【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障7系列】【7-2】科技

h14zpsn

今天给大家post 5个不同的故事吧~
速度1：

What Sleep Crime Tells Us About Consciousness

There was nothingoutwardly unusual about the man who showed up at the Minnesota Regional Sleep DisordersCenter on June 27, 2005. Like thousands of other clinic patients, BenjaminAdoyo (not his real name) was a sleepwalker. A 26-year-old college student,originally from Kenya, Adoyo had been wandering at night since childhood.Lately, though, the behavior had been getting worse. Adoyo had gotten marriedin February, and his wife would wake to him shaking her while looming overtheir bed and babbling unintelligibly. Scared, she would simply do her best torouse Adoyo, who, once awakened, never remembered a thing. They lived in aone-bedroom apartment in Plymouth, a suburb of Minneapolis, and thesleepwalking was straining their young marriage. The referral form from Adoyo'sprimary care doctor noted that the patient's wife was “sometimes startled by hisbehavior, but no injury, per se.”
After evaluatingAdoyo, the sleep center's clinicians directed him to return on August 10 for anovernight electroencephalography (EEG) study of the electrical waves generatedby his brain during sleep. In the middle of the night, Adoyo began thrashingabout and yanking at the wires connected to the electrodes, pulling out tuftsof hair as he ripped them off. But he did not wake up. The next morning MichelCramer Bornemann, director of the center, told Adoyo that the study supported adiagnosis of a sleep disorder known as a non-REM parasomnia. Recounting whenAdoyo ripped off the sensors, Bornemann asked, “Do you recall feeling any pain orpulling?
（253）

速度2：

Aspiration Makes Us Human

Sit down with an anthropologist to talk about the natureof humans, and you are likely to hear this chestnut: “Well, you have toremember that 99 percent of human history was spent on the open savanna insmall hunter-gatherer bands.” It's a classic cliché of science, and it's true.Indeed, those millions of ancestral years produced many of our hallmarktraits—upright walking and big brains, for instance. Of course, those wildlyuseful evolutionary innovations came at a price: achy backs from our bipedalstance; existential despair from our large, self-contemplative cerebral cortex.As is so often the case with evolution, there is no free lunch.
Compounding thechallenges of those trade-offs, the world we have invented—and quite recentlyin the grand scheme of things—is dramatically different from the one to whichour bodies and minds are adapted. Have your dinner come to you (thanks to thepizza delivery guy) instead of chasing it down on foot; log in to Facebook tointeract with your nearest and dearest instead of spending the better part ofevery day with them for your whole life. But this is where the utility of theanthropologist's cliché for explaining the human condition ends.
（202）
速度3：

Researchers Disagree About How to Extend Human Lifespan


An American born a century ago would have been expectedto live, on average, just 54 years. Many children died young, and giving birthwas one of the most dangerous things a woman would do. But thanks tovaccinations, antibiotics, sanitation and better maternal care, we are now muchmore likely to die in old age than in our youth. An infant born today shouldlive to see a 78th birthday.
The easy gainsagainst the grim reaper have been won. Now as people live to ever older ages,they confront two broad sets of forces that conspire to impose the ultimatehuman limit. First, each extra year we live means another year of accumulateddamage to the body's cells and organs—damage that slower cellular-repairsystems cannot quite fix. In addition, age is the biggest risk factor forcommon deadly ailments that researchers have been relatively powerless against,such as cancer, heart disease andAlzheimer's.
（156）

速度4：

Experiments Scientists Would Do If They Lived Indefinitely

A lifetime is very long relative to the picosecond ittakes for two atoms to form a molecule, but it is the blink of an eye comparedto many natural phenomena, from the rise of mountain chains to the collisionsof galaxies. To answer questions that take more than a lifetime to resolve,scientists hand their efforts down from one generation to the next. In medicalscience, for example, longitudinal studies often follow subjects well after theoriginal researchers have passed; some studies that are still ongoing startedas far back as the 1920s. The record for the most extensive sequence ofuninterrupted data gathering in history may belong to the ancient Babylonians' AstronomicalDiaries, which contain at least six centuries' worth of observations from thefirst millennium B.C.; those records have revealed recurring patterns in suchevents as solar and lunar eclipses.
In most fields ofscientific research, however, some of the most interesting and fundamentalquestions remain open because scientists simply have not had enough time topursue them. But what if time were no object? I recently spoke with leadingresearchers in various fields about the problems they would attack if they had1,000 years—or 10,000 or even a million—to make observations or performexperiments. (To keep the focus on the science rather than on futurology, Iasked them to assume they could use only technology that is state of the arttoday.) Condensed versions of their intriguing replies follow.
（245）



