OG13 water right的那篇好难。。。求指点

yuanrong0000

OG13 water right的那篇好难。。。求指点
有没有关于那篇的分析 求分享

1369179610

我来拉~~看看，是这篇吧~~还有没有疑问？欢迎继续讨论~
13.


段一
In  Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme  
Court held that the right to use waters flowing through
or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation  
was reserved to American Indians by the treaty  
establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did
not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the
federal government, when it created the reservation,  
intended to deal fairly with American Indians by  
【reserving】 for them the waters 【without which their  
lands would have been useless.】 Later decisions, 【citing  
Winters,】 established that 【courts can find federal rights
to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land  
in question lies within an enclave under exclusive
federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally  
withdrawn from federal public lands —i.e., withdrawn
from the stock of federal lands available for private  
use under federal land use laws —and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the  
government intended to reserve water as well as land  
when establishing the reservation. 】


reserve：保持，拥有，保留某种权利
举例：
The management reserves the right to refuse admission.  管理部门有权拒绝接收。
all rights reserved 版权所有








虚拟语气之含蓄条件句的用法-条件暗含在短语中：


What would I have done [without] you? (have done 表示的是已经完结的动作。)


  [But for your help] we couldn't have succeeded in your experiment.


He must have the strenghtn of the hippopotamus, [or] he never could have vanquished that great beast.


[Alone,] he would have been terrified.


It would be easier to do it this way.(to do 表示的是即将发生的动作。)




同位语修饰的使用：（很赞的写作手法~~~）


... was reserved to American Indians by the treaty [establishing the reservsation].


本句中 establishing the reservsation 可以和 the treaty 交换位置或相互代替。


Later decisions, [citing Winters,] established that....


同理，citing winters 可以和 decisions 相互交换位置 或相互代替。






1.find  裁决
举例：
How do you find the accused?
The jury found him guilty of manslaughter.(过失杀人)
The court found in her favor.


2.in question  提到的，讨论的，质疑的
3.under exclusive jurisdiction  不在管辖范围之内
4.withdraw 收回
5.under laws  在法律管辖下
6.circumstance 事实，情况
7.establish the reservation 确立专用地


本段大意：在W 案里，最高法院将流经印第安保留地的水域判给印第安人。之后的决议 确定法院在以下三种情况可以收回水权:
1)当提到的土地不归联邦管的时候；
2）国有土地以股票等形式回收归国有的时候；
3）在确立专用地的时候联邦打算保留水权和土地权的情况。








段二
Some American Indian tribes have also established  
water rights through the courts based on their  
traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to
the United States' acquisition of sovereignty. For  
example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when
the United States acquired sovereignty over New
Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became  
part of the United States, the pueblo lands never  
formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in  
any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has  
ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public
lands as American Indian reservations. This fact,  
however, has not barred application of the  Winters
doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian
reservation is a question of practice, not of legal  
definition, and the pueblos have always been treated  
as reservations by the United States. This pragmatic
approach is buttressed by  Arizona v. California (1963),  
wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner
in which any type of federal reservation is created  
does not affect the application to it of the Winters
doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of  
Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens' water  
rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be
considered to have become reservations.  
本段大意：一些部落保留了水权。例如RG村庄，虽然在1848年，它属于美国，但是其土地并不归美国国有。但是这没能阻止W 文件的实施，这个村庄也市场被认为是美国的专用地。不过只要不干预w法案的实施，美国政府是赞同这种灵活处理的。因此，从1848年（RG村庄被看做是美国的专用地）起，印第安人的水权要高于其他公有水权。










本文类型是现象解释型：
段一：现象——w法案中，流经和毗邻印第安专用地的水域使用权归印第安人。原因：本来政府就打算这么做。+w协议例外条款。
段二：深入说明现象：部落还通过法院自己确定水权。举例：RG村庄水权归村庄所有，只要w法案继续施行。










单词：


hold     waters    adjacent to   fort   reservation     reserve    treaty   water rights    rule
fairly    decisions     citing    establish    in question    enclave   diversion    acquisition
pueblo    constitute    executive order   bar   doctrine   pragmatic    buttress   priority over
as of  




认为   水域   毗邻   堡垒   保留地   保留   条款   水权   判决  
公平地   决议   决议   确立   考虑的   飞地（在一个国家领土中的非本国所有的土地）   转移，改变   最高统治权
村庄   等同于   美国总统之行政命令     封锁    法律原则    实际的    支持，鼓励    优先于
自从=as from


难句背诵：


the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction


题目：


rescind      criteria      explicitly     as such    disputing    defer to   prior       primarily
废除          标准           明确地        本身       争论的       遵从       优先的      根本上


60题：文章为何提到这个事实——RG村庄从未从根本上被回收，成为美国的公有土地？
A 暗含解释为甚么之前有观点认为RG不适用于w法案。

yuanrong0000

非常感谢

yuanrong0000

有木有题目的分析呢？

cancel1992

股票。。。。楼主我给你跪了。。。