[求助]LSAT-4-1-6, 两个词搞不懂？？？？

G-CRACKER

下面这题，答案是E,可偶看不出Historian 的criteria & principle 都是什么？两者词义上有很大区别吗？

6. Historian: Alexander the Great should not be judged by appeal to current notions of justice. Alexander, an ancient figure of heroic stature, should be judged by the standards of his own culture. That is, did he live up to his culture's ideals of leadership? Did Alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice? Was he, in his day, judged to be a just and wise ruler?

Student: But you cannot tell whether or not Alexander raised the contemporary standards of justice without invoking standards other than those of his own culture.

Which one of the following argumentative strategies does the student use in responding to the historian?

(A) arguing that applying the historian's principle would require a knowledge of the past that is necessarily inaccessible to current scholarship

(B) attempting to undermine the historian's principle by showing that some of its consequences are inconsistent with each other

(C) showing that the principle the historian invokes, when applied to Alexander, does not justify the assertion that he was heroic

(D) questioning the historian's motivation for determining whether a standard of behavior has been raised or lowered

(E) claiming that one of the historian's criteria for judging Alexander is inconsistent with the principle that the historian has advanced

lawyer_1

PRINCIPLE（原则）：Alexander, an ancient figure of heroic stature, should be judged by the standards of his own culture

CRITERIA（标准）： Did Alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice?

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-15 21:51:31编辑过]

G-CRACKER

难题

lawyer_1

历史学家提出判断伟大的原则是 judged by the standards of his own culture。但所用的标准是用三个问题，三个标准。学生指出其中一个标准（Did Alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice? ）必须用其他文化去衡量，而这又和历史学家的原则不一致。所以说学生用的方法是指出历史学家用的原则和其中的一个标准不一致。

Bensontuo

G-CRACKER 发表于 2004-10-15 00:35
下面这题，答案是E,可偶看不出Historian 的criteria & principle 都是什么？两者词义上有很大区别吗？6. Hi ...

Spot the question type - Method of the reasonings

H: It is wrong to judge Alexander by current notions of justice.

1. he should be judged by his own culture standard.

a. did he live up to his culture's ideals of leadership

b. did he elevate the contemporary standards of justice ?

c. was he, in his day, judged to be a just and wise ruler

S: It is unknown that whether A raised the contemporary standards of justice without invoking standards other than those of his own culture.

So, what S claimed is, to have one of the necessary condition achieved to support H's conclusion, it is unknown that if to achieve that necessary condition will guaranteed the other necessary condition to be happened. Which is to say, one of the criteria could not be met.

If invoking standards other than those of his own culture, the contemporary standards of justice and current notions of justice must be similar and H is contradicting himself.

If not invoking those standards, H's point is supported.


Very good question to see an example of contradiction.
Hard to say this is a complete argument, since Historian only gives his claim with no premises.

This stimulus in summary,

(Historian) Alexander the Great should not be judged by current notions of justice, but judged by his own culture: 1) "did he live up to his culture's ideal of leadership?", 2) "Did alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice?" and 3) "Was he, in his day, judged to be a just and wise ruler?

(Student) 2) has to involve standards other than his own culture.

@ While historian claims for using Alexander’s own culture to judge the notion of justice for him, NOT current notions of justice, his second issue for standard of Alexander's culture HAS to involve some other culture than his own. He is contradicting himself, and this is what Student points out.

A scope change occurs here. Historian first brings in notions of justice as a scope, but later brings in culture as a scope. Along with this change, a noticeable part is the first scope of notions of justice seems to be included in a scope of culture, since last two questions that Historian present involves notion of justice.

Let's get into answer choice.

A) “inaccessible” to current scholarship is not supported by the stimulus. No where have we talked about this. Out of scope.

B) We have NOT talked about consequences of any principle. Out of scope. If we replace it with "claims", it would sound much better, because his first claim of should not be judged by current notion of justice is inconsistent with another claim of his, did Alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice? which has to involve current notion of justice.

C) Historian nor students asserted that Alexander was heroic.

D) “Historian's motivation” is not discussed nor the issue of “standard of behavior being raised or lowered” is discussed. Standards of JUSTICE has been discussed.

E) In order to answer Historian’s own question of “Did alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice?”, we need to take into account a notion of contemporary justice while he at the same time insists NOT to consider this when answering his own criteria. Bam.