【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障5系列】【5-03】科技

h14zpsn

那今天baby姐光荣下岗，于是我响应当的号召接过了这面大旗~~~第一次发，发的不好大家直接私信我就是啦~~~


What Countries Are Doing To Tackle Climate Change
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While nations wrangle over a new global treaty on climate change, the question on many minds is: What happens next?
Key portions of the Kyoto Protocol are set to expire at the end of 2012. But many of the world's major greenhouse gas emitters have already set national targets to reduce emissions, and they're forging their own initiatives to meet those goals.
Some are focusing on curbing deforestation and boosting renewable energy sources. Several nations are experimenting with cap-and-trade plans: Regulators set mandatory limits on industrial emissions, but companies that exceed those "caps" can buy permits to emit from companies that have allowances to spare. In some cases, it's not clear that countries are doing much to meet their stated climate goals. What is clear is that the pledges currently on the table aren't legally binding, and they fall far short of what would be required to stabilize the planet's atmosphere.
Here's a look at what nations are doing:
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Australia
Australia didn't sign onto the Kyoto Protocol until 2007, after its Labor Party took control of government, reversing the previous administration's policy. Under the climate pact, Australia agreed to hold the growth in its greenhouse gas emissions to 8 percent above 1990 levels for the 2008-2012 period. By and large, Australia has met those targets, mostly by reducing deforestation and land clearing.
In November 2011, Australian lawmakers approved an ambitious carbon trading plan — the world's largest outside of Europe. Under the plan, Australia's 500 worst polluters would be forced to pay a tax on every ton of carbon they emit starting in July 2012. By 2015, the nation plans to move to a full-on, market-based carbon trading system. Australia says it plans to link its carbon market to one set up in neighboring New Zealand. That might make it harder to dismantle the market if conservatives win back control of Australia's government in 2013.
Brazil
Brazil's National Climate Change Plan is focused on expanding renewable electric energy sources and beefing up the use of biofuels in the transportation industry. The country is also focusing heavily on reducing deforestation rates: It's hoping to eliminate illegal deforestation and bring the net loss of forest coverage to zero by 2015.
But a proposal to loosen Brazil's deforestation rules is currently making its way through the legislature. If enacted, critics say the changes could create more opportunities for logging.
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Canada
Canada did little to try to meet its obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Indeed, today, the country's emissions are 17 percent above 1990 levels — in large part because of emissions tied to the dirty business of extracting oil from Alberta's tar sands.
According to a Canadian government report released in mid-2011, emissions from tar sands will more than cancel out the progress that Canada has made in shifting its electricity generation from coal to natural gas. By 2020, the report projects that Canada will fall well short of its stated emission-reduction targets
China
China is the world's biggest producer and consumer of coal — and the No. 1 emitter of greenhouse gases and the second-largest consumer of energy. But it's also a developing nation — which means that, like other developing nations, it isn't required to lower its emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.
Still, China's coal resources aren't infinite, and as the country finds itself importing more of the fossil fuel to power its growth, it is also aggressively pursuing renewable energy sources. Chinese leaders have said they want non-fossil fuels to account for 15 percent of the nation's energy sources by 2020. Under a law passed in 2005, Chinese power grid companies are required to purchase a certain percentage of their total power supply from renewable energy sources. And China provides extensive subsidies to its clean energy sector — like the U.S., it hopes that green tech jobs can fuel future growth. Even so, many analysts warn that weaning China off coal won't be easy.
The country has also committed to boosting its forest cover, and it is experimenting with a carbon trading plan: Lawmakers recently approved a pilot program in seven provinces and cities.
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European Union
Under the Kyoto Protocol, the then-15 EU member states signed on to reduce emissions by 8 percent below 1990 levels by 2012. To meet that goal, in 2005 the EU launched the biggest carbon trading market in the world. Today, all 27 member states are required to participate, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Major factories and power plants in the EU are granted permits for how much carbon they can emit. Companies that emit less carbon than their allotted amount can sell their extra carbon credits to firms that exceed their emissions limit.
Starting in January, all airlines with flights that take off or land in Europe will be required to buy carbon permits to offset emissions from their flights. That requirement has sparked objections and legal challenges from several nations that argue it violates international law.
India
India is the world's No. 3 emitter of greenhouse gases, but because it's a developing nation, it isn't required to cut emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. That said, India is an active participant in the Clean Development Mechanism — a carbon offset plan set up under the Kyoto Protocol. Basically, the CDM lets developing nations like India earn credits for implementing emission-reducing projects. India can then sell those credits to an industrialized nation, which can count them toward its overall emissions-reduction commitment. India has hundreds of CDM projects; almost half of them focus on wind power and biomass.
India has set an ambitious goal of getting 20 gigawatts of solar power online by 2022. A gigawatt of electricity is enough to power a small city. In 2010, the country started levying a carbon tax on coal to help subsidize renewable energy projects.
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Indonesia
Indonesia is home to vast swaths of tropical forests, which suck up atmospheric carbon. But those forests are being logged at an alarming rate — and that's releasing huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. Under a deal with Norway that went into effect in May 2011, Indonesia agreed to implement a two-year moratorium on new concessions for clearing forests in exchange for $1 billion in support for its forest conservation efforts.
But many observers question Indonesia's commitment to preventing deforestation, given that the country's current economic boom has been largely fueled by extraction of its natural resources. Allegations that Forestry Ministry officials have lined their political war chests with funds raised by selling off logging rights haven't done much to bolster confidence.
Japan
The world's No. 5 greenhouse gas producer, Japan committed to reducing its emissions by 6 percent below their 1990 levels under the Kyoto Protocol, and it was largely on track to meet that goal. In 2010, it launched a cap-and-trade plan aimed at forcing some 1,300 major businesses — including large office buildings, public buildings and schools — in the Tokyo metropolitan region to reduce their emissions.
However, the Fukushima nuclear disaster threw Japan a fastball. The nation relied on nuclear power for about a third of its electricity, but in the wake of the March 2011 accident, the vast majority of its reactors have gone offline. The lost output forced Japan to institute energy-reducing measures and, in the short term, to rely more heavily on fossil fuel-burning power utilities — which boosted its emissions in 2011. With the Japanese public now wary about nuclear energy, the nation's leaders are trying to find a new way forward.
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越障：
Jean-Martin Charcot: The Father of Neurology




