as levees or seawalls, to include conservation-based protection measures such as wetland restoration and dune creation.

Study co-athor Peter Kareiva, chief scientist at the Nature Conservancy, a conservation organization based in Arlington, Virginia, says that the models used in their work could help further a global movement to take stock of the coastal protections afforded by natural habitats. “It really is going to get to the point where we’ll be able to put dollar values on what we gain from restoring natural habitats,” he says.  

Ranking habitats
Arkema and her colleagues took the ambitious step of synthesizing a hazard model for the US coast, that took into account ecosystem data, projected climate scenarios, socio-economic data and property values to identify where habitats offered the greatest coastal protection. They identified nine habitats — including coral and oyster reefs, wetlands, dunes, seagrass beds and kelp forests — and ranked the level of protection each gave. They then scored each 1-kilometre strip of coastline to tally the total protection by habitat in an area.

The team also created a hazard index based on physical and biological variables that influence exposure to sea-level rises or to storm surges. “We have to look at the shoreline elevation, wave exposure, and whether it’s rocky or muddy to determine where habitats become important for protection,” says Arkema. The researchers identified areas with the highest exposure to flooding and erosion under five current and future climate scenarios—with and without habitat. The final step, overlaying the social variables on top of the hazard index, indicated that coastal habitats in Florida, New York and California defend the most people as well as the greatest amount in property values from storm surges.

Rob Thieler, a coastal geologist at the US Geological Survey in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, says that this model is a good first step in demonstrating the potential value of coastal habitats, but that it will undoubtedly require further refinements and more robust regional assessments. It can’t, however, identify where a restored wetland would be most viable. “One key thing missing, as mentioned in the paper, is that we just don’t have a good scientific understanding of how well coastal habitats will persist in the future,” he says.

The authors agree. According to Kareiva, two things are needed to turn this science into something that changes the way the world works: good-quality data on habitats and a rigorous way to cost-compare engineered and natural protections.

In the meantime, Nature Conservancy scientists are already using the models underlying this study to rebuild oyster reefs off the coast of Alabama—a project that has trapped sediment and dissipated wave energy that normally would have eroded the shore. “Until we started putting in these oyster reefs, I don’t think any of us fully appreciated the extent to which they would increase the shoreline,” Kareiva says.

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Time1： 1m18s
     The losses of glacier explain the ocean level rising. 觉得追求速度每一次都做得似懂非懂的，速度完后再对每一个time的结构进行回忆。

Time2:   1m50s  
     Sponges unprecedentedly  grow fast .
Time3:1m33s
     it is the first time to find the solar system have a clover-shaped tail, whose length, until now, cant be calculated
     这一篇好多长难句。。。
Time4：1m41s  （这篇我3,24 考托福时的综合作文，嘎嘎嘎）
      The finding which show that TR‘s teeth left in the animals ，and the animal have escape away  proved  that TR is not just a scavenger,also a fresh predator.
       估计就是牙齿长在肉里面了，肯定是在被吃的时候逃掉了，而那块被咬伤的又重新长起来了。
time 5:1m23s
       Different scholar give varies point of view on question TR is a scavenger only or not.
Obstacle: 4m32s
       1 the natural habit have decrease many risk in the coastline, not only the life but also the money.
       2 there have a group to identify the effect of natural habit
       3 this group show a lot of data,but lack of scientific values for future protection .  

_______________________________________________________
挖出来觉得适合写作用的表达：Large fraction of 大批 。。。
A explain B ，A是B出现的原因。
With unprecedented speed to do sth 以绝无仅有的速度
Ramp up 增加
Jump-start 启动，助动
Trigger 引起 触发
Enigmatic 神秘莫测
Is inflated by  被夸大了
Bone of contention 争论的焦点
Get sth intact 使。。完整
Keep it that way 保持那样
Ground breaking work 开创性的文章

olivia瓜瓜

Part I: Speed


      
Some Mosquitoes Become Immune to DEET After Just a Few Hours of Exposure


  

【Time 1】
If you’re someone that’s naturally irresistible to mosquitoes, a new finding published today in PLOS ONE could make for a rude awakening. A group of researchers from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine discovered that three hours after an exposure to DEET, many Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were immune to the chemical, ignoring its typically noxious smell and attempting to land on irresistible human skin.
   
Normally, DEET—short for N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, which is the active ingredient in most insect repellents on the market—works because mosquitoes seem to find the chemical’s smell unpleasant and actively avoid landing on surfaces where it has been applied. But in this study, led by Nina Stanczyk, the researchers found mosquito behavior that runs contrary to scientists’ previous understanding of how the insects interact with the chemical.
      
DEET is used in the majority of insect repellents on the market. Image via Flickr user Spokenhope
Initially, the researchers split a number of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (a common species found on all continents, including North America) into two groups, each in a metal mesh cage. Then they had volunteers hold their arms about an inch over each cage, with one treated with a 20-percent DEET solution and another that had no repellent (a control arm).
   
Three hours later, they repeated the experiment, and counted exactly how many mosquitoes overcame the DEET and attempted to get through the metal mesh to reach the arms. They found that about half of the mosquitoes who’d been initially exposed to DEET on their first go-round seemed immune to the chemical during the second trial and tried to reach the DEET-covered arm, compared to the 10-20 percent that had attempted to do so during their first trial. This number was still less than the proportion of mosquitoes trying to reach the plain arm (70-80 percent).
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【Time 2】
Further proof the development of DEET immunity, though, lies in a third group of mosquitoes, who were exposed to a control arm first and a DEET arm second. Because they hadn’t had the chance to become habituated to the chemical, a much lower amount of them (less than 10 percent) tried to reach the DEET-covered arm.
   
To ensure that some sort of interaction between chemicals in human skin and DEET wasn’t responsible, the researchers also replicated the experiment with a heating device—to which mosquitoes are naturally attracted—that was also covered in DEET. The results were similar, indicating that the insects were somehow becoming habituated to DEET itself, regardless of the surface it was covering.
   
