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沙山路

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Chapter 3 Subject-verb agreement
每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。
1、Subject ane verb must both exist                 
（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。
EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句
（二）只存在主语不存在谓语的句子也是错误的。(Fragment)
2、Subject and verb must make sense together      
主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理
EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be
able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles)
3、subject and verb must agree in number            
主语和谓语在单复数上要一致
4、Eliminate the middlemen, and skip the warm-up      
（三）容易引起 主语不明显的几个情况
1，prepositional phrase
Of mice; for mike; by 1800
In Zambia; with her; at that level
这种短语直接划掉。EG：NEAR Galway, the house on the road to piddle is gorgeous
2.Subordinate clauses
EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.
说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词,经常被用作为middlemen and warm-ups
3.other modifiers
过去分词，现在分词，以及“逗号”（逗号有时会将修饰语与句子其他部分分开）
EG：Limping, the horse once considered one of the favorites was taken away
5、And vs. Additive Phrases            
1. 只有and 连接几个不同的名词的时候才构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。
2. 其他连接性的词（additive phrases)（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including,）连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。
3. 一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾病（diabetes）
虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。
6、or; either or; neither nor               
1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数
EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
2. 若仅仅只有either 或 neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数
EG: Neither the children is going to school
7、Each and every: Singular sensations        
1、each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用单数
EG:
every dog and cat has paws.
Each of these shits is pretty
2、each & every 两个词如果放复数之后用复数
EG: They each are great tennis players.
8、Collective nouns:Almost always singular   
集合名词是单数形式但是指代复数概念，在GMAT中几乎都是单数
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team

Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
9、subject phrases and clauses: always singular
1、短语或者从句：
以who, why, how, whether或that引导主语从句以及-ing 短语，谓语动词用单数
例：Why she did this is not known.  
Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.
Whatever they want to do is fine with me                                                    2、而what引导的从句，要看what后面名词的状况来确定。且整个句子的主语，也需what从句中所涉及对象的数量，来帮助确认。
What is difficult to understand is A.
What are difficult to understand are A,B, and C.
10、Indefinite Pronouns: usually singular        
非限制性的代词，一般用单数
Anyone, anybody, anything,
no one, nobody, nothing,
each, every,
someone, somebody,something,
everyone, everybody, everything
whatever, whoever,either, neither
1，但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据of-phrase后的名词确定单复数：
some, any, none, all ,more/most, part
EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.
Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.
2，注意：不要机械运用of-phrase法则，None of和any of后面接复数词，也有动词是单数的情况，但是not one of 一定是单数
Right：any of these women is suitable candidate for marriage to my son（指一个女人）
Right: not one of my friends is here this weekend
11、quantity words and phrases               
量词
A number of +复数主语+复数谓语
The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语
1、在一些表示quantity和parts的习惯表达中（包括SANAM和fractions& percentages）要考虑of-phrase后面是单数还是复数，从而决定谓语动词的单数还是复数。（preposition phrase判断单复数的例外）
Example: Half of the pie is blueberry, and half of the slices are already gone
2、Majority, minority, and plurality ，根据语境来决定是单数还是复数。1、如果表达不同many individual parts的概念，用复数；表示the total itself用单数。
The majority of the students in this class are hard workers
In the senate, the majority has coalesced in to a unified voting block
12、Flip it
倒装：主语的单复数向后看
注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数
Just around the corner were a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.
EG:
1.
Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
2.
Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Flip it!:  A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.
3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer
pastimes.
Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.
13、When in doubt, think singular
当不确定是单数还是复数的时候 选单数，几率高
总结：