Jean-Martin Charcot was born in Paris, France in 1825 at a time when the field of Neurology had not been formally recognized as a distinct specialty. He was a gifted painter who used his artistic abilities and strong visual memory to make associations about patterns of disease in the field of medicine and anatomy. His father, financially limited, decided that the son who performed best amongst the four in school would go on to receive a higher education, a competition that Jean-Martin won, thus providing him the opportunity to enter medical school. Mastery of the French, English, German, and Italian languages enabled him to read the medical literature in these languages, which accounted for his well-rounded knowledge of a variety of subjects including gerontology, diseases of the joints and lungs, and the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system.

ACADEMIC CAREER
After finishing medical school at the age of 23, Charcot worked as an intern at the “Hospital de la Salpêtrière.” A well received thesis on the differentiation of gout from chronic rheumatoid arthritis propelled him to “Chef de Clinique” in 1853, a position he would hold for three years before being appointed “physician to the hospitals of Paris” in 1856. Despite the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) and the revolt of Paris temporarily halting his professional assent, the appointment as “Professor of the Pathological Anatomy at the University of Paris” in 1872 would be a pivotal turning point in his career.
Charcot, who was trained as a pathologist, recognized the important relationships between clinical and anatomical findings.He gathered extensive data through clinical observations, including changes in a patient’s clinical status (clinical signs and symptoms), and subsequently correlated them with findings on autopsy (pathology). Although Laennec (the inventor of the first stethoscope) played a prominent role in revising this method (anatomoclinical method), which was initially taught by Italian pathologist Giovanni Morgagni (1682–1771), Charcot brought this idea back to the forefront by demonstrating the technique daily to his fellow clinicians, students, and the public.
As professor of pathological anatomy, he lectured on diseases of all organs while providing cadavers and specimens for students. Some of his students that would go on to become well-known physicians include Sigmund Freud, Charles Babinski, and Gilles de la Tourette. Charcot had a special method of teaching that distinguished him from other professors, utilizing a unique and innovative teaching style for the time period, which included interviewing one or more patients diagnosed with the same condition during case presentation, imitating neurological symptoms of the patients, and drawing pictures illustrating the main clinical findings of a disease.Furthermore, as photography became popular, this new tool enabled him to capture the main features of particular diseases and to demonstrate them to his audience.