So why did the mosquitoes, as a whole, overcome their dislike of DEET? Previous studies by this group and others have found particular mosquitoes with a genetic mutation that made them innately immune to DEET, but they say that this case is different, because they didn’t demonstrate this ability from the start.
   
They suspect, instead, that the insects’ antennae became less chemically sensitive to DEET over time, as evidenced by electroantennography on the mosquitoes’ odor receptors after each of the tests—a phenomenon not unlike a person getting used to the smell of, say, the ocean or a manufacturing plant near his or her house.
   
Of course, this sort of aromatic habituation is significantly less convenient, because DEET-based repellents are relied upon not just to help us avoid irritating bites but also to stop the spread of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue. But the researchers don’t recommend dropping DEET entirely, for a few reasons.
   
For one, mosquitoes live as adults for only a few days at most, and the habituation likely isn’t passed along to offspring, so the odds that a particular mosquito you come across has already been exposed to DEET is pretty low. Additionally, even if it has, not all of the individual mosquitoes in the trial became used to the DEET, so it should still be somewhat effective as a repellent.
   
Most important, though, is the fact that we still haven’t developed any other repellent that is as consistently potent as DEET—so for now, they say, people living in areas with high risks of mosquito-borne illnesses have little other choice than to keep using it.
  
(Words:386)
   
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/02/some-mosquitoes-become-immune-to-deet-after-just-a-few-hours-of-exposure/



Why Do Mosquitoes Bite Some People More Than Others?

   



【Time 3】
You come in from a summer hike covered with itchy red mosquito bites, only to have your friends innocently proclaim that they don’t have any. Or you wake up from a night of camping to find your ankles and wrists aflame with bites, while your tent mates are unscathed.
   
You’re not alone. An estimated 20 percent of people, it turns out, are especially delicious for mosquitoes, and get bit more often on a consistent basis. And while scientists don’t yet have a cure for the ailment, other than preventing bites with insect repellent (which, we’ve recently discovered, some mosquitoes can become immune to over time), they do have a number of ideas regarding why some of us are more prone to bites than others. Here are some of the factors that could play a role:
   
Blood Type
Not surprisingly—since, after all, mosquitoes bite us to harvest proteins from our blood—research shows that they find certain blood types more appetizing than others. One study found that in a controlled setting, mosquitoes landed on people with Type O blood nearly twice as often as those with Type A. People with Type B blood fell somewhere in the middle of this itchy spectrum. Additionally, based on other genes, about 85 percent of people secrete a chemical signal through their skin that indicates which blood type they have, while 15 percent do not, and mosquitoes are also more attracted to secretors than nonsecretors regardless of which type they are.
(words:247)
     
【Time 4】
Carbon Dioxide
One of the key ways mosquitoes locate their targets is by smelling the carbon dioxide emitted in their breath—they use an organ called a maxillary palp to do this, and can detect carbon dioxide from as far as 164 feet away. As a result, people who simply exhale more of the gas over time—generally, larger people—have been shown to attract more mosquitoes than others. This is one of the reasons why children get bit less often than adults, on the whole.
     
Exercise and Metabolism
In addition to carbon dioxide, mosquitoes find victims at closer range by smelling the lactic acid, uric acid, ammonia and other substances expelled via their sweat, and are also attracted to people with higher body temperatures. Because strenuous exercise increases the buildup of lactic acid and heat in your body, it likely makes you stand out to the insects. Meanwhile, genetic factors influence the amount of uric acid and other substances naturally emitted by each person, making some people more easily found by mosquitos than others.
      
Skin Bacteria
Other research has suggested that the particular types and volume of bacteria that naturally live on human skin affect our attractiveness to mosquitoes. In a 2011 study, scientists found that having large amounts of a few types of bacteria made skin more appealing to mosquitoes. Surprisingly, though, having lots of bacteria but spread among a greater diversity of different species of bacteria seemed to make skin less attractive. This also might be why mosquitoes are especially prone to biting our ankles and feet—they naturally have more robust bacteria colonies.
   
Beer
Just a single 12-ounce bottle of beer can make you more attractive to the insects, one study found. But even though researchers had suspected this was because drinking increases the amount of ethanol excreted in sweat, or because it increases body temperature, neither of these factors were found to correlate with mosquito landings, making their affinity for drinkers something of a mystery.
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【Time 5】   
Pregnancy
In several different studies, pregnant women have been found to attract roughly twice as many mosquito bites as others, likely a result of the fact the unfortunate confluence of two factors: They exhale about 21 percent more carbon dioxide and are on average about 1.26 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than others
   
Clothing Color
This one might seem absurd, but mosquitoes use vision (along with scent) to locate humans, so wearing colors that stand out (black, dark blue or red) may make you easier to find, at least according to James Day, a medical entomologist at the University of Florida, in commentary he gave to NBC.
   
Genetics
As a whole, underlying genetic factors are estimated to account for 85 percent of the variability between people in their attractiveness to mosquitoes—regardless of whether it’s expressed through blood type, metabolism, or other factors. Unfortunately, we don’t (yet) have a way of modifying these genes, but…
   
Natural Repellants
Some researchers have started looking at the reasons why a minority of people seem to rarely attract mosquitoes in the hopes of creating the next generation of insect repellants. Using chromatography to isolate the particular  chemicals these people emit, scientists at the UK’s Rothamsted Research lab have found that these natural repellers tend to excrete a handful of substancesthat mosquitoes don’t seem to find appealing. Eventually, incorporating these molecules into advanced bug spray could make it possible for even a Type O, exercising, pregnant woman in a black shirt to ward off mosquitoes for good.
(words:250)
  
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/07/why-do-mosquitoes-bite-some-people-more-than-others/#ixzz2Z2EVb7Xj



Part II: Obstacle


Finding Smells That Repel


【Time 6】
If you're one of those people whom mosquitoes tend to favor, maybe it's because you aren't sufficiently stressed-out. Insects have very keen powers of smell that direct them to their targets. But for researchers trying to figure out what attracts or repels the pests, sorting through the 300 to 400 distinct chemical odors that the human body produces has proved daunting.
   