速度5：
10,000 YEARS: HOW DID LIFEBEGIN?
Robert Hazen, earth scientist at George Mason University
In the early1950s Stanley Miller and Harold Urey of the University of Chicago famouslyshowed that some basic building blocks of life, such as amino acids, formspontaneously given the right conditions. It seemed that solving the mystery ofthe origin of life could be just a matter of combining the right chemicals andwaiting long enough. It has not turned out to be that simple, but over 10,000years or so a modern version of the Urey-Miller experiment might yield somerudimentary self-replicating molecule able to evolve through naturalselection—in short, life.
An experiment tosimulate the origin of life has to take place in a geochemically plausibleenvironment and start from scratch. The primordial soup may have containedmillions of different kinds of small molecules, which could combine and reactin an astronomical number of possible ways. In the ocean, though, they wouldhave been so diluted that the chances of any two molecules running into eachother, much less reacting chemically, were very low. The most plausibleexplanation is that self-replicating molecules first assembled on the surfaceof rocks. The wet surfaces of primordial Earth would have constituted a vastnatural laboratory, running perhaps 1030
little experiments at any onetime, over a period of maybe 100 million to 500 million years.A 10,000-yearlaboratory effort could attempt to re-create this situation by running hugenumbers of tiny experiments simultaneously. These molecular nurseries wouldlook from the outside like rooms filled with racks of computer servers, butinside there would be chemical “labs-on-chips” containing hundreds of microscopicwells, each with different combinations of compounds reacting on a variety ofmineral surfaces. The chips would constantly and autonomously monitor thereactions to check for signs that a molecule had gone into runawayself-replication.
（305）