THE SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL
Originally constructed by Louis XIII as a gun factory and place to store gunpowder during the 16thcentury, Charcot would develop the Salpêtrière into a premier center for neurology. He was instrumental in converting this building in the 17th century to the Salpêtrière Hospital from monies received from charitable organizations, including the Vincent de Paul foundation. A state-of-the-art neurological center for its time, Charcot established a pathology lab and introduced opthalmoscopy, photography, and microscopy at the Salpêtrière. Used as an asylum for beggars, prostitutes, and the insane, he referred to this hospital as a place of “grand asylum of human misery.” Charcot was officially responsible for the oversight of medical care at Salpêtrière, having a patient population around 5000 in 1862, with nearly 3000 suffering from neurological diseases, providing him with a vast number of cases in which he could conduct his studies. In an attempt to bring about order and make it easier for future physicians to conduct studies on these subjects, Charcot and one of his colleagues examined each of the patients and classified them according to their specific neurological disorder. His trip to London for the International Medical Congress in 1881 brought international recognition to Charcot and the Salpêtrière for their progress in neurology, and created suitable circumstances for the French Parliament to create and appoint Charcot as Chair in diseases of the nervous system.

FOUNDER OF MODERN NEUROLOGY
In addition to providing a complete clinical description coupled with the pathological changes associated with a variety of neurological diseases, allowing for their precise classification, Charcot’s other significant accomplishments include the following: describing the brain’s vascular supply, differentiating tremors found in Parkinson’s disease with those of patients with multiple sclerosis, differentiating hysteria from epilepsy, being one of the first physicians to set up rehabilitation clinics for the treatment of his patients, and formulating a triad (known as the Biliary Triad) for diagnosing acute cholangitis which consists of right upper quadrant pain, jaundice and fever.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
The first description of multiple sclerosis (MS) dates back to the 14th century, but it was Charcot and the use of the anatomoclinical method that made the first correlations between the clinical features of MS and the pathological changes noted post-mortem. The recognition of MS as a distinct disease was quite a feat for the time, as many diseases in the early 19th century that would now be categorized as either neurological or psychiatric would have been grouped into a general class of “nervous disorders,” with no separation between individual conditions. Such an attempt at the classification of neurological diseases had not been undertaken prior to Charcot.Only a small group of illnesses such as epilepsy, paraplegia, and neurosyphilis were differentiated at the time.
Although Sir Robert Carswell noted the presence of demyelinating lesions associated with MS, and Jean Cruveilhier was the first to document the clinical findings from a patient that would later develop demyelinating lesions, the implications of these findings were not fully understood.Charcot’s detailed description of MS in 1868 (described as “la sclérose en plaques”), accompanied by the first drawings illustrating the expansions of lesions from the ventricles into the cerebral hemispheres, provided the earliest insight into the pathology of MS involving both the brain and spinal cord. He would go on to fully describe the various forms of MS (cephalic, spinal, and mixed/cerebrospinal), once again correlating the symptoms at presentation with findings post-mortem.
In addition to lecturing about this disease on a regular basis, Charcot was the first person to diagnose MS on a living patient. In fact, he even formulated a triad for diagnosing MS (nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning speech).Though lacking in specificity, it remains important as it was an attempt to separate this disease from similar diseases affecting the nervous system.Remarkably, the relevance of some of his histopathological observations have only recently been acknowledged, such as axonal transaction within plaques and remyelination.
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teddybearj4