Now scientists at Rothamsted Research in the U.K. have been making headway at understanding why some people can end up with dozens of bites after a backyard barbecue, while others remain unscathed. The researchers have identified a handful of the body's chemical odors—some of which may be related to stress—that are present in significantly larger concentrations in people that the bugs are happier to leave alone. If efforts to synthesize these particular chemicals are successful, the result could be an all-natural mosquito repellent that is more effective and safer than products currently available.
   
"Mosquitoes fly through an aerial soup of chemicals, but can home in on those that draw them to humans," says James Logan, a researcher at Rothamsted, one of the world's oldest agricultural-research institutions. But when the combination of human odors is wrong, he says, "the mosquito fails to recognize this signal as a potential blood meal."
   
The phenomenon that some people are more prone to mosquito bites than others is well documented. In the 1990s, chemist Ulrich Bernier, now at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, began looking for what he calls the "magic compounds" that attract mosquitoes. His research helped to show that mosquitoes are attracted to humans by blends of common chemicals such as carbon dioxide, released from the skin and by exhaling, and lactic acid, which is present on the skin, especially when we exercise. But none of the known attractant chemicals explained why mosquitoes preferred some people to others.
  
Rothamsted's Dr. Logan says the answer isn't to be found in attractant chemicals. He and colleagues observed that everyone produces chemicals that mosquitoes like, but those who are unattractive to mosquitoes produce more of certain chemicals that repel them.
   
Misguided Mosquitoes
"The repellents were what made the difference," says Dr. Logan, who is interested in the study of how animals communicate using smell. These chemicals may cloud or mask the attractive chemicals, or may disable mosquitoes from being able to detect those attractive odors, he suggests.
Besides delivering annoying bites, mosquitoes cause hundreds of millions of cases of disease each year. As many as 500 million cases of malaria are contracted globally each year, and more than one million people die from it, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mosquitoes can also spread West Nile virus, dengue fever, yellow fever and other illnesses.
   
Currently the most effective repellents on the market often contain a chemical known as DEET, which has been associated in some studies with potential safety concerns, such as cancer and Gulf War syndrome. It also damages materials made of plastic. The federal Environmental Protection Agency has determined that DEET, when used as directed, is safe.
   
The Rothamsted team set out to get the mosquitoes' viewpoint. The researchers separated human volunteers into two groups—those who were attractive to mosquitoes and those who weren't. They then put each of the volunteers into body-size foil bags for two hours to collect their body odors. Using a machine known as a chromatograph, the scientists were able to separate the chemicals. They then tested each of them to see how the mosquitoes responded. By attaching microelectrodes to the insects' antennae, the researchers could measure the electrical impulses that are generated when mosquitoes recognize a chemical.
   
Dr. Logan and his team have found only a small number of body chemicals—seven or eight—that were present in significantly different quantities between those people who were attractive to mosquitoes and those who weren't. They then put their findings to the test. For this they used a so-called Y-tube olfactometer that allows mosquitoes to make a choice and fly toward or away from an individual's hand. After applying the chemicals thought to be repellant on the hands of individuals known to be attractive, Dr. Logan found that the bugs either flew in the opposite direction or weren't motivated by the person's smell to fly at all.
   
The chemicals were then tested to determine their impact on actual biting behavior. Volunteers put their arms in a box containing mosquitoes, one arm coated with repellent chemicals and the other without, to see if the arm without the coating got bitten more.
   
Significant Repellency
The group's latest paper, published in March in the Journal of Medical Entomology, identified two compounds with "significant repellency." One of the compounds, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, is a skin-derived compound that has the odor of toned-down nail-polish remover, according to George Preti, an organic chemist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, who is involved in a separate line of research into insect-biting behavior. The other, identified in the paper as geranylacetone, has a pleasant odor, though there is some question about whether the chemical is formed by the human biochemical process or is picked up in the environment, Dr. Preti says.
   
Dr. Logan declined to comment about the specific chemicals because of proprietary concerns. He says the findings have been patented and the group is working with a commercial company to develop the compounds into a usable insect repellent. One issue that still needs to be resolved: how to develop a formulation of the repellent chemicals that will stay on the skin, rather than quickly evaporating as they do naturally. The hope is to get a product to market within a year or two, he says.
   
Some of the chemicals researchers identified are believed to be related to stress, Dr. Logan says. Previous research has shown that these particular chemicals could be converted from certain other molecules and this could be as a result of oxidation in the body at times of stress, he says. However, it's not clear if the chemicals observed by the Rothamsted researchers were created in this way, and research is continuing to answer this and other questions.
   
Dr. Logan suggests that mosquitoes may deem hosts that emit more of these chemicals to be diseased or injured and "not a good quality blood meal." Proteins in the blood are necessary for female mosquitoes to produce fertile eggs, and Dr. Logan says it might be evolutionarily advantageous for mosquitoes to detect and avoid such people.
   
Other Research
Other research includes an effort by scientists at the University of California, Riverside, who published a paper in the journal Nature last week identifying a recently discovered class of molecules that inhibit fruit flies' and mosquitoes' ability to detect carbon dioxide. Mosquitoes can detect carbon dioxide emissions from long ranges, so turning off the ability to detect the gas, perhaps by releasing the inhibiting molecules into the environment, may be a way of keeping the bugs at bay, the researchers suggest. Another team, at the Monell Chemical Senses Center, is launching a study into whether the taste of human skin and blood are related to the insects' interest in biting certain individuals.
(words:1193)
   
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204660604574378933761528214.html

   
One Powerful Tip to Stop Procrastination in its Tracks   

【Time 7】
Isn’t it amazing how energetically we clean our closets or organize the movie collection when a dreaded project is looming? Especially when that project feels abstract and difficult…I battle with this type of procrastination a LOT. And after much trial and error, I’ve found a simple system that works for me.   