Chapter 4: parallelism
1、superficial parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism
注意：先确定逻辑平行，再确定结构平行，即先确定语义，再确定平行结构
Right: Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night
Wrong:Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, and left late every night
This version gives all the activities equal emphasis!!!
2、Parallel Markers         
And, but ,or,yet
both...and..., either...or...; neither...nor...,
not...but..., not only...but also...,
....rather than...., from...to...
3、Parallel Elements         
平行元素包括：名词，形容词，动词，不定式，分词，介词短语（介词不一定一样），从句
1.平行标志词为and, but, or, yet, 的时候从第二个开始Be动词，情态动词，不定式可以省略掉
2.从句平行时，不省略关系词，关系词可以不同
There are many people who speak english but whose parents do not
3，确保每个平行元素完整
Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not
4、Lists with And         
1，通常逗号
List        Examples
A and B                  apples and pears
A ,B, and C                                   apples,pears, and bananas
A,B,C,and D                                        apples,pears,bananas, and peaches
注意：and只出现在最后一个元素前面，且不可以省略！
2．特殊逗号
连接两个从句，comma是optional的。如果连接两个元素是长的独立句子时候，曼哈顿推荐使用A，and B，以免引起歧义
I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.       
3，分层并列
无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的词必须逻辑层次一致，结构和词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。
Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.
5、idiom with built-In parallel Structure
一些常见的并列习语（1，将X当做Y。2，双宾语。3，比较结构）

6、Watch out for linking verbs               
系动词两边的成分要并列：系动词表达的是“主语是什么／主语在什么状态下”

Be动词+become+感官动词+seem/appear+3r与stay和grow
1，将系动词当成平行标志词，主语和宾语要平行
2，主语和宾语在meaning上保持平行
3，be动词中，当使用进行时与被动语态时不要求平行
Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. 逻辑不合理
Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

Chapter 5: Pronouns
代词错误在GMAT中频率很高，在排除选项时，确保it,its,they,them or their使用正确，包括指代正确和数的一致。
1、The Antecedent Must exist        
代词的先行词必须存在！注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。
EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating
to it.
It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词。  避免歧义就只能重复名词park
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
Them 不能指代所有格的executives'
Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives-in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.

Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded
重复先行词是最好的选择。
2、The antecedent & pronoun must make sense together
将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通
EG: Although the term“super” may sound wonderful, it is simply an machine that can produce
many products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为“term”怎么能是“machine”呢？所以用refer to
3、The Antecedent & Pronoun Must agree in number
代词和先行词的单复数必须一致
4、The Deadly Five: It、Its、They、Them，Their
以上称为“第三人称代词”，当这些词出现，他们要指代正确，并且“格”式正确
重要：
（1）代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。特别是在平行结构中
EG:
Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing
heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based
life as we know it.  这样的指代不会有歧义
（2）It和its在句子中只能指代同一个单数名词；they,them,their只能指代同一个复数先行词，中途指代转换是不允许的！
1．代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who
2．代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3．所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose
（3）所有格名词不能成为除了所有格代词之外的其他代词的先行词
5、This, That, These, and Those         
1，this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做
代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。
EG：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,

2.that或those可以表明一个关于先行词的新的copy,避免重复；就相当于新添加了个描述项；
EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children

3.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。
EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company不一致，应
将those替换为companies.

4.this、these不能单独作为名词使用！That、those也不能当名词使用，除非使用比较结构，表示copy或者被修饰。除此之外，使用it、they、them

5.It ，they 以及人称代词（he/we/she)是完全指代，必须跟前面的是同一个东西
The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.
6、 What about Pronoun Ambiguity ?   
一定的指代模糊是存在的，因为英语表达就是这样。

Chapter 6: Modifiers
1、Adjectives and Adverbs
1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。
2. GMAT 考试中最常出现的修饰结构：
[adjective+adjective+n]：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
[adverb+adjective+n]：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
3.Watch Out for Possessives：要注意所有格形式，修饰语不能修饰所有格名词！同位语修饰抽象名词时，修饰必须符合逻辑！
Right: Origami，a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago，has developed into a true art form only in the past century.