越障：



Drinking TooMuch? Blame Your Glass




Before youdown that pint, check the shape of your glass—you might be drinking more beerthan you realize. According to a new study of British beer drinkers, an opticalillusion caused by the shape of a curved glass can dramatically increase thespeed at which we swill.
Binge drinking is a growingproblem in the United Kingdom, particularly among young people, saysexperimental psychologist Angela Attwood of the University of Bristol. The risein drinking and associated criminal activity is so severe, she says, that "peopleare getting more and more reluctant to venture into city centers atnight." Aside from increases in crime, binge drinking is a public healthrisk: according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the harmful use ofalcohol—defined as drinking that damages health and has negative socialrepercussions—results in 2.5 million deaths per year worldwide and is the thirdlargest factor in the global burden of disease. Although WHO describeslegislative solutions such as raising the price of alcohol and increasing thedrinking age as effective interventions, such measures are so unpopular thatmany governments are reluctant to implement them.
Given the difficulty ofcontrolling drinking with legislation, Attwood and her colleagues hope to curbit through education. People don’t always realize how much or how fast they'redrinking, she explains. For example, a previous study by a team of researchersat Queen Margaret University in the United Kingdom found that the mean alcoholcontent in a "usual" single drink poured by subjects was actuallytwice that of the standard U.K. alcohol "unit" used to measureconsumption. Attwood suspected that the shape of a beer glass, which can givethe appearance of different volumes to the same amount of liquid, might alsodistort perception of how much alcohol is being consumed.
To test the hypothesis, she andher colleagues randomly divided 160 young, healthy people—students and facultymembers of the University of Bristol, as well as some members of the generalpublic—into eight groups. It wasn't difficult to recruit participants, Attwoodsays. "eople tend to be quite happy to get free lemonade or beer."Using the standard WHOtest for hazardous drinking, called AUDIT, the researchers screenedthe participants to include only "social beer drinkers," notalcoholics. They assigned each group to drink either about 177 milliliters orabout 354 milliliters of lager or soft drink from straight or curved glasses.While the participants drank, they watched a nature documentary deemedemotionally neutral, so that they wouldn’t be "sitting there with nothingto do but drink," Attwood says. The team videotaped the drinkers over twosessions, disguising the real purpose of the test with a fake word search taskat the end of each session.
After watching video of bothsessions and recording how much time it took for the drinkers to finish theirbeer or sodas, Attwood’s team found that one groupconsistently drank much faster than the others: the group drinking afull glass of lager out of curved flute glasses. In a paper published thismonth in PLoS ONE, the team reports that whereas the group with straightglasses nursed their 354 milliliters of lager for about 13 minutes, the groupwith the same amount of beer served in curved glasses finished in less than 8minutes, drinking alcohol almost as quickly as the soda-drinkers guzzled theirpop. However, the researchers observed no differences between people drinking177 milliliters of beer out of straight versus fluted glasses.
Attwood believes that the reasonfor the increase in speed is that the halfway point in a curved glass isambiguous. Social beer drinkers, she says, naturally tend to pace themselveswhen drinking alcohol, judging their speed by how fast they reach half-full.Another experiment in which participants were asked to judge different levelsof fluid in photographs of straight and curved glasses showed that peopleconsistently misjudge the volume in fluted glasses, Attwood says. A simplesolution to this problem would be to mark beer glasses with the accuratehalfway point, she says. "We can't tell people not to drink, but we cangive them a little more control."
Jan Gill, an experimentalpsychologist at Queen Margaret University who helped establish that people havea tendency to overpour, agrees that Attwood and colleagues have shown aninteresting effect of glass shape on how fast people drink. However, severalaspects of the study give her pause. For example, she thinks that the inclusionof people who drink up to 50 units of alcohol per week—roughly 12 liters of3.5% to 4% strength beer -- is pushing the limit on what constitutes a"social beer drinker." At that level of consumption, she thinkspeople will drink quickly no matter what because they're "just drinking toget drunk."
（804）
真心被越障的排版纠结到了
还是给原始链接~~~
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/08/drinking-too-much-blame-your-gla.html

我心匪席

占~

1’52

BA was a sleepwalker; he could not remember what he did in his sleep. His behavior strained his marriage, and he visited doctor to get help.

1’40

Humans spent a long history in open savanna, during which humans developed characteristics, such as upright walking and big brains. Whereas, the world we live today was different from the adaptive form we’ve developed from the long history.

??忘计时了= =

Thanks to better medical care, American lifespan extends longer. Nowadays, people confront two problems: accumulating damage to body cell and deadly disease.

1’51

Most scientific research takes a lifetime to develop. Hence, the study will be handed down from generation to another.

2’19

Chemistry and long time may contribute the origin of life. In the lab, life experiment can be stimulated by running huge numbers of chemical experiments simultaneously.

5’09

Optical illusion caused by the shape of a curved glass may increase the speed at which we drink.

Binge drink was associated with the increasing crimes at night and became a third largest factor to global burden of disease.

Legislation is difficulty in controlling binge drink; education may be a better alternative. But researchers need to do test to confirm the hypothesis that curved glass may speed up the drinking.

Tests are performed, test subjects include students researchers and public people, and they are offered to drink beer or lemonade with straight glass, curved glass and fluted glass. Test results show that people drink beer out of curved glass more quickly than out of straight glass, but the speeds are the same for people drinking beer out of straight glass and fluted glass.

Increasing speed may come from the fact that people cannot find the half way point on glass, from which they control their drinking speed.

However, the test result may lose its convincing point when refers to alcohol addicts.

Fighting小虾米

1‘53
1’07
0‘53
1’13
1‘35

越障：
5’06
Glass make the people to drink more.
An experiement support that people drink faster due to the glass. The halfway of the curved glass is ambiguous.
But another guy think people drink quickly no matter what because they're just drinking to get drunk

miffyhui

1’24”
1’01”
53”
1’12”
1’26”
4’17” No matter what measures government takes to limit drinking, the drinkers increased.
Drinking not only is associated with crime but also affected people’s health.
Now, a new study shows that the shape of glass can affect the velocity of drinking.
A and her colleague screen the participants to include only social beer drinkers.
The experiment shows that people who drink the beer in straight glass faster than those who drink the beer in curve glass.
However, people who drink 50 units of alcohol per week drink fast no matter what shape the glass is.