If, like me, you tend to put things off or can’t seem to stick with it once you start, then I am confident it will help you too. Here it is:There are two critical parts to procrastination. One is difficulty getting started on something you need to do. The other is not sticking to something you started (and getting distracted by more exciting or easier things).
  
Today, I’m going to tell you how to beat the second one. So let’s say you have just started a new diet, or an important work project. Most people are able to see it as a series of small steps that have to be done one day at a time to get to the successful end point.But if you are a chronic procrastinator, you will have trouble seeing the process, and instead you see only the final product (the super thin, six pack physique; or the perfectly done work project that impresses your boss and his boss). This is a big problem, kind of like seeing the forest and forgetting the trees.
What happens when you can only imagine the perfect final product?
   
You are unable to imagine the steps it would take to get there and thus feel anxious and overwhelmed. It’s like being told to get to the moon and all you have for help is a mental picture of you standing on the moon.Who wouldn’t get anxious?! So to get rid of the anxiety, you convince yourself that ‘there’s still plenty of time” and that you will “get it done perfectly tomorrow” and turn to Facebook or cleaning out your closets. This inability to imagine the process is one of the biggest problems faced by those of us who struggle with procrastination.
  
So what’s the solution? Simple:
1. Write down the smaller tasks under each project and select the first small task.
2. Then, make a pre-decision about what you will do when you feel frustrated or a distraction beckons. A pre-decision has the “If X, then Y formula”.
   
For example, “If I feel anxious or frustrated, then I will remind myself to just focus on this one small piece and not the entire forest” OR “If I begin to doodle or think of calling my friend, then I will call my friend and ask him to help me stay on track” etc;
  
Only you know what your usual distractions are and so you can make “If X, then Y” pre-decisions that are uniquelydesigned for you.
  
I used this technique to lose 20 pounds in the last few months. My main problem is resisting a temptation to eat desserts. I allow myself to eat one yummy dessert a week. When my mind asks for it any other time, I have a pre-decision that goes like this “If my mind makes me crave a dessert during the week, I will imagine that dessert morphing into a pound of fat in front of my eyes”.Trust me, it worked.
  
The trick here is to have made this pre-decision ahead of time (writing it down is even better) so that you can do it automatically without having to thinkwhen you are hit by distraction or temptation.
  
Every decision point in your life is like a road diverging in the woods. By learning to imagine the process and having a plan to deal with obstacles, you can beat procrastination and choose the road that unleashes your full potential.
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Time1 ： 开小差了。。。呜呜~~~~(>_<)~~~~
          1m53s
      experiment shows that mosquitoes immune to the dtt ,and also attempt to lan on the humans surface skin.
Time2:     2m17s
      athowgh mosquitoes have overcome the adaptation of  DEET ,but there have no any other choice for human ,but DEET.  
Time3:1m21s
      why some people are prone to be got bites by mosquitoes,the first factor is the blood type , blood O is more attraction than B and A.
Time4:1m56s
      other preferation   for mosquitoes
Time5: 1m26s 同上
Time6 ：obstacle 明天好好看看，拖延症，，，，，~~~~(>_<)~~~~
          第一次7m05s ,怎么现在越看越不仔细了，得改得改！！！
          第二次：
Time7 :3m11s           第二遍：3m14s
         If you also have a Procrastination，can't stick to what you have started？always distract from your work?follow tips will help you~
         Write down what to replace when you distract from your work? if A,then Y


&&&  I am really troubled  by procrastination for a long time especially in my test preparation  periods  ,so i will have a try .
         I am keen to overcome this bad habit,good luck for me!!
          Next time, i will offer feedbacks to U!!