2、 Noun Modifiers
相当于长形容词，包括以下几类

3、Position of noun modifiers
1，Touch Rule：名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。
EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错
To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对
2.避免悬垂结构
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.
3.避免一系列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的错误模式就是：【修饰语+修饰语+主谓宾】
这种是对的：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾
4、Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns
1，Which，that只能修饰物， who /whom只能修饰人
2，which 和whom 有时前面接介词。
3，who是在从句充当主语，whom在从句充当动词或介词宾语
4，That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的
5，whose既可以修饰人又可以修饰物
6，Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance,
arrangement，用in which修饰更好。
7，When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in which代替；
5，Essential vs. Non-Essential Noun Modifiers
名词修饰语要么是限制性名词修饰要么是非限制性名词修饰
1，限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that：有必要的名词修饰语  ：需要这个修饰才能识别作者的意图的修饰语
2，非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which：没必要的名词修饰语：不用这个修饰也能 看出作者的意图。之后的reference不提到非限制性名词修饰语里的信息
3，在有the +n 的情况下，句子一般是不完整的，需要用限定性定语修饰
用that 而不用which 只是因为 which （在没有介词的情况下）必须引导非限定性定从，这样就改变了 作者的逻辑，使得含义不完整；
Non-essential : This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED， is
owned by the tees;
Essential : The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees
4，逗号原则：
Put commas between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns
Put no commas between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns
Non-essential=====用which
Essential====用that
6，Verb Modifiers
（1），修饰动词，用来表示方式，时间，地点，原因。

（2），从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点：
1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。
（3），有些动词修饰语同时修饰动词和动词的主语，如下：

（4），动词修饰语的位置相对灵活，但不是任何位置都可以，必须要避免歧义
7、Which vs. The Present Participle -ing
1，Which 只能修饰在他之前的名词，which不能修饰一个句子
Use Which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-never to refer to an entire clause
2，ing 形式做修饰语
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词 the changing season
（2）修饰动词和动词主语，表伴随。I lifted the weight, whistling
（3）可以修饰一个句子，这种形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

Chapter 7: Verb Tense, Mood, Voice
时态表示动词的动作何时发生；动词语气包括陈述语气，祈使语气；语态包括主动和被动
1，Simple Tenses
1.一般定义,永恒状态，经常性事件用一般现在时。表示过去现在将来都这样。
2，Progressive Tenses
1，现在进行时表示当前正在发生的动作！
2，不能用现在进行时表示将来，用一般将来时
3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify。
EG:
Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
3，The Perfect Tenses
1，现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但持续到现在到现在；或者表示动作结束，但是动作的结果或影响仍然存在

现在完成时的标志词：
since+过去一个时间点，since  1986；
for/within/over/during/in+时间段(the past five minutes  , the last ten days,)
Within the past....../ in the last..../over the past.....   表示.....到现在的一段时间。
2，而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。
Right: We HAVE LIVED in a hut for three days.
我们已经住了三天，而且现在还在住着
Right: We LIVED in a hut for three days
住满三天就不再住了。
3，总结：The Present Perfect indicates either 'continued action or continued effect of a completed action.
In contrast, a time phrase that does not include the present( the last month, in 2007, etc) prevents the use of the present perfect. Use the simple past instead.
Wrong: Veronica HAS TRAVELED all over the world in 2007.
Right: Veronica TRAVELED all over the world in 2007
4，现在完成时can be used in -ing forms, infinitives or subordinate clauses to clarify an ambiguous sequence in time. For instance, the word when can mean either “at the same time” or “after”，使用现在完成时就可以决定一些语义。

