GMAT OG13 阅读笔记（6篇/日）

1369179610

5.


    When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus  
Garvey came to the United States in 1916, he
arrived at precisely the right historical moment.
What made the moment right was the return of
African American soldiers from the First World War  
in 1918, which created an ideal constituency（支持） 【for  
someone】 with Garvey's message of unity（统一团结的使命）, pride,  
and improved conditions（条件） for African American  
communities.


1916年，Marcus 来美国来对了时候，这是具有历史意义的时刻，1918年战士们回来，支持某个人，这个人的理念和Marcus 一致。





    Hoping to participate in the traditional American  
ethos of individual success, many African American  
people entered the armed forces with enthusiasm,  
only to find themselves segregated from white
troops and subjected to numerous indignities. They  
returned to a United States that was as segrega ted  
as it had been before the war. Considering similar
experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C.
has argued that when a perceptible gap arises  
between a culture's expectations and the reality of  
that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a
revitalization movement: an organized, conscious
effort to construct a culture that fulfills long  
standing expectations.
当现实与希望违背的时候，新兴的运动就会开始，要达到希望。
    Some scholars have argued that Garvey created  
the consciousness from which he built, in the  
1920s, the largest revitalization movement in
African American history. But such an argument
only tends to obscure the consciousness of
identity, strength, and sense of history that already  
existed in the African American community. Garvey  
did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave
this consciousness its political expression.


有些人认为是M开始了这项运动，但是这么认为会给这项运动蒙上灰色的色彩。因此M没有创造这个新的意识，而是给了它一个政治上的解释。


本文类型：现象解释型
现象：运动
解释：种族的隔阂造成的，M只是给这个运动做了政治上的解释。




单词：


Jamaican      perceptible     revitalization   fulfill    obscure
牙买加        可理解的        新生             履行       掩盖


题目：
repudiate  prevailing
否认         主要的

1369179610

3.


    Archaeology as a profession faces two major
problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor.
Only paltry sums are available for excavating and  
even less is available for publishing the results  
and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet
archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day.
Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation,
resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the  
highest bidder（最高价竞买人）.


两个问题：
1.穷
2.非法挖掘
    I would like to make an outrageous  
suggestion that would at one stroke provide
funds for archaeology and reduce the amount  
of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific
archaeological expeditions and governmental  
authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. Such sales would provide substantial
funds for the excavation and preservation of
archaeological sites and the publication of results.
At the same time, they would break the illegal  
excavator's grip on the market, thereby decreasing  
the inducement to engage in illegal activities.


解决办法：市场经济，一举两得
    You might object that professionals excavate to
acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient  
artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,  
which should be available for all to appreciate, not
sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that  
has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But,
you might reply, everything that comes out of the
ground has scientific value. Here we part company.  
Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming
that every artifact has potential scientific value.  
Practically, you are wrong.
驳斥反对意见： 不是所有的物件都是有科学研究价值。
    I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and  
ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of
one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus,
archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually
indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard.  
Even precious royal seal impressions known as  
I'melekh handles have been found in abundance  
—more than 4,000 examples so far.
驳斥反对意见： 有的同种物件个数很多。
    The basements of museums are simply not
large enough to store the artifacts that are likely  
to be discovered in the future. There is not enough  
money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they
cannot be found again and become as inaccessible  
as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with  
the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more
accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging
museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be
photographed and the list of the purchasers could
be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could  
even be required to agree to return the piece if it
should become needed for scientific purposes.
驳斥反对意见：放在博物馆里找不到。
    It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal  
digging would stop if artifacts were sold on  the  
open market. But the demand for the clandestine
product would be substantially reduced. Who would
want an unmarked pot when another was available  
whose provenance was known, and that was dated  
stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist
who excavated it?
补充说明：会大幅减少，不是消灭非法挖掘。


文章类型：问题解决
提出问题，解决方案，驳斥反对意见和补充


单词：


partly    outrageous    expedition     grip    inducement    merit    duplicated   essentially
courtyard   seal    impression    bulging   clandestine    provenance   graphically


微不足道    反常的      远征          掌控       引诱        优点       复制的       基本上
院子的     印章     图画          塞满的     秘密的         出处        逼真地

1369179610

2.


    Ecoefficiency (measures to minimize environment
impact through the reduction or elimination of waste  
from production processes) has become a goal for  
companies worldwide, with many realizing significant  
cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge and
Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but  
suggest that simply adopting ecoefficiency
innovations could actually worsen environmental
stresses in the future.