olivia瓜瓜

Speed
[Time1]
The girl at the Grand The adolescent obsession that inspired an influential yet neglected French classic
SAL PARADISE, hero of Jack Kerouac’s “On the Road”, carries only one book on his three-year travels across America. On a Greyhound bus to St Louis he produces a second-hand copy of “Le Grand Meaulnes”, stolen from a Hollywood stall. Entranced by the Arizona landscape, he decides not to read it after all.
Such is the fortune of Alain-Fournier’s story, one of France’s most popular novels, in the English-speaking world. Much loved yet little read, for almost a century this strange, earnest and inconsolable novel has haunted the fringes of fiction. Henry Miller venerated its hero; F. Scott Fitzgerald borrowed its title for “The Great Gatsby” (and some critics think Fournier’s main characters were models for Nick Carraway, Fitzgerald’s narrator, and his lovelorn pal). John Fowles claimed it informed everything he wrote. “I know it has many faults,” he sighed, as if trying to shake the obsession, “yet it has haunted me all my life.”
Despite its famous advocates, “Le Grand Meaulnes”—100 years old in 2013—is a masterpiece in peril. The stream of pilgrims who visit Fournier’s childhood home, near Bourges, is starting to thin. These days readers in Britain and America often choose denser, more overtly philosophical French authors. A decade ago, one British fan, Tobias Hill, noted that the book survived through “a barely audible system of Chinese whispers”.
Why are many English-speaking readers unfamiliar with a book adored by some of their most respected writers? And what accounts for the curious grip that this simply written and nostalgic tale of adolescent romance holds over its most besotted fans? Some love the poetry of its language, others the interlocking mysteries of its plot. Many are entranced by the elegiac sadness that rises from the prose, as one critic remarked, “like mist over the heath”. But its appeal partly lies in the romantic life and early death of its author, and the story of the woman who inspired him.
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[Time2]
In the last year of his life Fournier had shaken off his daydreams. In death they defined him. In 1913 “Le Grand Meaulnes” had narrowly missed out on the Prix Goncourt—France’s most prestigious literary award—but the war propelled the novel to far greater fame. Many of those who had seen and survived the savagery appreciated Fournier’s elegy to innocence.
Most of his English-speaking readers come across the book at school, but he has become less well-known as languages, French in particular, have fallen out of fashion. Degree courses skip over the novel, perhaps because it doesn’t fit into any movement or genre. “It comes from nowhere and leads nowhere,” says Patrick McGuinness of Oxford University. “It is its own monument.”
Its ever-changing English titles do not help: “Big Meaulnes”, “The Great Meaulnes” and “The Magnificent Meaulnes” have all come and gone. Editions that omit the hero’s vowel-heavy name, such as “The Wanderer” and “The Lost Estate”, have had more success, though many publishers simply retain the French title. The author’s unusual pen name is another disadvantage. Alain-Fournier—an oddly hyphenated semi-pseudonym adopted to avoid confusion with a racing driver—was misspelled by an editor the first time Fournier used it, and is still often mangled.
Some think this creeping obscurity deserved, finding “Le Grand Meaulnes” mawkish and melodramatic, its plot contrived. Publishers play up the sentimentality with covers depicting pastoral scenes and teenage boys. That is a fair summary of the story’s first part, but a poor illustration of the oddness of the rest.
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[Time3]
Fowles, who called the book “the greatest novel of adolescence in European literature”, suggested that its detractors dislike being reminded of “qualities and emotions they have tried to eradicate from their own lives”. Fitzgerald camouflaged Fournier’s themes with a more sophisticated setting: Gatsby is no less juvenile than Meaulnes, but age and wealth make him seem more worldly. Happily, a small group of contemporary novelists still wear Fournier’s influence proudly. The young hero of “The Way I Found Her”, by Rose Tremain, acquires a copy of “Le Grand Meaulnes” from a Paris bouquiniste, who “looked quite miserable to part with it”. A mental patient in David Mitchell’s “Black Swan Green” relives the novel each day.
Critics have now puzzled out most of the book’s mysteries. The bleak final photo of Fournier solved his disappearance. The true identity of Yvonne de Quiévrecourt was revealed after her death. All the same, little is really known about the girl at the Grand Palais, who was both worshipped and artistically exploited by Fournier. She remained silent about her role in one of France’s most famous novels; by the end of her life she could not remember it herself. It fell to her husband to tell their children the story, as its fame grew around them.
In 1939 she apologised for not visiting Fournier’s sister, then guardian of his estate. “Far better for me to remain within the aura in which your brother enclosed me,” she wrote. Perhaps she was wise to stay as untouchable as the heroine she inspired. Probably no mere mortal could embody all the fascination and yearning that Fournier captures in “Le Grand Meaulnes”.
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[Time4]
As Li Wenxing arrives at the rehearsal room of Guangdong Province Puppet Art Theater, Guangzhou city is still sleeping. It’s 6:30 am and the silence is conspicuous. Li, 23, graduated from a drama performance major at Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai campus last summer. Her parents asked her to come back to her hometown in Henan province, but she decided to apply to the puppet theater instead.
“I loved these traditional arts when I was at university. I once saw an online video of a puppet show by the director of the puppet theater. It was really amazing and left a deep impression on me,” says Li.
When she began to train, Li had to hold up a puppet, the lightest of which weigh more than 2.5 kilograms, for five to ten minutes at a time. Later, the time was gradually increased.
After Lu Jie, 21, completed his puppet-lifting training, he faced an even more difficult task: He had to learn to control the puppet with two bamboo sticks. Lu practiced five to six hours every day and his fingers blistered easily. But he didn’t put on an adhesive bandage when the blisters broke.
“It was very painful. But if I had begun using adhesive bandages, I would have relied on them and it would have made my fingers less flexible when controlling the puppet. So the only solution was for me to wait until my fingers grew thick calluses,” says Lu.
Lu used to be a dancer before joining the puppet theater. He had never seen a puppet show before and it was a new experience for him.
His first performance was during the national holiday last year, when he played the head of a dragon in a show. “I felt a lot of pressure and was very nervous. I could hardly fall asleep the night before. Even though I only performed for seven minutes I was soaked with sweat,” says Lu.
Compared with Li Wenxing and Lu Jie, Li Kuan, 22, is a senior in this profession. He comes from a family of puppeteers and is the sixth generation in his family to inherit this tradition. He began puppeteering after finishing junior middle school.