哈哈~是冰冻呀~~~~~来顶个！！！

舍不得baby姐呀~~~baby姐~~~~~~~~~~~~

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（看得出，冰冻今天准备的文章都是很用心的呀~~~）

速度：
46"   1'06   1'09    1'15    1'23
越障：5'05
Main idea:
It is a biography of the Jean Martin C,the father of neurology.
Structure:
*A brief introduction and the contribution of Jean Martin C.
*Academic career.
Introduce his academic career chronologically. Serving as an exert in pathological anatomy, Jean Martin C systematically set up the knowledge and cultivated some students who also contributes a lot to the mechanical field.
*The SALPÊTRIÈRE hospital
Jean Martin C built up an exclusive department for neurology in the hospital. Also, he established a professional lab to study.
*Founder of modern neurology
His accomplishments are to bound neurological diseases with some scientific treatments.
*MS
Jean Martin was the first man to diagnose the disease.

泾渭不凡

咩哈哈哈~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

h14zpsn

总算截稿了···各位多捧场呀~~·

clover928

捧个场~哈哈~冰冻baby~哈哈

上邪

占一个。。。姐姐走了啊、、？

Suri在奋斗

恩啦，冰冻君的帖子呀

babybearmm

哇~原来是冰冻君~~大力支持！

cleotina

顶顶  支持冰冻
感谢和恭喜baby

55''
1'14''
Australia
sign the protocol until 2007. and it fulfill the aim through cotrol the
emination and deforest.
Brizal: it also have a plan
1'32''
canade has a long way to go since it's tar industry
China, the hot issue, diascharge a huge mount of greenhouse gas, and since
it lack of fossil resource, it find other ways to meet the protocol,
developing the New energy.
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European Union
16 countryes have join in the Protocol. and they do their effort to
restrain the elimination volume
India, the third largest country, still find way restrain the discharge.
1'50
Indonesia: sign the protocol, however, since its economic development depends on extraction of natural resources. So, it is doutble that whether it restrict the deforest.
Japan: as the No.5 green house producer, Japan largely meet the goal. however, since the accident of 2011, Japanese scare of Newclear power, so this year it use more fossil fuel.
9'
Charcot, the father of the neurology.
born in France, a wealth family, his father sent him to University. Taking of advantage of knowing four language, he readed lots of books in medical.
after graduating, he become a intern in a hospital. after one year he went to University to do research. this is a pivotal turning point in his career.
He researched the pathology, and used special to teach his student, some of them become famous doctors. And his achevement was found, then be anominated as the chair of the desease of Neurous system.
he found neurous research center, which diagnose more than 5000 patients, in order to make a reasonalble guide for the successor, he and his colleague research all of his patients, then made a classify.
he also has lot of other achevements, which made him the founder of modern neurology.
he also study the MS, and pointed out that the desease was cased by botn brain and spinal cord

暮已央

啊呀~~baby姐考完了就要离开偶们啦~~
太不舍了~~还是要恭喜姐姐！
我们也要加油啊！
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越障：
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今天的越障···好难啊···
结构不难，但是里面的各类医学名词太多了！首字母提取不过来，定位都定晕了，内容到后面基本上就不懂了啊
首先介绍C人，是神经学的鼻祖，第一个把N和其他学科分开的人
我记得最清楚的就是第一段，C他小时候绘画能力很强，记忆力不错，很牛很牛所以父亲把他送去学医了
在医学院学习期间，因为会四种语言，所以那些著作都被他看过了，学习领域包括解剖学病理学等等吧
（从这一点我很想说：有人比你聪明，有人比你努力，还有那么些人是又聪明又努力啊~泪流）
毕业时23岁，到了S医院，然后一直升迁，头衔换了几次，有了一些后来成就不错的学生A\B\C
他和其他教授不一样的方法是会一次诊断相同情况的一个或几个病人，模仿他们的神经症状，画出图像说明种临床表现
接下来是S医院的一次改建，得到了机构的赞助，改了名字装修了医院引进了设备技术，因为C，所以这家医院吸引很多神经病人来就诊
后面应该都是C对这个神经学领域作出的贡献和他的医学成就···原谅我实在记不住了~~~泪奔···