5，Past Perfect
1.表示过去的过去。

2，
A、注意：不是任何一个发生在过去的过去的动作都要使用过去完成时，只有当emphasize a sequence of past events时，即：the earlier event should somehow have a bearing on the context of the later event。才能使用过去完成时。
Wrong: Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKED the earth.
Right: Joe LEARNE D about an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKED the earth.
尽管我们都知道learned在 walked之后，但是后者对前者没有直接的影响；这个事件的顺序不需要去被澄清
B、and, but连接的两个句子，如果句子在逻辑上不强调先后顺序，主分句都用一般过去时即可。After和before连接的句子不使用过去完成时。
C、A sequence of verbs with the same subject does not require Past Perfect. Rather use the Simple Past for all the verbs
EG：Antonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream
D、Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中
用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。later past event不一定必须使用过去式的形态，我们可以用一个过去的日期或者another time reference。
EG:
（1）RIGHT：By1945, the United States had been at war for several years
（2）RIGHT：The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
E、若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would）
即
6，Subjunctive Mood
1，虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
（1）假设性虚拟语气：看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，引导词为if, as if, as though
（2）命令型虚拟语气：proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用that引导
2，If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)
（1）表示确定: If present（现在时）, then present（现在时）
if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
（2）表示某种程度的不确定: if present（现在时）, then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.
（3）确定-用于将来时态（现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响）：
if present,（现在时） then future（将来时）
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
（4）不确定-将来时态： （在此句型中，be动词一律用were.）
if hypothetical subjunctive（虚拟语气）, then conditional（情态动词）
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
作者认为S不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词would是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。
（5）从未发生-过去式：
if past perfect（过去完成时）, then conditional perfect（情态动词完成时）
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
注意：
if..那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。
情态动词would/should永远不会出现在“if”从句中，整个结构中也不能出现should,
3，命令性的虚拟语气
(1).一般形式： Bossy Verb+that+subject+动词原形+…这里要用原型！  Be , do
具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,
desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
(2).常见的命令性词汇,只能接that的：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request,stipulate, suggest（2d+2r+2s+imp)
(3).只能用to do的：advise, allow, want, forbid, persuade
(4).即可以接that，又可以to do：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require  (abioupr)
(5).例外：prohibit
常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing，prohibit不能接不定式
(6). whether 后面避免使用虚拟语气 ，因为太陈旧了. Suggest不一定用虚拟语气，要根据语义来判断！
7，Active and passive Voices
1.不要使用除了be 动词以外的动词来构成被动语态；such as get
Wrong: The pizza GOTEATEN by the hungry students.
Wrong: The pizza must GETEATEN today.
1.by只跟动作的执行者； through 和because of 表示动作的设备或者方法
THROUGH a quirk of fate, the pizza WAS accidentally EATEN.
2，只有及物动词才能使用被动语态，不及物动词不能使用被动语语态
Don’t be biased against the passive.Don’t use voice to eliminate answers

Chapter 8  Comparisons
比较的本质还是平行，要结构和逻辑上平行！
1, Like vs. As
1．Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词，代词或者名词短语。或者动名词作名词，如like swimming, skating is great exercise。
Like后面绝对不能跟从句／介词短语
2．As是介词又是连词。其后既可以跟名词，又可以跟句子。
（1）表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like
（2）like＋句子一定错！
2, Keep Comparisons Parallel
比较的两点重要规则
1、比较的对象有具有可比性,logically parallel,即compare similar things
Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.
2、比较要从结构上保持平行, structurally parallel.即have similar grammatical structural
Right: I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.
3,Omitted Words
（1）所有格省略
P.S. 所有格或者所有物单复数都可以，只有逻辑意思合理就行。
EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}.
（2）比较可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。
EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.
I walk faster than Brian [walks}.
I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.
注意：
1，东西A自身在时间纵轴上的比较，如果前句没有时间状语，就要补出整个句子，体现出时态不同的变化
Making the economy more stronger than it was 5 years ago
2，如果前面有时间状语，就像上上句那样。
3，为了不造成歧义，需要补出Helping verbs（such as be,do, have)，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。
EG:
Right：Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)
Wordy：Visual eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts
此时用逻辑判断出donuts不能eat carrots，所以，确定donuts是宾语，此时没有歧义
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
总结：主语比较，新的主语+动词（或省略动词）；介宾比较、宾语比较，直接放介宾和宾语即可
一个重要例子：A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词can)
（二）比较重要考点
1、对主谓宾全的句型
(1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动
作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
(2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面
错:The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.,不是介宾比较
对The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. rack [ræk] n. 齿条；行李架；拷问台

(3)宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
从逻辑上考虑 ，如果C2 不能发出do 这个动作，此时没歧义，C2一定是宾语比较
(4)状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语）
2、一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而
不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat faster than you do（啰嗦） 但是不要排除一个选项，只是因为他补出了助动词
3、AS 族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等
形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(类似于介宾比较）
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较）
Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）
4、特殊句型
AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.
They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
5、There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years
ago(主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介宾
比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)

4，Comparative and Superlative Forms
1、两个事物之间，用比较级；两个事物以上，用最高级。
2、以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +副词，不要改成er形式.一些不以ly结尾的副词，可以改成er形式
EG:
Adam runs more quickly than Jones.
Adrian runs faster than Jacob
3、比较级中一定要有一个than，不要单独的使用形容词的比较级
Chapter10 Odds & ends
1，Connecting Words
1、一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if开头；逗号不
足以连接两个主句。
2、and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，看到“

dodo0707

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hedmj

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