“I grew up in a small village in Zhanjiang. After the rice had been gathered in August, the village would invite a puppet group to perform for a week. That was always the most wonderful period in the village and the puppet shows impressed me deeply,” says Li.
“Sometimes we would go out performing for a whole month. Besides the puppets and stage props, I also had to bring a mat and quilt. When we finished the show, I would spread out the mat beside the stage to sleep,” says Li.
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[Time5]
Despite the hardship, Li says he enjoyed the experience. “Every time when I heard the applause and laughter from the audience, I felt a sense of achievement,” he says. Li joined the Guangdong Province Puppet Art Theater in 2007. The basic training was not difficult for him, but he needed to spend time creating and shaping his characters.
“Before, I learned by imitating the people in my village, but when I joined the puppet theatre I had to learn to create a role by myself. I needed to figure out their personality and I hope now I can make them come alive through my hands,” says Li.
There are some 60 men and women in the puppet theater, and more and more from the post-1990s generation are enrolling to learn the traditional art from their seniors.
In order to play their roles well, these young people discuss scripts with each other in their spare time and cherish every chance to practice with their puppets.
“We stay behind the curtain when we perform with the puppets, but when they laugh, we laugh, and when they cry, we cry, too,” says Lu.
“There is a show on the stage, but there is also one behind it. When we come out with the puppets at the end of the show, the applause is for all of us,” says Lu.
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OBSTACLE
The End of Men: And the Rise of Women. By Hanna Rosin. Riverhead; 310 pages; $27.95. To be published in Britain in October; £12.99. Buy from Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk
MEN today are haunted by the “spectre of a coming gender apocalypse”, Hanna Rosin declares in her new book, “The End of Men”. How worried should they be? It is true that women are contributing more than ever to household income. They dominate university attendance around the world. In South Korea more women than men pass the foreign-service exam, which has sparked the foreign ministry to implement a minimum quota for men. In Brazil nearly a third of women earn more than their husbands, a phenomenon that has caused men to form church support-groups calling themselves “Men of Tears”.
Ms Rosin, an editor at Atlantic, whose book grew out of an article she wrote for the magazine in 2010, acknowledges that men are not about to become extinct any time soon. But women today are excelling, while men founder. As part of her research, Ms Rosin travelled to many corners of America, among them Auburn-Opelika, Alabama, where women’s median income is 40% higher than men’s, and men are encouraged to watch virtual simulations to teach them how to get jobs.
The financial crisis has been especially unkind to men: three-quarters of the 7.5m American jobs lost in the recession belonged to men and were in traditionally masculine industries, such as construction, manufacturing and finance. Manufacturing’s flight from America and the evolution of technology in the workplace have left many men jobless—and often despondent. The book is filled with anecdotes from those who are trying to make sense of what has happened to them. “Probably no one has had their wife move up the ladder as far as I’ve moved down,” says one man. Another, who is annoyed that his girlfriend earns more than he does, complains, “All the things we need to be good at to thrive in the world…are things that my female friends and competitors are better at than me.”
The argument Ms Rosin puts forward does not spell out the end of men so much as the deterioration of their condition. The new service-based economy rewards communication and adaptation, qualities that women are more likely to have. Only about 3% of men have taken over raising children full-time while their wives support their families. Instead, many men, especially young ones, have retreated into a world of video games, drinking and prolonged adolescence—a phenomenon identified in “Guyland”, a 2008 book by an American sociologist, Michael Kimmel.
But what happens to men has great consequences for women, and vice versa. Many poorer women who are not well educated are forgoing marriage, believing that a man is simply a drag and an additional mouth to feed, Ms Rosin argues. Educated, wealthier women, on the other hand, are experiencing more fulfilling relationships in which they share responsibilities with partners as each takes up slack at different times. She calls these “seesaw marriages”. One result of women’s rise is that men have more retirement income, better health and happier marriages.
Hard as Ms Rosin tries to argue that the world has embraced “matriarchy”, however, the data does not support her thesis. Only 3% of Fortune 500 bosses are women, as are only 20 of the world’s 180 heads of state. She dismisses evidence that suggests her book is inappropriately titled: “Men have been in charge for about 40,000 years, and women have started edging them out for about 40. So of course there are still obstacles at the top.” She also eschews a more nuanced approach by letting what is mostly an argument about American gender trends strive to be global. For example, she mentions that women own more than 40% of private businesses in China, and that in many countries parents prefer having a daughter. But nowhere does she acknowledge that aborting female fetuses remains a huge problem in China and India.
“The End of Men” is notable, however, for what it says about America’s thinking on women today. In another provocative article in the Atlantic, “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All”, Anne-Marie Slaughter argued that women are deluded if they think that they can have a high-flying career and a family without something giving way. Ms Slaughter used to be a senior official in the State Department, a job she recently gave up in order to spend more time with her children and return to academia. A high-powered job can be compatible with child-rearing only if a woman is wealthy, has a job with flexible hours or works for herself.
Ms Rosin also argues for greater flexibility in the workplace, but ultimately takes a more bullish line than Ms Slaughter about women’s ability to change their workplaces to suit their needs. Both young men and women of the millennial generation want more flexible work hours and see the value of working remotely. And they will seek out employers who try hard to make better work-life balance a reality.
This is not the first recession that has triggered a crisis of masculinity in America. After the recession in the early 1990s, Susan Faludi wrote “Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man”, which lamented that men were underworked, underachieving and undersupported. This time the story is somewhat different. Had Ms Rosin put off writing her book for a few years, she would probably have seen women’s jobs go the way of men’s. The economic dislocations that have erupted in male-dominated industries, such as construction and finance, are making their way into industries dominated by women, as governments cut back on services, teaching staff and the like. The real story about men and women is about how this economic crisis will harm both genders, and future generations.
(937)