仅仅是新思想对生态效能没有用~~


Such innovations reduce
production waste but do not alter the number of  
products manufactured nor the waste generated  
from their use and discard; indeed, most companies
invest in ecoefficiency improvements in order to
increase profits and growth.
仅仅是减少了生产污染，并没有减少消费污染，利益驱使。


Moreover, there is no
guarantee that increased economic growth from  
ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways,  
since in today’s global markets, greater profits may  
be turned into investment capital that could easily be  
reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even  
a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could,  
were it to grow much larger, generate more total
waste and destroy more habitat and species than
would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy.
在投资可能还投资旧的技术，而且公司越大绝对污染就越高。


Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global  
environment and sustain economic growth,  
businesses must develop a new systemic approach  
that reduces total material use and total accumulated  
waste.  Focusing exclusively on ecoeffi ciency, which  
offers a compelling business case according to  
established thinking, may distract companies from  
pursuing radically different products and business models.


新的系统的方法需要建立。


本文结构：结论解释型


结论： 方法不好使
     原因：3条
补充：新方法要建立。




单词：


ecoefficiency   laudable    alter   discard   exclusive    compelling    inadvertently
生态效能       值得赞美的    改变     丢弃     专有的        引人入胜的    非故意地

1369179610

1.


    Biologists have advanced two theories to explain  
why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species.
Because schooling is particularly widespread among
species of small fish, both theories assume that
schooling offers the advantage of some protection  
from predators.  
两个理论--鱼类为什么集群
    Proponents（支持者） of theory A dispute the assumption that
a school of thousands of fish is highly visible.
Experiments have shown t hat any fish can be seen,
even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200
meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group,
the spheres of visibility overlap. Thus the chance of a  
predator finding the school is only slightly greater
than the chance of the predator finding a single fish
swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the  
individual fish because a predator's chance of finding  
any particular fish swimming in the school is much  
smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the
same group of fish if the fish were dispersed
throughout an area.
A的支持者：集群使个体相对来说不易被发现
    However, critics of theory A point out that some
fish form schools even in areas where predators are
abundant and thus   little possibility of escaping  
detection exists. They argue that the school continues
to be of value to its members even after detection.  
They advocate theory B, the "confusion effect," which  
can be explained in two different ways.
反对者：  集群本身使目标明显，支持B：混淆视听
    Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply  
cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision
supposedly results from a predator's preference for
striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the
school in appearance. In many schools the fish are  
almost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a
predator to select one. The second explanation for  
the "confusion effect" has to do with the sensory  
confusion caused by a large number   of prey moving
around the predator. Even if the predator  


支持者补充：因为一定范围内不论个体还是集体，被发现的几率几乎相同。




本文：观点对比
但是支持A
A,B对比
A补充说明


单词：




tendency
     偏好

1369179610

4.


    lo and Europa, the inner two of Jupiter's four
largest moons, are about the size of Earth's moon  
and are composed mostly or entirely of rock and  
metal. Ganymede and Callisto are larger and roughly
half ice. Thus, these four moons are somewhat
analogous（相似的） to the planets of the solar system, in which  
the rock-and metal-rich inner planets are distinct from
the much larger gas- and ice -rich outer planets.  
Jupiter's moons are, however, more "systematic":  
many of their properties vary continuously with
distance from Jupiter. For example, lo is ice-free,  
Europa has a surface shell of ice, and while
Ganymede and Callisto are both ice-rich, outermost
Callisto has more.
木星四个卫星的两颗的地理特征


    This compositional gradient has geological
parallels, lo is extremely geologically active, Europa  
seems to be active on a more modest scale, and  
Ganymede has undergone bouts of activity in its  
geological past. Only Callisto reveals no geological  
activity. In similar fashion, Callisto's surface is very
heavily cratered from the impact of comets and
asteroids; Ganymede, like Earth's moon, is heavily
cratered in parts; Europa is very lightly cratered; and  
no craters have been detected on lo, even though
Jupiter's gravity attracts comets and asteroids  
passing near it, substantially increasing the
bombardment rate of the inner moons compared to
that of the outer ones. But because of lo's high
degree of geological activity, its surface undergoes  
more-or-less continuous volcanic resurfacing.  


卫星的相似性。Io 地理活动很活跃， E次之，G再次之，C基本没有活动。
陨石坑数量也有递增变化
木星引力对地理活动也有影响。


观点对比（并列式）

米恺儿

赞赞赞！

bejamin1111

Nice

fairypp

赞赞赞~~~~

妃理英

非常需要，非常感谢

reachthesky

很棒啊楼主