谢谢lz的文章~为啥好多词都连在一起了
---------------------------------------------------------------------
我自己的回忆也是，怎么一发过去就连在一起了！再编辑看看

angela不怕孤单

speed
02：21
the sleepwalker is unconsciouse about what they do after they fall asleep.
01：43
it is about they evolution of human
01：52
people tend to live longer than before,but there are many factors that stop people to live long.
03：19
03：07
the life begins from the combination of two atons and the scientists try to imulate the progress.

obstacle
10：21drinking is a severe problem in the uk.
alcohol damage health.
people want to resolve this problem through education.
curved bottle make people drink more quickly and people tend to misjudge the level of fluid.
people tend to overpour.
开学各种混乱，又连不上网，落了小分队。尽快搞好无线，继续小分队！

风随心动01

[Time 1]
耗时：1:34
1分钟内阅读字数：253-105=148
[Time 2]
耗时：1:17
1分钟内阅读字数：202-48=154
[Time 3];
耗时：1:10
1分钟内阅读字数：156-30=126
[Time 4]
耗时：1:48
1分钟内阅读字数：248-115=133
[Time 5]
耗时：1:57
第五篇速度。。。不知所云。。。
7:59
1. A study showed that the amount of alcoholpeople drunk was related to the shape of beer cup.
2. Drinking is one of the unsolved problemthat harm public health.
3. Attwood, A psychology, found out a wayto help control the amount of alcohol people drink, that was the shape of deercup
4. Attwood did experiment: She dividedsubjects to eight groups, and gave them two kinds of beer cups with different shapes.
5. Attwood worked out that the groups whichdrunk more beer had different time. The group with cured cup used less time than the group with straight cups to drink same amount of alcohol.
6. The reason of the result is the waypeople control their drinking speed.
7. The result of the experiment can helpcontrol the speed they drink and then the amount they drink.
8. Another psychologist agreed with Attwood’s opinion.

莽莽要上7

Speed:
1'26
56'
42'
1'20
1'42

Obstacle: 6'13
1. A new study shows that the shape of curved glass increases the speed of drinking.
2. Drinking is a problem in UK. Several examples are provided.
3. It is difficult for legislation to control drinking, the AXX wants to control it by education, because people do not realize that how much and how fast they drink.
4. A and her colleagues tested the hypothesis by an experiment. Describe the experiment.
5. The result of the experiment: one group that continuously drank is fast than the others.
6. The reasons for this phenomena is ambiguous. A believed that people can shape the glasses in order to control the speed of drinking.
7. Another experts agree the conclusion mentioned by A. But he still pointed out some aspects needed to be considered.

我记得住框架，但是有的框架下面的细节在笔记上面写了KW但是看笔记回忆的时候就不知道是写什么了~在加强。

Thanks for posting！^^

吉迈特

2'
1'46''
1'4''
1'33''
2'

铁板神猴

冰冻, try this:

1、如何避免文字粘连
采用如下步骤，可以最大程度避免文字粘连、格式出错等问题：
1）将文章复制到word中，仅保留文字（或去除所有格式）
2）在word中编排好所有内容，但不改动字体、颜色等格式
3）发帖区左上角“黏贴为无格式文本”
4）最后，在发帖区改动格式即可

铁板神猴

1’24”
1’01”
53”
1’12”
1’26”
4’17” No matter what measures government takes to limit drinking, the drinkers increased.
Drinking not only is associated with crime but also affected people’s health.
Now, a new study shows that the shape of glass can affect the velocity of drinking.
A and her colleague screen the participants to include only social beer drinkers.
The experiment shows that people who drink the beer in straight glass faster than those who drink the beer in curve glass.
However, people who drink 50 units of alcohol per week drink fast no matter what shape the glass is.

谢谢lz的文章~为啥好多词都连在一起了
---------------------------------------------------------------------
我自己的回忆也是，怎么一发过去就连在一起了！再编辑看看

-- by 会员 miffyhui (2012/9/4 9:17:05)

miffy同学试试LS的步骤3）