time1:第一次2m28s 没看懂。
         第二次 2m18s
         第三遍2m29s  
         The “ Le Grand Meaulnes have many famous  advocate ，but there is  only few people to read it.
Time2:  1m31s
         why Le Grand Meaulnes is not so popular , it's article name , it's athor 's pen name also is a disadvantage.
Time3:1m49s
          1m42s
        although it isn't have many reader, it also be copied into today's literature.
        Critics have unveiled many mistery about this book.
time4 :2m18s (看一点难懂的文章的好处就是看简单一点的就会很轻松，嘎嘎）
        Three young people’‘’s experience of puppet show.
Time5: 57s
       Three young people‘s hardship and happiness on playing puppet show.
obstacle: 5m56s
       1 In the light of large numbers data, the man status is becoming infeior to woman
       2  An author wanted to explain the rise of woman ,but failed.
       3 the concession is not about only one gender ,it's about all the man and woman 's generation and future.
  
         

olivia瓜瓜

Part I：Speed

【Time 1】
Article 1
Mont Blanc growing with help from glaciers
Icy shield prevents mountain from eroding away.

Western Europe’s tallest mountain may be gaining height thanks to its glaciers, which protect the mountain from erosion, a new study suggests.
Straddling the Italian and French Alps, Mont Blanc’s familiar snowy cap has challenged the most skilled climbers — as well as scientists who aim to understand how the mountain is being shaped by its glacial covering.
Typically, glaciers are known to erode surfaces and transport sediment, carving out deep valleys in mountain ranges and wearing down summits as the ice slowly slides downhill. But in the past few years, research has suggested that glaciers have a role in protecting mountaintops located at high latitudes, far from the equator. The same now seems to be true for mid-latitude Mont Blanc, and could apply more generally to mountains in mid-to-low latitudes, says glacial geologist Jean-François Buoncristiani, co-author of a study that appeared late last month in Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
“It’s interesting that the same processes are happening on mountains worldwide,” says Buoncristiani, who is at the University of Burgundy in Dijon, France. Mont Blanc is growing by 1 millimetre per year because of tectonic uplift, but without the protective effect of glaciers that would not be fast enough to outpace erosion.

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【Time 2】

The study team, led by glaciologist Cécile Godon at the University of Savoy in Le Bourget du Lac, France, measured erosion rates beneath one of Mont Blanc’s largest and least-spoiled glaciers, the Bossons Glacier, and compared them with erosion rates in ice-free areas adjacent to the glacier. By identifying distinctive rock types and by dating the mineral zircon in sediment samples taken from along the glacier’s length, they traced eroded sediments back to their sources.
Glacial pace
Near the summit, beneath the coldest ice of the glacier, erosion was at least 16 times less efficient than beneath the temperate ice of the glacier tongue, farther downslope. The most effective erosion was found to take place in the non-glaciated areas, suggesting that the weighty presence of ice — especially when frozen onto the mountain — tempers abrasion of the underlying bedrock.
But the findings do not necessarily mean that glaciers protect all mountains. Mark Brandon, a geophysicist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, says that glaciers with a wet base are very erosive. It remains to be seen how ice is shaping the world’s largest mountains, he says.
Buoncristiani adds that the role of glaciers could change as temperatures rise with global warming. An increase in ice melt would expose mountaintops to erosion, limiting their ability to reach ever greater heights.

字数[221]
Resource:
http://www.nature.com/news/mont-blanc-growing-with-help-from-glaciers-1.13357

【Time 3】
Article 2
Scientists Grow Human Livers in Mice


TOKYO—A Japanese group has generated functional human livers by creating liver precursor cells in the laboratory and then transplanting them into mice to complete the developmental process. Their ultimate goal is to transplant the precursor cells into humans and let them develop into replacements for diseased or damaged organs.
The achievement represents a new direction in the use of human pluripotent stem cells, which have the potential to develop into any of the tissues of the human body. So-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are derived from adult human tissue, have the added advantage of producing tissues and organs genetically matched to a recipient, avoiding the problem of immune system rejection. But creating fully mature human tissue in a petri dish (in vitro) has proved a daunting challenge, especially when it comes to producing 3D organs.
Rather than do it all in a dish, the group decided to try starting the process in vitro but completing it in an animal (in vivo). They tried hundreds of different recipes; eventually they discovered that if they mixed liver precursor cells (derived from iPS cells) with two other types of standard human cell lines known to be important for embryonic liver development, then the cells would spontaneously form a 4 to 5-millimeter 3D structure called a liver bud. "This worked beyond our expectations, though the mechanism is not entirely clear," says group leader and stem cell scientist Takanori Takebe of Yokohama City University in Japan.
Next, they implanted these buds in mice with disabled immune systems to see if they would engraft, or attach to the blood vessels of the animal, and continue to mature. They did: The transplanted liver buds developed into what Takebe calls "miniature livers." The team then confirmed that these tiny organs produced proteins typically made by human livers, and they properly processed certain drugs that mouse livers cannot handle. This "proof of concept demonstration" provides a promising new approach to regenerative medicine, the team writes in a paper published online by Nature today.

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Resource:
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2013/07/scientists-grow-human-livers-in.html?ref=hp


【Time 4】

The experiment shows that precursor cells can develop into functional organs when placed within the body of an adult mammal, says Takebe, who hopes to use the technique to grow organs in nonhuman primates and eventually in humans. He believes it could be applied to other organs, such as kidneys or pancreases, as well.
Stem cell scientist Martin Pera of the University of Melbourne in Australia, calls it an "exciting study" that demonstrates that the environment within an adult body can help immature stem cells develop to an adult stage, something that has proven difficult to do in vitro. The report "provides hope that even primitive tissues made from stem cells will one day restore the function of dead or diseased organs in patients," he adds.
But there are significant hurdles to clear before the technique reaches the clinic. In addition to passing all the safety checks needed to gain approval for human use, there is a practical problem. Takebe says they will need to transplant huge numbers of liver buds, comprising billions or trillions of the human iPS-derived precursor cells to even partially replace a human liver. Producing cells in those numbers will require a breakthrough in automated cell proliferation. Because of that, Takebe says use in humans is at least a decade away.

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【Time 5】
Article 3
Rockets Are Seeding the Skies With Clouds


An unexpected increase in the water content of certain thin, wispy clouds at high altitudes over polar regions in 2011 and 2012 may be the result of more rocket launches, a new study suggests. Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) typically form over high latitudes during summer months at altitudes of about 82 kilometers. (They're also known as noctilucent, or "night-shining" clouds, because they're so lofty that they can catch sunlight even when the ground below remains dark, as seen in this image taken from the International Space Station.) Of the hundreds of PMCs spotted in July from 2008 through 2010, satellite data show that only 11 had unnaturally high concentrations of water. But 27 of the PMCs observed in July of 2011 and 2012 were unnaturally moist, the researchers report in Geophysical Research Letters. Moreover, in recent years the densest—and therefore the brightest—PMCs have contained even more water than normal: From 2008 through 2010, the densest PMCs had peak water content of 9 parts per million, whereas in 2011 and 2012 their peak water content often exceeded 12 ppm. Both trends are unexpected, because solar activity—which tends to boost emissions of ultraviolet radiation that heat and dry the upper atmosphere—was much higher in 2011 and 2012 than in the previous 3 years. The researchers suggest that a spate of rocket launches—including commercial rockets as well as Russian Soyuz missions to carry supplies to the International Space Station—may be behind the moister, more frequent clouds: In 2011 and 2012, they estimate exhaust from 17 different summertime rocket launches added more than 700 tons of water into the upper atmosphere. That's enough to explain the observed enhancement in PMCs, which typically form only at high latitudes and altitudes because that's the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere.

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Resource:
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2013/07/scienceshot-rockets-are-seeding-.html

Part II： Obstacle


【Time 6】
Article 4
How Should We Respond When Humans and Sharks Collide?
As vacationers head to the beach this holiday weekend, an expert says communities are taking a variety of approaches to keep swimmers safe.


Would you go swimming where there's recently been a shark attack? It's a quandary that shark attack expert Christopher Neff, a doctoral researcher at the University of Sydney, strives to understand.
Neff has studied how the public and governments respond to shark bites in North America, Australia, and Africa. He says that with more and more people using the ocean, the way we talk about shark attacks and the methods governments use to reduce the risk of shark bites have evolved over time.
Following several shark attacks reported in the U.S. last month—off the coasts of Texas, Hawaii, California, and South Carolina—Neff spoke to National Geographic via email about how communities around the world are responding to similar incidents, and what the thousands of Americans heading to a beach this Fourth of July weekend can do to reduce their chances of encountering a shark.
How rare are fatal shark bites? How can people heading to the beach this holiday weekend stay safe?
The International Shark Attack File has noted that, based on their 2000 data, we have a 1 in 11.5 million chance of being bitten by a shark.
My position is not that sharks are cuddly and we should be friends, but that they can be dangerous and a healthy respect for them is important.
I have a "Three What's" rule that I use when I go to the beach because I want to remind myself that I am stepping into a dynamic and wild ecosystem.
First, I ask, "What's the weather?" because swimming while it's overcast or stormy isn't a good idea. Incoming storms can cause the tide to stir up baitfish, and we want to avoid getting in the way of sharks and their prey. It's recommended that bathers stay out of the water for 24 hours after a storm, not just [until] the next morning.
Second, "What's the time of day and the environmental conditions?" We all know to avoid swimming at dawn and dusk and when the water is cloudy. But we also want to be conscious of other marine life and the seasons.
Are there seals in the area? Did a whale migration just come through? Or, is someone fishing off a pier near the beach or pouring the fish guts in the water? In all of these situations the issue is keeping our distance so sharks do not think that we are their competition [for food].
And third, "What am I doing?" Tips that can help reduce risk include not swimming alone or far away from shore. Simply put, swim in a group and stay close in.
The issue is not depth of the water. You could be waist-deep and 500 feet out standing on a reef; that does not count! In fact, the drop-offs from reefs are a great place for sharks to hang out.
Also, people shouldn't enter the water with shiny jewelry or metal because it can look like a curious thing to check out. Lastly, try not to overdo your splashing around. There are a number of stories about the way playing "shark attack" in the water attracted a shark to the area.
Towns near Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are facing an increase in the great white shark population. How should local governments balance spending money to prevent the relatively remote risk of a shark attack with spending money on other important issues in their communities?
Cape Cod is facing a complicated issue and the balance between costs versus fear is an interesting one. I have actually passed on three recommendations to them from my experience. The emphasis here is on individuals looking at their level of risk before they get in the water.
I suggested conveying information to the public—like signs, texts, and radio ads—that explains the ocean is not a pool. Cape Town [in Africa] has been helped a great deal by issuing citywide press releases to tell people to be cautious during the summer season.
Second, encourage people to swim close to shore. If there is an incident, the closeness to shore makes a huge difference in whether the bite is life-threatening.
Finally, information on the weather and shark behavior can help. Some excellent research out of Western Australia and Cape Town suggests that great white sharks come into shore more frequently when the water temperature is between 64ᵒF and 68ᵒF.
In Chatham, Massachusetts, the average water temperature in the summer is about 70ᵒF. So if you know that there are white sharks in the area and that they are most likely to come inshore when the water temp is somewhere near 64 -70ᵒF, then each bather has information they can use in judging their level of risk.
Public education about sharks is not easy and communities around the world are still sorting out the right ways to talk with locals. Everyone uses the beach in a different way and for different reasons, so finding one message is difficult.
How have responses to shark bites changed over the years? What kind of action should a community take after shark bites like those in the U.S. in recent weeks?
Community responses have changed in a number of ways. The problem is that as more people go in the water, stay in for longer, and do more things—like kayak, surf-ski, bodyboard, or kiteboard—the chances of having shark bites increases.
[There can be] a lot of pressure on a local community that has had three, four, seven shark bites to "do something" about it.
The answer for most of these communities is having notice boards to let surfers know there are risks when going into the surf, good on-site treatment and a nearby hospital to assist with any injuries, and outreach to the public and media to tell the full story. In most cases, the outcome is not serious or not life-threatening, so conveying that is important.

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time1:1m02s
   Without the protection of glacier, the Mont blanc cant growing well with the risk of erosion.
time2；1m20s
   The'protection ability of glacier will less useful  with the global warming growing,
time3:1m42s
    Japanese group transplant the humans organ liver to mice. (没咋看懂，开小差了）
time4: 1m09s
    there is hope to apply this to create human organs，but it will be ten years away.  
time5: 1m13s
    the more rocket launched in to sky, the more water taken into sky, which result that the more clouds.
昨天读了睡眠的文章，意识到早睡的重要性，明天再聊obstacle了
obstacle： 4m49s
     many methods to avoid shark attack。